9024 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 72, NO.

12, DECEMBER 2024

Frequency-Reconfigurable Dual-Band and

Dual-Polarization Antenna Based on
Corrugated Meta-Structure
Zhang Wen Cheng , Jing Cheng Liang, Shi Sun, Ji Ran Chen, Meng Wang , Shimeng Wang, Feng Gao,
Shuai Luan, Xin Liu, Tie Jun Cui , Fellow, IEEE, and Hui Feng Ma , Member, IEEE

Abstract— A dual-band and dual-polarization antenna with user scenarios have improved the efficiency and stabil-
independent frequency reconfigurable capacity is proposed. The ity of communication quality. Over the past years, dual-
antenna is composed of four radiation patches based on corru- band antennas with frequency reconfigurable capability
gated structure loaded with varactor diodes, where four radiation
patches are arranged in orthogonal pairs to produce ±45◦ dual- have attracted much attention [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6],
polarization radiations. Due to the electronically controllable which can significantly improve the spectrum utilization
dispersion behaviors of the corrugated meta-structure, the low and achieve flexible switching objective frequencies for
operating frequency can be arbitrarily controlled in the range modern stationary terminals requiring higher capacity and
from 3.48 to 3.72 GHz. In addition, short-circuit pins and throughput.
another kind of varactor diodes are introduced in the radiation
patches, which can create a high operating frequency ranging In order to realize reconfiguration of two different resonance
from 3.79 to 4.68 GHz without affecting the low resonant mode. frequencies, active tunable elements such as PIN diodes [1],
Both simulated and measured results show well-controlled dual- varactor diodes [2], [3], [4], [5], and microelectromechanical
band frequency independent reconfigurability of the proposed system (MEMS) switches [6], are usually applied. In [1],
antenna, which exhibits good dual-polarization radiation and three tunable frequencies are realized by using slot reso-
high isolation level. This frequency-reconfigurable dual-band
antenna with stable dual-polarization characteristics may have nance structures loaded with PIN diodes, which can only
potential applications in future smart wireless communication be discretely designed within their operating ranges. In [2],
systems. an omnidirectional dual-band antenna is demonstrated whose
Index Terms— Corrugated meta-structure, dual band, dual two resonance frequencies are independently controlled by
polarization, frequency-reconfigurable antenna, high isolation. slot dimensions loaded with two sets of varactor diodes,
but it has small resonant bandwidth and low gain at low
I. I NTRODUCTION resonance frequency. In [3], varactor diodes are introduced
to two metal patches printed on two layers of the antenna,
D UAL-BAND antennas with reduced cost and com-
plexity in wireless communication system for more thereby achieving continuous dual-band tunable characteris-
tics, but its structure is bulky and the profile height increases
Received 11 January 2024; revised 13 July 2024; accepted 27 September inevitably. In [6], the MEMS switch is used to change the
2024. Date of publication 8 October 2024; date of current version length of the current flow path to reconstruct resonance mode.
19 December 2024. This work was supported in part by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China under Grant 62071117, Grant 61831006, and
This method can effectively reduce the parasitic loss caused
Grant 62288101; in part by the 111 Project under Grant 111-2-05; in part by lumped components, but its structure and operation are
by the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu too complicated to flexibly realize the continuous tunable
Province under Grant KYCX23-0253; in part by the Project for Jiangsu
Specially-Appointed Professor, in part by the Natural Science Foundation of
function, which also exhibits very limited tunable ranges.
Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20212002 and Grant BK20230192; in part Besides, the reconfigurable liquid metal has the advantages
by the Fundamental Research Funds of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Articially of lower loss and larger tunable ranges [7], which were
Structured Functional Materials and Devices under Grant AFMD-KFJJ-22202;
in part by the Science and Technology Research Funds of Wuxi “TaihuLight”
reported in frequency-reconfigurable dual-band antennas [8].
program under Grant K20231007; and in part by the Fundamental Research This method physically modifies the topology or resonant
Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2242023K5002. (Correspond- structure of the antenna, thereby changing the radiation
ing author: Hui Feng Ma.)
Zhang Wen Cheng, Jing Cheng Liang, Shi Sun, Ji Ran Chen, Meng Wang,
features, but cannot make the antenna operate simultane-
Tie Jun Cui, and Hui Feng Ma are with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter ously in two frequency bands. Overall, although many works
Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, focusing on the dual-band antennas with frequency recon-
Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail: [email protected]).
Meng Wang is with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,
figurable abilities have been reported, the radiation mode of
School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing the previously reported antennas is usually monopolar, and
210096, China, and also with Wuxi Campus, Southeast University, Wuxi the tunable elements on the antennas are distributed in the
214000, China.
Shimeng Wang, Feng Gao, Shuai Luan, and Xin Liu are with China Mobile
whole aperture field plane, which is difficult to effectively
Research and Development Center for Network Planning and Optimization, design into the dual-polarization radiation mode. Therefore,
China Mobile Group Design Institute Company Ltd., Beijing 100080, China. these reported designs are difficult to be adapted to multiple
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3472276.
communication scenarios due to their space and spectrum
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2024.3472276 limitation.
0018-926X © 2024 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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CHENG et al.: FREQUENCY-RECONFIGURABLE DUAL-BAND AND DUAL-POLARIZATION ANTENNA 9025

On the other hand, in order to further reduce side effects II. A NTENNA D ESIGN AND P RINCIPLE A NALYSIS
of multipath fading and improve channel capacity, dual-band A. Antenna Configuration and Working Mechanism
and dual-polarization antennas with polarization diversity abil- The 3-D perspective diagram of the frequency-
ities have been regarded as more perfect schemes in various reconfigurable dual-band and dual-polarization antenna
wireless communication systems [9]. A number of dual-band is shown in Fig. 1(a), which consists of a top radiation patch
antennas with dual-polarization radiation characteristics have layer, a middle ground plane, and bottom radio frequency
been reported, which have the advantages of low profile [10], (RF) and direct current (dc) feeding networks supported by
[11], miniaturization [12], [13], high isolation [11], [14], [15], two dielectric substrate layers of Rogers RO4003C with the
[16], high gain [17], [18], etc., showing a relatively complete relative permittivity εr of 3.55 and loss tangent of 0.0027.
technical solution. However, the design of these antennas is all The whole antenna presents a step-shaped structure with
focused on two fixed frequency bands, and to the best of the dimension of 80 × 80 mm for the upper dielectric substrate
authors’ knowledge, the dual-band frequency-reconfigurable layer and 80 × 86 mm for the lower layer. The radiation
antenna with dual-polarization radiation has not been reported layer is composed of four dual-band radiation patches loaded
yet. with two kinds of varactor diodes (VD1 and VD2 ), in which
Since 2-D planar circuit with corrugated structure has been two pairs of patches are placed orthogonal.
proved to support microwave surface electromagnetic (EM) The proposed dual-band radiation patch is constructed from
waves with strong field confinements and flexible dispersion the single-band radiation patch, and its construction process is
behaviors [19], [20], it has been widely applied in antenna illustrated in Fig. 1(b). The left of Fig. 1(b) exhibits the single-
designs [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], band radiation patch in detail, which is composed of eight
[31], [32], [33]. For instance, the antennas based on corrugated orthogonally arranged corrugated units loaded with VD1 . All
microstrip lines can realize leaky wave radiation [21], [22], the corrugated units are connected to dc lines loaded with four
[23], [24], end fire radiation [25], [26], and axial mode radia- RF-choke inductors (10.0 nH) to realize RF-to-dc isolation.
tion [27]. In [28], [29], [30], and [31], the microstrip antennas The positive “+” electrode of the dc voltage (V1 ) for VD1 is
based on slow wave corrugated structures are proposed to connected to the top dc lines, while the negative “−” electrode
realized miniaturized design, in which the antenna based on is connected to the bottom dc line through dc center via across
corrugated patches loaded with varactor diode proposed in [31] the ground plane. Since RF feeding via is set on the diagonal
can further realize the frequency reconfiguration. In fact, of the patch, the electric field can be excited along mutually
the reconfigurable dispersion characteristics of the corrugated vertical radiation edges, which make the combined electric
structure loaded with active elements can be further exploited fields along −45◦ direction. For the single-band radiation
to realize more functional and diversified active microwave patch, when ignoring the effect of dc lines, the radiation
devices [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], which demonstrate flexible patch can be regarded as a typical rectangular microstrip patch
controllable performance on the EM waves. Thus, it is quite loaded with corrugated structures, which have an influence on
feasible to implement more functional patch antennas (e.g., the propagation constant of the supported EM wave, but do not
frequency-reconfigurable dual-band antenna) based on active affect radiation mode of the microstrip antenna [27], [28], [29],
corrugated meta-structure. [30], [31]. Therefore, the basic radiation mode of modified
In this article, a dual-band and dual-polarization antenna patch is still a typical TM10 mode along −45◦ direction,
with frequency-reconfigurable property is presented. The similar to that of the conventional rectangular microstrip patch
antenna consists of four radiation patches and the bias feeding antenna [37]. The position parameter D1 of the RF feeding via
network arranged on the top and bottom, respectively. Each affects the antenna impedance matching, and the resonance
radiation patch is composed of corrugated structures loaded frequency mainly depends on the length along −45◦ direction
with varactor diodes as well as a short-circuit structure loaded which is determined by patch length. Furthermore, the dual-
with another kind of varactor diode, which can realize dual band radiation patch can be constructed by introducing a
frequency radiation. Due to the flexible dispersion regulation short-circuit pin and an air ring gap as shown in the right
of the proposed corrugated patches and short-circuit reso- of Fig. 1(b). The newly introduced structures are connected
nance controlled by using two different kinds of varactor by VD2 , which are located in the diagonal of the patch. The
diodes, the proposed antenna exhibits continuously frequency- positive “+” electrode of dc voltage V2 to control VD2 is
tunable characteristics in the ranges of 3.48–3.72 GHz from the ground plane and connected to VD2 by the short-
for the low band and 4.02–4.48 GHz for the high band, circuit pin, while the negative “−” electrode is connected to
respectively. The proposed antenna also can realize good dual- the bottom dc line through the dc center via. In this case, the
polarization radiation performance with high isolation level proposed short-circuit resonance structure is designed to be
of over 30/36 dB and average gain of around 6.8/7.1 dBi. arranged at the electric field zero of the original resonance
The proposed antenna has the advantages of electronically mode to eliminate its influence on the original TM10 radiation
controllable dual-band frequency reconfiguration and high- mode. When this short-circuit structure resonates, the electric
isolation dual-polarization radiation mode, which is promising field is mainly localized between the two short-circuit pins,
to be applied in smart communication systems where resulting in a higher resonance radiation, whose resonance
frequency reconfigurability and polarization diversity are frequency is determined by the distance between the two short-
required. circuit pins.

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9026 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 72, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2024

network, including two differential power dividers and a dc

line, in which input port impedances of the dividers have been
designed as 50 . The energy from each divider is split to two
outputs with identical amplitudes but opposite phases, which
are used together to excite two diagonally connected patches
that produce −45◦ polarization radiation for Port 1 or +45◦
polarization radiation for Port 2, respectively. Hence, thanks
to the arrangement of the two-port differential power divider
and the symmetrical placement of the two patches along the
structure center, the low frequency mode can be regarded as
generated by a 1-2 patch array while the higher has inverted
radiation edge which can be regarded as a single TM10 mode
created by two connected patches together. Besides, benefiting
from the design of reverse-phase delay power dividers with
constant output amplitudes, the isolation level of two input
ports can be improved effectively.

B. Low Resonance Mode

The model of the corrugated unit loaded with VD1 is shown
in Fig. 2(a), in which the equivalent circuit of VD1 is depicted
as well. The equivalent series resistance (ESR), equivalent
series inductor (ESI), and equivalent parallel capacitance
(EPC) of VD1 are approximately to Rs = 6.5 , L s = 0.7 nH,
and Cs = 0.12 pF, respectively, to fit the parasitic loss in
simulations. It is worth mentioning that the equivalent circuit
model of VD2 is consistent with that of VD1 , whose range
of adjustable capacitance C2 is different from C1 . By using
Eigen mode simulations in commercial simulation software
CST, the dispersion results of the corrugated unit with different
C1 are shown in Fig. 2(b), exhibiting that the dispersion
curves shift down with C1 increasing, and thereby providing
larger phase shift. Fig. 2(c) illustrates the dispersion curves
of the corrugated unit with different groove depths h when
C1 = 0.12 pF, which allows for better impedance matching
by using gradient unit depths. Since the proposed antenna has a
symmetrical radiation structure for −45◦ and 45◦ polarization
radiations, and only the performance of −45◦ polarization
radiation (when Port 1 is excited) is mainly studied in the
following article.
To further reveal the working mechanisms, the simulated
near electric-field distribution and electric-field vector distri-
Fig. 1. Schematic configuration of the proposed frequency-reconfig- bution at 3.6 GHz (with C1 = 0.08 pF) are shown in Fig. 3(a)
urable dual-polarized antenna (a) 3-D diagram. (b) Patch Structure, where and (b), respectively, in which Fig. 3(a) contains the upper
D1 = 5.9 mm, D2 = 6.4 mm, R1 = 0.25 mm, R2 = 0.6 mm, R3 = 0.9 mm,
W1 = 0.5 mm, W2 = 0.7 mm, Hd1 = 27 mm, Hd2 = 8.8 mm, Hd3 = 3 mm,
spatial electric-field vectors and internal profile electric-field
h 1 = 2 mm, h 2 = 2.5 mm, and h 3 = 7 mm. (c) Internal feeding structure vectors along −45◦ polarization direction. The electric-field
where t1 = 2.4 mm, t2 = 0.5 mm, R4 = 1.2 mm, and R5 = 0.7 mm. (d) Bottom distributions at two adjacent oblique 45◦ diagonal edges reach
feeding network, where W3 = 0.5 mm, W4 = 1.34 mm, W5 = 1.08 mm, W6 =
0.5 mm, W7 = 6.5 mm, and W8 = 5 mm.
maximums but in opposite directions, and electric-field vectors
are reversed once along −45◦ polarization direction for each
patch which can be referred to the red arrows in Fig. 3(d).
Fig. 1(c) further depicts the internal feeding structure, Therefore, the electric-field distribution changes a standing
in which the ground plane has four circular holes for RF wave (half wavelength) along −45◦ direction, which is TM10
feeding vias to go through and a circular hole etched at center mode as expected.
for dc center via to connect bottom dc line. The specific The low resonance frequency of TM10 mode for the
arrangement and position relationship are shown in the inset proposed patch antenna with corrugated structures can be
of Fig. 1(c). Thus, the step-shaped structure facilitates the calculated by [28] and [30]
provision of positive “+” electrode of V2 through the ground
plane, and both V1 and V2 use the bottom dc line to connect to 1
f 10 = √ √ (1)
negative “−” electrode. Fig. 1(d) displays the bottom-feeding 2L εc µc + 41L εr e µr e

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CHENG et al.: FREQUENCY-RECONFIGURABLE DUAL-BAND AND DUAL-POLARIZATION ANTENNA 9027

Fig. 2. (a) Configuration of the corrugated unit loaded with VD1 and
equivalent circuit model of VD1 , in which P = 4.4 mm, a = 3.9 mm,
g = 0.23 mm, Ws = 6 mm, Hs = 17 mm, S1 = 2 mm, and S2 = 2 mm.
(b) Dispersion curves of (a) with different C1. (c) Dispersion curves of (a) with
different h.
" #
εr + 1 εr − 1 
−1/2
εr e = ε0 + 1 + 12t1 W ′ (2)
2 2
µr e = µ0 µr (3)

in which εc and µc are the total permittivity and permeability

of the metal radiation patch, εr e and µre are the equivalent Fig. 3. Simulated (a) near electric-field distribution and (b) upper spatial
permittivity and permeability of the fringing capacitance, and electric-field vectors and internal profile electric field vectors along −45◦
polarization direction of low resonance mode at 3.6 GHz. (c) Simulated
ε0 and µ0 are the permittivity and permeability of the free S-parameters with different C1 . (d) Simulated S-parameters when low res-
space. In addition, L, 1L, and W ′ are the equivalent patch onance frequency is designed at 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7 GHz, respectively.
length, the equivalent fringing capacitance length, and the
average patch width along the polarization direction. The
relationship between propagation constant (kp ) and permittiv- structure, and the controllable frequency-shift of TM10 mode
ity and permeability (εc′ and µ′c ) of the corrugated units at to a lower frequency can be realized according to (1).
resonance angular frequency (w0 ) can be obtained by Fig. 3(c) shows the S-parameters of the proposed antenna
with C1 increasing from 0.06 to 0.23 pF and C2 remain-
k p = w0 εc′ µ′c .
p
(4) ing at 0.6 pF. On the one hand, as expected, the antenna
resonates in the lower frequency with controllable range of
It should be noted that εc′ µ′c represents the result of the 3.7–3.5 GHz based on the above analysis. On the other hand,
combined effect of different corrugated units. According to the high-frequency shift from 4.28 to 4.06 GHz can also be
the dispersion curves given in Fig. 2(b), when C1 increases observed because part of the outermost VD1 -loaded corrugated
(V1 decreases), the larger kp can be gained, thus, embodies units are involved in high-frequency resonance [as shown in
the larger εc′ µ′c . Due to the total parameter, εc µc are posi- the following Fig. 4(a)]. Fortunately, according to the near
tively correlated with the εc′ µ′c of the VD1 -loaded corrugated electric-field distribution in Fig. 3(a), VD2 is set in the electric

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9028 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 72, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2024

Fig. 5. Photographs of the fabricated antenna and its measurement environ-

ment. (a) Top view. (b) Bottom view. (c) Configuration diagram of dc voltage
source. (d) Far-field experimental scene.

wave along −45◦ direction, and the radiation mode can be

regarded as a single TM10 dipole mode generated together
by two patches as expected. Besides, as mentioned before,
the proposed high resonance structure is designed at the
approximate location of the electric field nulls of the low
resonance which is shown from the comparison, enabling the
independent tunable ability for high resonance frequency.
For reconfigurable performance of the high resonance fre-
quency, as C2 increases (V2 decreases), the effective electrical
length becomes larger, thereby shifting the high resonance
frequency to a lower level. Fig. 4(c) illustrates the simulated
S-parameters when C1 is fixed as 0.08 pF and C2 decreases
from 0.9 to 0.2 pF. It can be observed that the high resonance
frequency can be adjusted from 3.9 to 4.55 GHz, while the
Fig. 4. Simulated (a) near electric-field distribution and (b) upper spatial deviation of the low resonance frequency (3.6 GHz) can be
electric-field vectors and internal profile electric field vectors along −45◦ negligible. In this case, the isolation levels of the two bands
polarization direction of high resonance mode at 4.2 GHz. (c) Simulated
S-parameters when high resonance frequency is designed at 3.9, 4.2, 4.4,
reaching over 32 and 40 dB can be observed, respectively.
4.55 GHz, respectively.
III. S IMULATIONS AND M EASUREMENTS
field nulls of the low resonance region, so a fixed high- The proposed antenna with integrated dc lines shown in
frequency resonance can be realized by adjusting C2 without Fig. 1(a) is fabricated and measured. The prototype and mea-
affecting low-frequency resonance. Fig. 3(d) further depicts surement environment are illustrated in Fig. 5, in which VD1
the S-parameters when only the low resonance frequency is is chosen as MAVR-011 020-411, and its effective capacitance
reconfigurable with high resonance frequency fixed at 4.2 GHz (C1 ) can be tuned from 0.03 to 0.18 pF when voltage (V1 )
by regulating C2 . Besides, the cross-polarization isolation changes from 10 to 1 V. The VD2 is MAVR-000 120-411,
coefficients (S21 ) of around 31 dB can be observed in Fig. 3(c) whose effective capacitance (C2 ) can be switched from 0.1 to
and (d) for all cases, showing high isolation as well as 0.9 pF when the voltage (V2 ) varies from 10 to 1 V. The RF-
expected. choke inductors are chosen as SDCL0603Q10N, whose typical
inductance is 10 nH at self-resonant frequency of 3.8 GHz.
C. High Resonance Mode
For the high resonance mode, Fig. 4(a) and (b) depict A. S-Parameters
the near electric-field distribution and electric-field vector The simulated and measured S-parameters of the antenna
distribution along −45◦ polarization direction at 4.2 GHz that can illustrate the arbitrary low frequency reconfiguration
(C2 = 0.6 pF). Unlike the radiation mode at the low frequency, are presented in Fig. 6, where the high resonant frequency is
electric-field distributions at the high frequency are confined designed at 4.1, 4.3, and 4.5 GHz, respectively. The results
to the VD2 -loaded short-circuit pin and air ring gap and show that when C1 decreases from 0.23 to 0.06 pF, the
its nearby edges. The electric-field distribution remains the low resonance frequency controlled can be tuned flexibly
same direction for either of a pair of connected patches and within the range of 3.5–3.7 GHz, and the corresponding V1
the direction of electric-field vectors is consistent across a varies in the range of 2.0–7.5 V. Once the low resonance
radiation patch and reverses only once, as indicated by the frequency is determined, the high resonant frequency can be
red arrows in Fig. 4(d). Thus, there is only one standing arbitrarily designed at the fixed frequency by adjusting V2

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CHENG et al.: FREQUENCY-RECONFIGURABLE DUAL-BAND AND DUAL-POLARIZATION ANTENNA 9029

Fig. 6. Simulated and measured S-parameters of arbitrary low-fre- Fig. 7. Simulated and measured S-parameters of arbitrary high-fre-
quency reconfiguration when high resonant frequency is designed at (a) and quency reconfiguration when low resonant frequency is designed at (a) and
(b) 4.1 GHz. (c) and (d) 4.3 GHz. (e) and (f) 4.5 GHz. (b) 3.5 GHz. (c) and (d) 3.6 GHz.(e) and (f) 3.7 GHz.
TABLE I
without affecting the low resonance. The cross-polarization M EASURED R ECONFIGURABLE P ERFORMANCES
isolation coefficients (S21 ) remain at below −30 and −36 dB,
respectively, showing high isolation level for the two frequency
bands. The simulated and measured S-parameters depict-
ing arbitrary high frequency reconfiguration are exhibited in
Fig. 7, in which C1 is maintained at 0.23, 0.08, 0.06 pF
with corresponding V1 of 2.0, 3.3, and 7.5 V, respectively.
It can be seen that the antenna has the fixed low resonance
frequency at 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7 GHz, while their high resonant
frequencies vary within the ranges of 3.8 to 4.5, 3.9 to
4.6, and 4.0–4.7 GHz, respectively, with C2 changing from
0.9 to 0.2 pF (V2 increasing from 1.2 to 6.0 V). Besides,
all the cross-polarization isolation coefficients (S21 ) can be
maintained below −30 and −38 dB at the low- and high-
frequency bands, respectively. In conclusion, all the measured patterns of E-planes and H-planes at low resonance frequency
S-parameters are in good agreement with the simulated results, when the high resonance frequency is fixed at 4.3 GHz,
which indicate that the proposed dual-polarization antenna can and the low resonance frequencies are tuned to 3.5, 3.6,
be independently tuned within the two respective operating 3.7 GHz, respectively, whose S-parameters are shown in
bands by using two bias voltages V1 and V2 , respectively. Fig. 6(c) and (d). The results indicate all the measured gains
Table I summaries all the reconfigurable performances of are above 6.5 dBi, and the cross-polarization levels are lower
the proposed antenna from the measured S-parameters results than −18 dB.
in total tunable ranges, when V2 varies from 1.0 to 9.0 V under Fig. 9 shows the far-field radiation patterns at the high
the different fixed V1 . It can be seen that the low operating resonance frequencies of 3.9, 4.2, and 4.6 GHz when the low
frequency band can be tuned from 3.48 to 3.72 GHz and resonance frequency is remained at 3.6 GHz, in which the cor-
the corresponding total tunable range of the high operating responding S-parameter results are shown in Fig. 7(c) and (d).
frequency band is from 3.79 to 4.69 GHz. It can be seen that the measured gains are over 6.8 dBi
with −17 dB cross-polarization levels for all cases. All the
B. Far-Field Radiation Patterns far-field results indicate good agreement between simulation
Due to the symmetry of dual-polarization radiation patches and measurement results, which further illustrate two different
and good consistency of measured resonance frequencies of radiation modes in two operating bands.
the two ports (S11 and S22 ) shown in Figs. 6 and 7, only
simulated and measured far-field radiation patterns of −45◦ C. Gain and Radiation Efficiency
polarization radiation (Port 1 excited) are presented here. Fig. 10 illustrates the measured gain and simulated radiation
Fig. 8 shows the simulated and measured far-field radiation efficiencies of both bands. For the low-frequency band, the

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9030 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 72, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2024

Fig. 10. Measured gain and simulated radiation efficiency.

increasing trend. For the high frequency, the measured gain

varies from 6.5 to 7.5 dBi, with an overall increasing trend.
It should be noted that for high resonance frequency, although
its radiation mode can be generated by different combinations
of V1 and V2 collaboratively, the far-field radiation mode and
gain at the same frequency are almost consistent due to the
same radiation aperture [37], which will be further verified in
Section IV. On the other hand, due to the parallel excitation of
the VD1 -loaded corrugated units, the parasitic loss from ESR
is also effectively reduced [38], and the gain of the proposed
Fig. 8. Simulated and measured far-field radiation patterns at different low antenna is kept at a high level compared to the antennas with
resonance frequencies when high resonance frequency is fixed at 4.3 GHz.
(a) and (b) 3.5 GHz. (c) and (d) 3.6 GHz. (e) and (f) 3.7 GHz.
the same reconfigurable technology in [2], [3], [4], and [5].
It should be mentioned that the gain at a high-frequency band
does not strictly meet the increasing trend due to the slight
deterioration of S11 and S22 at higher frequencies, which can be
observed in Fig. 6. Besides, the simulated radiation efficiency
is within the range of 75%–88% and 72%–85%, respectively,
whose variation trend is similar to those of gain.

D. Comparison With Previously Reported Works

We provide the performance comparison between the pro-
posed dual-band dual-polarization antenna and some related
reported works, as listed in Table II. In general, the antennas
in [1], [2], [3], and [6] are operated in the dual-band frequency
reconfiguration, but they only support single-polarization radi-
ation mode. Compared with antennas in [1] and [6], the
proposed antenna has continuous tunable frequency ranges.
Compared with dual-band antennas in [2] and [3], the pro-
posed antenna has larger average gain and smaller gain
fluctuation.
Besides, all the listed frequency-reconfigurable dual-band
antennas are loaded with tunable elements on the entire
radiation patch, which are difficult to further achieve the dual-
polarization radiations in two orthogonal directions. On the
other hand, compared with the nontunable dual-band dual-
polarization antennas in [11], [12], [14], and [17], the
Fig. 9. Simulated and measured far-field radiation patterns at different high proposed antenna has obvious advantages in high isolation
resonance frequencies when low resonance frequency is fixed at 3.6 GHz. level without extra complex decoupling design, which further
(a) and (b) 3.9 GHz. (c) and (d) 4.2 GHz. (e) and (f) 4.6 GHz.
realizes independent frequency reconfiguration within two
different operating bands. In conclusion, the proposed antenna
measured gain increases from 6.4 to 7 dBi when the resonance integrates the characteristics of the above two types of anten-
frequency is increased from 3.48 to 3.79 GHz, showing a slight nas, which implement frequency-reconfigurable dual-band and

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CHENG et al.: FREQUENCY-RECONFIGURABLE DUAL-BAND AND DUAL-POLARIZATION ANTENNA 9031

TABLE II
C OMPARISON OF THE P ROPOSED A NTENNA AND OTHER P UBLISHED W ORKS

Fig. 11. Measured far-field radiation patterns with different combinations

of V1 and V2 at the same high resonance frequency of 4.3 GHz. (a) E-plane
results. (b) H-plane results.

dual-polarization radiation with high isolation level and good

radiation performances over both operating bands.
IV. D ISCUSSION
The high resonance frequency can keep unchanged by using Fig. 12. Simulates far-field radiation patterns with different Rs1 . (a) and
(b) Low resonance frequency results at 3.6 GHz. (c) and (d) High resonance
different combinations of V1 and V2 when low resonance frequency results at 4.2 GHz.
frequency changes, as shown in Fig. 5. Taking the cases
shown in Fig. 6(c) and (d) as an example, it can realize
the reconfiguration of the low resonance frequency, but the (Rs1 ) varies from 6.5 to 0  and the ESR of VD2 (Rs2 )
high resonance frequency can be kept at 4.3 GHz by using maintains at 6.5 . The results illustrate the nearly same far-
different combinations of V1 and V2 . The measured far-field field radiation patterns but the gain increases about 1.4 dBi
radiation patterns (Port 1 is excited) at 4.3 GHz under different with the decrease of Rs1 only in low-frequency band. Similarly,
combinations of V1 and V2 are demonstrated in Fig. 11. It can for Rs1 unchanged (6.5 ) and Rs2 decreased from 6.5 to 0 ,
be seen that at the same high resonant frequency of 4.3 GHz, the far-field radiation patterns remain the same and the gain
both radiation modes and gains of the antenna remain of high is increased by about 1.8 dBi only in high-frequency band,
consistency due to the same radiation aperture. as shown in Fig. 13. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
In addition, the antennas loaded with varactor diodes always gain only deteriorates slightly with the increase of ESR. Thus,
suffer from parasitic loss, resulting in gain deterioration [2], to improve the radiation performance of the proposed active
[3], [4], [5]. Therefore, we further simulate far-field radiation antenna, the varactor diodes can be substituted by ones with
patterns (Port 1 is excited) when resonance frequencies are lower ESR, such as MA46H120 (Rs ≈ 2.0  and capacitance
designed at 3.6 and 4.2 GHz (C1 = 0.08 pF and C2 = ranges from 0.2 to 1.0 pF) [39]. Besides, we can adopt the
0.6 pF), as illustrated in Fig. 12, in which the ESR of VD1 capacitance range corresponding to the higher bias voltage to

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9032 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 72, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2024

[4] Q. H. Dang, S. J. Chen, D. C. Ranasinghe, and C. Fumeaux, “Dual-band

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radiation with a high isolation level of over 30/36 dB at electromagnetic band gap resonator antenna with an all-dielectric
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bands, with dual-polarization radiations and high isolation
[20] H. F. Ma, X. Shen, Q. Cheng, W. X. Jiang, and T. J. Cui, “Broadband and
properties, which may find a potential application in future high-efficiency conversion from guided waves to spoof surface plasmon
smart wireless communication systems with the frequency polaritons,” Laser Photon. Rev., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 146–151, Jan. 2014.
tunability and polarization diversity. [21] M. Wang, H. F. Ma, W. X. Tang, H. C. Zhang, W. X. Jiang, and
T. J. Cui, “A dual-band electronic-scanning leaky wave antenna based
on a corrugated microstrip line,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 67,
R EFERENCES no. 5, pp. 3433–3438, May 2019.
[22] M. Wang, H. F. Ma, H. C. Zhang, W. X. Tang, X. R. Zhang, and
[1] M. Gholamrezaei, F. Geran, and R. A. Sadeghzadeh, “Completely T. J. Cui, “Frequency-fixed beam-scanning leaky wave antenna using
independent multi-ultrawideband and multi-dual-band frequency recon- electronically controllable corrugated microstrip line,” IEEE Trans.
figurable annular sector slot antenna (FR-ASSA),” IEEE Trans. Antennas Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 4449–4457, Sep. 2018.
Propag., vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 893–898, Feb. 2017. [23] Z. W. Cheng, H. F. Ma, M. Wang, and T. J. Cui, “Dual-beam leaky
[2] N. Nguyen-Trong, A. Piotrowski, and C. Fumeaux, “A frequency- wave radiations with independent controls of amplitude, angle, and
reconfigurable dual-band low-profile monopolar antenna,” IEEE Trans. polarization based on SSPP waveguide,” Adv. Photon. Res., vol. 3, no. 5,
Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 3336–3343, Jul. 2017. Jan. 2022, Art. no. 2100313.
[3] L. Ge, M. Li, J. Wang, and H. Gu, “Unidirectional dual-band stacked [24] Y. Fan et al., “Frequency scanning radiation by decoupling spoof
patch antenna with independent frequency reconfiguration,” IEEE Anten- surface plasmon polaritons via phase gradient metasurface,” IEEE Trans.
nas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 113–116, 2017. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 203–208, Jan. 2018.

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CHENG et al.: FREQUENCY-RECONFIGURABLE DUAL-BAND AND DUAL-POLARIZATION ANTENNA 9033

[25] Y. Han et al., “Shared-aperture antennas based on even- and odd- Shi Sun received the B.S. degree from Xidian
mode spoof surface plasmon polaritons,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., University, Xi’an, China, in 2018. He is currently
vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 3254–3258, Apr. 2020. pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electromagnetic field
[26] S. Li, Q. Zhang, Z. Xu, H. Zhao, and X. Yin, “Phase transforming based and microwave technology with Southeast Univer-
on asymmetric spoof surface plasmon polariton for endfire antenna with sity, Nanjing, China.
sum and difference beams,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, His current research interests include full-space
no. 9, pp. 6602–6613, Sep. 2020. metasurface, transmitarray, and reflectarray antenna.
[27] Z. W. Cheng et al., “A compact axial-mode helical antenna based
on spoof surface plasmon polaritons,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 5582–5590, Jul. 2023.
[28] J. Lu, H. C. Zhang, P. H. He, L. P. Zhang, and T. J. Cui, “Design
of miniaturized antenna using corrugated microstrip,” IEEE Trans.
Ji Ran Chen received the B.S. degree from the
Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 1918–1924, Mar. 2020.
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in
[29] J. Lu, H. C. Zhang, C. Wei, J.-S. Hong, and T. J. Cui, “Design 2021 and the M.E. degree in electromagnetic field
of compact circularly polarized antenna using sunshine-shaped slotted and microwave technology from Southeast Univer-
patch,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 6800–6805, sity, Nanjing, China, in 2024.
Sep. 2020. His current research interests include spoof surface
[30] Z. W. Cheng et al., “Design of compact and high isolation dual-polarized plasmon polaritons and leaky wave antennas.
antenna array via plasmonic meta-structure,” IEEE Open J. Antennas
Propag., vol. 4, pp. 924–935, 2023.
[31] M. Wang et al., “Miniaturization of frequency-reconfigurable antenna
using periodic slow-wave structure,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 7889–7894, Nov. 2021.
[32] M. Wang, H. F. Ma, W. X. Tang, H. C. Zhang, Z. X. Wang, and Meng Wang received the B.S. degree from Nan-
T. J. Cui, “Programmable controls of multiple modes of spoof surface jing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing,
plasmon polaritons to reach reconfigurable plasmonic devices,” Adv. China, in 2015, and the Ph.D. degree from the
Mater. Technol., vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 2019, Art. no. 1800603. State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, South-
[33] X. Gao et al., “Programmable multifunctional device based on spoof east University, Nanjing, in 2021.
surface plasmon polaritons,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, In 2021 and 2022, he served as a Senior Engi-
no. 5, pp. 3770–3779, May 2020. neer with Huawei Technologies Company, Suzhou,
[34] X. Gao et al., “Multimode and reconfigurable phase shifter of spoof China. Since 2022, he has been a Full-Time Faculty
surface plasmons,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 71, no. 6, Member with Wuxi Campus, Southeast University,
pp. 5361–5369, Jun. 2023. Wuxi, China. His current research interests include
[35] P. H. He et al., “Active odd-mode-metachannel for single-conductor array antennas, leaky wave antennas, and spoof
systems,” Opto-Electron. Adv., vol. 5, no. 8, 2022, Art. no. 210119. surface plasmon polaritons.
[36] P. H. He et al., “Environment-adaptive meta-channel,” Adv. Funct. Dr. Wang was a recipient of the Best Student Paper Award at the 2018 Inter-
Mater., vol. 33, no. 47, Nov. 2023, Art. no. 2302080. national Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, the Best
[37] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Hoboken, Newcomer Award of the 1st National Metamaterials Conference in 2019, and
NJ, USA: Wiley, 2005, pp. 812–826. the Best Newcomer Award from Huawei Technologies Co. in 2021.
[38] P. H. He et al., “Analysis, reduction, and utilization of loss in reconfig-
urable spoof surface plasmon polaritons,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Shimeng Wang received the B.S. degree from
Techn., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 945–955, Mar. 2023. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, in
[39] H. Li et al., “Design of programmable transmitarray antenna with 2015 and Ph.D. degree from the University of
independent controls of transmission amplitude and phase,” IEEE Trans. Manchester, Manchester, U.K., in 2020.
Antennas Propag., vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 8086–8099, Sep. 2022. Since 2021, he has been working at China Mobile
[40] J. M. Kovitz, H. Rajagopalan, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Design and imple- Research and Development Center for Network
mentation of broadband MEMS RHCP/LHCP reconfigurable arrays Planning and Optimization, China Mobile Group
using rotated E-shaped patch elements,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Design Institute Company Ltd., Beijing. His current
vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2497–2507, Jun. 2015. research interests include network optimization with
spoof surface plasmon polaritons and metamaterials.
Zhang Wen Cheng received the B.S. degree from
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, in 2019.
He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in elec- Feng Gao received the B.S. degree and the M.S.
tromagnetic field and microwave technology with degree from Air Force Engineering University,
Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Xi’an, China, in 1996 and 1999, respectively, and
His current research interests include leaky wave the Ph.D. degree from Xidian University, Xi’an,
antennas, spoof surface plasmon polaritons, and in 2008.
metamaterials. Since 2018, he has been working at China Mobile
Mr. Cheng has participated in the publication of Research and Development Center for Network
many papers in highly ranked IEEE J OURNALS, Planning and Optimization, China Mobile Group
including IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON A NTENNAS Design Institute Company Ltd., Beijing, China. His
AND P ROPAGATION and IEEE O PEN J OURNAL OF A NTENNAS AND P ROPA -
current research interests include network optimiza-
GATION . He is supported by Rhodes and Schwartz (R and S) Scholarship for
tion and antenna techniques.
2024.

Jing Cheng Liang received the B.E. and M.E. Shuai Luan received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
degrees from Nanjing University of Posts and from Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu,
Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, and the Uni- China, in 2004 and 2007, respectively.
versity of Electronic Science and Technology of Since 2020, he has been working at China Mobile
China, Chengdu, China, in 2016 and 2019, respec- Research and Development Center for Network
tively, and the Ph.D. degree from the State Key Planning and Optimization, China Mobile Group
Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast Univer- Design Institute Company Ltd., Beijing, China.
sity, Nanjing, in 2024. His current research interests include mobile net-
His current research interests include metasurfaces work optimization intelligent hardware and antenna
and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). techniques.

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9034 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 72, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2024

Xin Liu received the B.S. degree from Beijing Dr. Cui was a recipient of the Research Fellowship from the Alexander
Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, in 2000. von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, in 1995; the Young Scientist
Since 2018, he has been working at China Mobile Award from the International Union of Radio Science in 1999; a Cheung Kong
Research and Development Center for Network Professor by the Ministry of Education, China, in 2001; the National Science
Planning and Optimization, China Mobile Group Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars in 2002; the Natural
Design Institute Company Ltd., Beijing. His current Science Award (first class) from the Ministry of Education, China, in 2011,
research interests include network optimization with and the National Natural Science Awards of China (second class, twice), in
spoof surface plasmon polaritons and metamaterials. 2014 and 2018. His research has been selected as one of the most exciting
peer-reviewed optics research “Optics in 2016” by Optics and Photonics News
Magazine, Ten Breakthroughs of China Science in 2010, and many research
highlights in a series of journals. His work has been widely reported by
Nature News, MIT Technology Review, Scientific American, Discover, and
New Scientists. He is also an Academician of the Chinese Academy of
Science. He served as an Associate Editor for IEEE T RANSACTION ON
G EOSCIENCE AND R EMOTE S ENSING , and a Guest Editor for Science China
Information Sciences, Science Bulletin, I EEE J OURNAL ON E MERGING AND
Tie Jun Cui (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.Sc., S ELECTED T OPICS IN C IRCUITS AND S YSTEMS (JETCAS), and Research.
M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering He is also the Chief Editor of Short Book Metamaterial (Cambridge University
from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 1987, 1990, Press), an Editor of Materials Today Electronics, an Associate Editor of
and 1993, respectively. Research, and the Editorial Board Member of National Science Review,
In March 1993, he joined the Department of Elec- eLight, PhotoniX, Advanced Optical Materials, Small Structure, and Advanced
tromagnetic Engineering, Xidian University, where Photonics Research. He presented more than 60 Keynote and plenary talks in
he was promoted as an Associate Professor in academic conferences, symposiums, or workshops. From 2019 to 2021, he was
November 1993. From 1995 to 1997, he was ranked in the top 1% for the highly cited papers in the field of Physics by
a Research Fellow with the Institut fur Hochst- Clarivate Web of Science (Highly Cited Researcher).
frequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE), University
of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. In July 1997, Hui Feng Ma (Member, IEEE) received the B.S.
he joined the Center for Computational Electromagnetics, Department of Elec- degree in electronic engineering from Nanjing Uni-
trical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, versity of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China,
Champaign, IL, USA, first as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate and then as a in 2004, and the Ph.D. degree from the State Key
Research Scientist. In September 2001, he was a Cheung-Kong Professor with Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast Univer-
the Department of Radio Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, sity, Nanjing, in 2010.
where he is currently the Chief Professor and the Founding Director of the In 2010, he joined the School of Information Sci-
Institute of Electromagnetic Space. His research interests include metamateri- ence and Engineering, Southeast University, where
als and computational electromagnetics. He proposed the concepts of digital he and was promoted to an Associate Professor in
coding and programmable metamaterials, and realized their first prototypes, 2011 and a Full Professor in 2015. He was selected
based on which he founded the new direction of information metamaterials, as Jiangsu Specially Appointed Professor in 2021.
bridging the physical world and digital world. He is the first author of books His current research interests include metasurface, spoof surface plasmon
Metamaterials–Theory, Design, and Applications (Springer, November 2009); polaritons, and meta-material circuits and antennas.
Metamaterials: Beyond Crystals, Noncrystals, and Quasicrystals (CRC Press, Dr. Ma was a recipient of the Second Prize of National Award for Natural
March 2016), and Information Metamaterials (Cambridge University Press, Science, China, in 2014 and 2018, and the First Prize of Natural Science
2021). He has published over 500 peer-reviewed journal articles, which have from the Ministry of Education, China, in 2011. His research of 3-D ground
been cited by more than 39,000 times (H-Factor 98; Google Scholar), and carpet cloak realized by using metamaterials was selected as one of the “10
licensed over 100 patents. Breakthroughs of Chinese Science in 2010.”

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