Smart Helmet For Bike Riders Using Iot

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Introduction

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Abstract. Motorcycle accidents are still a top cause of fatalities worldwide, often as a result
of drunk driving, lack of protective gear, and delayed response. This work proposes an IoT-
powered AI-driven Smart Helmet for real-time alcohol sensing, accident detection, and
automated emergency response to enhance motorcyclist safety. The device uses an MQ-3
alcohol sensor, accelerometer, GPS module, and biometric sensors to monitor the state of
the motorcyclist and environmental factors. Unlike traditional threshold-based methods,
machine learning models are employed for more accurate alcohol sensing and discernment
of true accidents from minor bumps. Anomaly detection via AI is also incorporated to
foretell accident severity and optimize the emergency response. When an accident is
detected, the system auto-sends an SOS message along with real-time GPS coordinates to
emergency contacts. The system proposed is intended to run AI models on edge devices to
provide real-time and low-latency decisions. Experimental implementations demonstrates
that AI-based accident detection have reduced false alarms and To improves the accuracy of
the response. Our work demonstrates the promise of the integration of AI and IoT with
smart wearables for proactive prevention of accidents and improved road safety.
Introduction

Motorcycles are one of the most common modes of transport, due to their affordability and
convenience. They are, however, linked to a high incidence of road accidents, which are
mainly brought about by causes like drunk driving, complacency with safety measures, and
delays in responding to emergencies. Passive helmets guard but do not actively reduce
accident risks or help in case of an accident. In order to mitigate these issues, this study
suggests an AI-based IoT Smart Helmet to improve the safety of riders through features like
real-time alcohol detection, accident detection, and automatic emergency notification. The
system incorporates a variety of sensors such as an MQ-3 alcohol sensor, accelerometer,
GPS module, and biometric sensors to monitor the rider's condition and the environment in
real-time. In contrast to conventional threshold-based detection systems, machine learning
algorithms are employed to improve the accuracy of alcohol detection as well as to
differentiate between real accidents and minor collisions, thus eliminating false alarms.
Aside from this, AI-based anomaly detection techniques are employed to monitor vital
signs, movement patterns, and impact forces to detect the severity of accidents and enhance
emergency response. In case of an impending accident, the system automatically triggers an
alert with real-time GPS coordinates to emergency contacts and hence facilitates prompt
intervention. The integration of AI-driven decision-making with IoT technology that
introduces overall reliability and efficiency, and thus the smart helmet is an anticipatory
safety gadget for roads. Empirical evidence suggests improved detection accuracy, reduced
false positives, and faster emergency response, which is a sign of the efficiency of AI-driven
wearables to reduce motorcycle fatalities and save riders.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart
helmets has been a significant area of research that seeks to improve the safety of riders
through real-time monitoring and decision-making systems. The evolution of smart helmet
creation, the main contributions to it and the research areas for further study are
reviewed.?... more...

[1] The early concepts of intelligent helmet designs were developed with the
implementation of a system that mandated riders to wear helmets before using vehicles.
Their creations featured a module inside the helmet that interacted with corresponding
modules on the motorcycle, alcohol sensors to discourage drunk driving, and sign
recognition technology to alert riders of road hazards. The results indicated that
technological solutions could be effective in motivating people to wear helmets and curbing
reckless behavior.

A more sophisticated process was introduced using IoT-enabled smart helmet systems,
which involved designing an Iorbit headwear connected with motorbikes to enhance rider
awareness. To prevent themselves from drunk driving, they used an MQ-3 alcohol sensor
with impact sensing False alarms could be generated based on ambient noise because of the
solution did not employ an AI model. In a similar manner, [3] they developed an electronic-
based smart helmet that was connected to the internet and could prevent accidents by
means of vibration sensors, but their system failed to distinguish between the accidental
events.

A comparative study of smart helmet architectures was conducted by [4], who then
proposed an IoT-based solution that is both cost-effective and results in greater progress.
Despite the lower hardware cost, their solution didn't incorporate more sophisticated AI-
based decision making to enhance the precision of accident detection. Similarly, [5] they
tried to improve the human safety by using an IoT-based smart helmet technology but
didn't use AI-led anomaly detection to classify the impacts.

One of the most significant developments in smart helmet technology was the creation of
location-based emergency alert systems. [6] Created a system that uses GPS and GSM
technologies to detect accidents and deliver emergency notifications based on location. The
method they used relied on fixed detection thresholds, but it was prone to producing false
alarms in situations where the situation wasn't urgent. A flaw with in the early smart
helmet systems is the lack of differentiation between true emergency situations and those
that do not.

The integration of biometric and health monitoring features enhanced the performance of
smart helmet systems. [7] Furthermore, they explored the use of heart rate and
temperature sensors for biomedical purposes, highlighting the potential of wearable
technology in safety applications. Another study utilized IoT technology, which led to the
development of a smart helmet with health monitoring capabilities. This article discusses its
potential applications beyond bike safety.

The use of embedded systems in intelligent helmets was discussed in this paper by [9] who
proposed the incorporating accident detection, alcohol detection and helmet wear
detection. Their implementation relied on a microcontroller that could analyze sensor data
and send alerts through GSM and GPS modules. While innovative, their technique remained
committed to using basic threshold detection instead of advanced AI methods.

[10]They introduced a new solution that combined Bluetooth communication with fog
computing and augmented smart helmet technology to minimize latency in accident
detection and emergency response.

Expanding the scope of application, [11] we explore the smart helmet technology for factory
workers with focus on the workers safety and the surveillance of hazardous environments.
Their application combined gas sensors, temperature sensing, and impact sensing,
demonstrating the potential of smart helmet technology for applications beyond road
safety.

Recent research has concentrated on the integration of Artificial Intelligence and IoT
technology to create more advanced smart helmet systems. [12] introduced an AI-based
smart helmet that utilized machine learning algorithms for enhanced accuracy of alcohol
detection and discrimination between actual accidents and minor crashes. Their system
demonstrated high accuracy in abnormal motion incident detection through LSTM deep
learning models, overcoming several limitations of earlier threshold-based methods.

There are research gaps apparent from the literature. Threshold-based detection is utilized
by most current systems instead of adaptive AI-based detection. Integration of biometric
data with crash detection algorithms and deployment of edge computing with issues in real-
time AI inference is very limited. More energy efficiency in smart helmet systems and
standardized metrics for comparing various smart helmet technologies are required.

Future work should be aimed for developing cutting edge computing technologies to create
AI inference capability in devices, integrating cloud-based accident reporting with an
automatic emergency response systems, creating more advanced AI models capable of
predicting the possible accidents before they happen, and enhancing energy management to
ensure longer battery life, and establishing standard test protocols to test the performance
of smart helmets. The transformation from basic helmet detection systems to AI-based
smart helmets is a huge step in safety technologies for motorcyclists, and the potential to
significantly decrease accident fatalities through anticipatory response and swift emergency
interventions is immense.

System Architecture

Fig1:Architecture

Inputs

From the fig.1 we can say that the helmet is also fitted with sensors to monitor the rider's
physiological and environmental conditions in real-time. The MQ-3 Gas Sensor is used to
sense toxic gases such as carbon monoxide to save the rider from poisonous air. The
Vibration Sensor is used for impact sensing, where sharp impacts or shocks are signals of an
accident. The Heart Rate Sensor continuously monitors the rider's vital signs and in the
event of an abnormality in the rider's heartbeats downward or upward are immediately
identified. The Temperature Sensor monitors ambient temperature within the helmet as
part of the determination of heat exposure hazards. The Helmet Detection Switch inhibits
the motor start unless the helmet is well-positioned on the head, a significant safety feature
that promotes responsible riding habit. These sensors operate in conjunction to collecting
important pieces of information to be subsequently processed in the system's core
processing unit.

Power Supply Module

As per the Power Supply Module shown in fig1 it ensures the continuous functioning of the
smart helmet. A Battery Unit is the main power source for the microcontroller, sensors, and
communication modules. The system has been made low power consumption but with high
performance, so usage can continue for a very long time between charging processes. The
sensors are connected to the battery unit with effective power regulation circuits to ensure
that a constant power supply.

Processing Unit Module

The main part of the system which is the Processing Unit it that serves as the system's brain,
where sensor's data is processed, interpreted, and acted upon; the Arduino/ESP32
microcontroller serves as the field control unit that acts as the interference among different
modules to collect input data from multiple sensors and execute algorithms to generate the
decision. This microcontroller has been specifically selected due to the low power
consumption, wireless connectivity, and effective processing of data. Within the Processing
Unit, the AI Module (TinyML) is integrated in order to execute the light machine learning
models. Sensor data pattern recognition is achieved via the light-running TinyML model.
The machine learning component built into this module processes the real-time data and
identifies the abnormal activity, such as possible accidents, unsafe gas exposure, or
irregular heart-rate changes. When a critical incident is discovered, the output responses
are triggered by the Processing Unit, for instance, alarms and emergency messages sent.
Therefore, the AI considering approach assists the system to distinctly distinguish between
false alarms and actual emergency situations, thus minimizing unnecessary alerts while
ensuring timely action when necessary.

Output (Actuators & Alerts) Module

The Output Module consists of various actuators and warning devices, which respond to the
decisions made by the processing unit. Storage and processing in real time is done using a
Cloud Server with historical data analysis and remote operation. The Buzzer is actuated
during accidents or unexpected readings from the sensor, providing instant audible
warning to the emergency numbers of the rider or the nearby hospital. mechanisms, the
rider's safety standard compliance is assured. PC Display also functions as a graphic display
upon which warnings and live information from sensors are read that can be employed in
diagnostic purposes as well as in research. The module assures timely warning activation
and corresponding measures to secure the rider.

External Communication Module

The External Communication Module is charged with communicating information to

external parties, such as emergency services and rider's emergency contacts. A Cloud-based
AI Processing System contributes the power of processing data beyond what is achievable
onboard within the helmet via the use of sophisticated machine learning models on cloud
infrastructure. A Mobile App is accessed by the rider or certified users with real-time
helmet status, alerts, and sensor values. Also, a GSM/GPS Module is integrated into the
helmet to transmit the location of the rider and emergency messages in case of an accident.
This module automatically notifies Emergency Contacts with precise GPS coordinates to
facilitate timely and prompt help. With wireless communication technologies integrated,
this module offers seamless connectivity and real-time tracking, making it more effective
overall.

System Integration and Data Flow

The AI smart helmet is a seamless workflow that works through various entities. The
sensors constantly receive real-time input from the environment and pass it through the
Processing Unit, where the data is analyzed using the AI-Module and Machine Learning
Algorithm. The processing unit then determines, based on some thresholds through the AI-
based forecast, if an alert has to be given or not. If a dangerous condition is detected,
actuators such as the buzzer, servo motor, or cloud server are activated. While this is
happening, the External Communication Module simultaneously sends warnings to
emergency contacts for timely response and action. The overarching architecture aims at
reduced latency, good energy efficiency, and reliability—thus being a safe and efficient
method for rider safety.

METHODOLOGY

Data Collection

We collect the Real-time sensor data from a range of modules that have been instituted
under the smart helmet. Some transportable sensors here include the MQ-3 gas sensor,
vibration sensor, heart rate sensor, temperature sensor, and the helmet detection switch.
These are useful in measuring and monitoring all of these parameters while riding these
vehicles. All the data readings include gas concentrations impacts forces heart rate
differences temperature changes and helmet usage status. This collected data includes
multiple test situations, such as normal riding conditions, accidents or bumping incidents,
exposure to gases, and medical conditions.

Data Preprocessing

After acquiring raw sensor data, the preprocessing is applied to eliminate noise, manage
missing data, and sensor reading normalization. Smoothing methods like moving average
are applied to remove unexpected spikes due to inaccurate sensors. The feature extraction
step is conducted to extract significant knowledge, i.e., vibrations showing patterns
representing accidents or irregularity in heartbeat reading representing stress or fatigue.
Data augmentation methods are employed by us to enhance model robustness by
mimicking variations in riding conditions and environmental variations.

Model Architecture

Here, in the smart helmet with AI features TinyML (Tiny Machine Learning) for on-device,
real-time inference. The machine learning model is structured as a low-weight neural
network, tailored to run on an ESP32 microcontroller. It features convolutional layers for
sensor fusion, LSTM units for processing time-series data, and fully connected layers for
making decisions. The hybrid model allows the model to efficiently detect patterns in sensor
data, distinguishing between safe and dangerous conditions.

Model Training and Validation

The data which was gathered is split into training (80%) and test (20%) sets. The model is
trained with supervised learning, where the marked data assists in classifying the various
safety states. Training is accomplished with an Adam optimizer and categorical cross-
entropy loss function for optimizing the predictions. Validation is achieved with k-fold
cross-validation for generalization and avoiding overfitting. Performance of the model is
measured by accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.

Testing and Evaluation

Here we test system rigorously under simulated as well as real-world conditions. Simulated
tests involve accident simulations, toxic gas exposures, and tracking the health status of
riders. Real-world tests are conducted with actual riders wearing the helmet under different
conditions of traffic and environmental conditions. To make it reliable and trustworthy,
model predictions are validated against data that is regarded as ground truth. The
performance measures like response time, false alarm rate, and detection accuracy are
measured for further model refinement.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Model Performance Metrics

Model Performance Evaluation

We can state from table 1 that The Random Forest model was trained using accelerometer
features (x, y, z, magnitude) to predict if a movement is normal (0) or an abnormal motion
event (1). The model had a 93.2% accuracy, 91.5% precision, and 92.8% recall, providing a
high rate of detection for unexpected impact events like falls or crashes. The LSTM deep
learning model, which identifies time-dependent patterns, with a 95.4% accuracy, by
surpassing the conventional method. LSTM model beats Random Forest by ~2.2% accuracy
because it can handle time-series relationships in accelerometer signals. That increase is
very important in real-time motion sensing, particularly in an event of crash or fall
detection systems

Fig2 Graphical Model Performance Metrics

Model Comparison & Performance Visualization

From fig3 we can comprehend that the both the traditional Random Forest model and the
LSTM deep learning model. are efficient in their own way but here The deep learning model
consistently outperforms the traditional approach, indicating that sequence-aware models
such as LSTM are better suited for analyzing time-dependent accelerometer data

Fig3 Traditional vs. Deep Learning Model Accuracy

After training the models, the system was integrated with an IoT device (ESP32/Arduino) to
stream the real-time accelerometer data to the Flask API. The total response time from
sensor data to collect for the AI prediction was measured across different stages.

Table 2: IoT Data Processing Time (Latency Analysis)

From the Table 2 we can understand that the end-to-end latency of <500ms ensures real-
time motion analysis, allowing instant detection of potential crashes or falls. Fig4 further
visualizes the latency distribution across different stages.

Fig4 IoT Data Processing Latency Breakdown

From the fig 4 we can say that the The results indicate that ESP32 data transmission takes
the most time (~180ms) due to WiFi latency, while AI inference (80ms) is extremely fast,
making real-time motion classification feasible

Flask API Performance & Cloud Integration

As of the Table 3 we can say that the Flask API was tested under different scenarios,
including local testing and remote access via Ngrok. A key observation was made that the
increased response time when using Ngrok, which adds an additional 160ms of latency due
to tunneling.

Table 3: Flask API vs. Ngrok Performance

As observed in Figure 5, using Ngrok for public access increases API latency, suggesting that
deploying on AWS Lambda or Firebase Cloud Functions would be a more efficient
alternative for real-world implementation

Fig 5 Flask API Response Time vs. Ngrok Overhead

Crash & Fall Detection Analysis

Using the trained models, abnormal motion events (potential crashes or falls) were
detected from real-world accelerometer data. The threshold-based detection approach
(mean + 2 standard deviations) identified 18 abnormal motion events in the dataset.

Table 4: Detected Abnormal Motion Events

From Table 4 we can say that the low false positive rate (3 out of 10,000 samples)
demonstrates that the AI models are effective in distinguishing normal motion from high-
impact crashes

CONCLUSION

The smart helmet based on AI that has been proposed provides a comprehensive IoT-based
safety solution for motorcycle riders through the integration of real-time sensor
monitoring, machine learning, and cloud connectivity. TinyML is used over an ESP32
microcontroller by the system to allow optimally on-device data processing to provide low-
latency decision-making to the riders Supervised learning models helps with the accurate
accident detection, alcohol impairment analysis, and monitoring of rider's health. The
hybrid cloud infrastructure provides real-time data storage, emergency alerts, and remote
monitoring via a mobile application.

Experimental verification proves the efficacy of the suggested model, with high accuracy in
accident detection and fewer false positives than conventional threshold-based approaches.
The use of GSM/GPS modules improves emergency response by sending real-time location
information to pre-defined contacts.

This paper brings attention to the capability of AI-powered intelligent wearables to improve
road safety and prevent accident-related fatalities. Future work can extend to deep
learning-based motion analysis, blockchain-based data protection, and integration with
smart city infrastructure to enhance reliability and scalability. The presented system is a
scalable and efficient model for future-generation smart helmets and presents a major
innovation in motorcycle safety technology.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

The upcoming improvements of the AI-powered smart helmet will be all directed towards
increased accuracy, efficiency, and real-time responsiveness. The most important
development will be integration of deep learning models such as LSTM and CNN to
minimize the false positives in accident detection through processing time-series data from
sensors.

Extension of edge computing capabilities could be achieved by substituting Raspberry Pi or

NVIDIA Jetson Nano for ESP32, facilitating on-device deep learning inference while
minimizing cloud dependency. It could also use blockchain technology for a secured storage
of data to make accident reports and health information tamper-proof and accessible for
emergency responders.

5G connectivity can add better communication, ultra-high-speed data transmission for real
time emergency notifications and cloud synchronization. Augmented Reality (AR) screens
with heads-up navigation, speed monitoring, and hazard detection add more awareness to
the rider.

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