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Limits and torelance

The document defines key terms related to limits and tolerances in manufacturing, including size, basic size, actual size, limits of size, and deviation. It explains the concept of tolerance, its necessity due to variations in materials and machine inaccuracies, and the types of fits (clearance, interference, and transition) based on allowances. Additionally, it outlines the shaft and hole basis systems and provides numerical examples for calculating basic size, tolerances, and clearances.

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3 views

Limits and torelance

The document defines key terms related to limits and tolerances in manufacturing, including size, basic size, actual size, limits of size, and deviation. It explains the concept of tolerance, its necessity due to variations in materials and machine inaccuracies, and the types of fits (clearance, interference, and transition) based on allowances. Additionally, it outlines the shaft and hole basis systems and provides numerical examples for calculating basic size, tolerances, and clearances.

Uploaded by

oduor8805
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Limits and Tolerance

Definitions
1. SIZE: It is a number expressed in a particular unit in the measurement of length.
2. BASIC SIZE: - It is the size based on which the dimensional deviations are given.
3. ACTUAL SIZE: - It is the size of the component by actual measurement after it is manufactured. It
should lie between the two limits of size.
4. LIMITS OF SIZE: - These are the extreme permissible sizes within which the operator is expected
to make the component.
5. DEVIATION: - It is the algebraic difference between a sizes, to its corresponding basic size. It may
be positive, negative or zero.
6. UPPER DEVIATION: - It is the algebraic difference between maximum limit of size and its
corresponding basic size.
7. LOWER DEVIATION: - It is the algebraic difference between minimum limit of size and its
corresponding basic size.

Tolerance
o It is impossible to make anything to an exact size, therefore, it is essential to allow a definite tolerance
or permissible variation on every specified dimension due to inevitability of human beings and
machines. Tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary;
o It is the difference between the maximum and the minimum limits for the dimension.
o For Example a dimension given as 1.625 ± .002 means that the manufactured part may be 1.627 or
1.623, or anywhere between these limit dimensions.
The permissible level of tolerance depends on the functional requirements, which cannot be compromised.
Two types of positional tolerances are used:
1. Unilateral tolerances: tolerance is on one side of basic size
2. Bilateral tolerances: tolerance on both sides of basic size (has both in plus and minus)
Why do we need tolerance?
1. Variations in the properties of materials being machined that introduce errors
2. Inherent inaccuracies of the machine itself
3. Incapability of the operator while setting tools as well as operating

Limits of Sizes
o There are two extreme possible sizes of a component.
o The largest permissible size for a component is called upper limit and smallest size is called lower
limit. The difference between the upper and lower limits is termed permissive tolerance.
Factors to consider when selecting limits of sizes
(i) Functional requirements - the intended function that a component should perform.
(ii) Interchangeability - Replacement of the component in case of failure without difficulty.
(iii)Economy in production time and cost.

Basis of Limit System


Shaft basis system: In this system, the shaft is kept as constant member and different fits are obtained by
varying the hole size.

Hole basis system: In this system, the hole is kept as a constant member and different fits are obtained by
varying the shaft size.

Zero line: It is the straight line corresponding to the basic size. The deviations are measured from this line.
Allowance
An allowance is the intentional difference between the maximum material limits, that is, LLH and HLS
(minimum clearance or maximum interference) of the two mating parts. Allowance may be positive or
negative.

Fits
o Fit is the general term used to signify the range of tightness or looseness that may result from the
application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.
o Fits are classified as: Clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.
o Positive allowance indicates a clearance fit, and an interference fit is indicated by a negative
allowance.
1 Clearance fit
In clearance fit, an air space or clearance exists between the shaft and hole.
 Such fits give loose joint.
 A clearance fit has positive allowance, i.e. there is minimum positive clearance between high limit
of the shaft and low limit of the hole.
 Allows rotation or sliding between the mating parts.

2 Interference fit
The internal member is larger than the external member such that there is always an actual interference of
material.
 A negative difference between diameter of the hole and the shaft is called interference.
 In such cases, the diameter of the shaft is always larger than the hole diameter.
 It used for components where motion, power has to be transmitted.
3 Transition fit
In this type of fit, the limits for the mating parts are so selected that either a clearance or interference may
occurred pending upon the actual size of the mating parts.
 It may result in either clearance fit or interference fit depending on the actual value of the
individual tolerances of the mating components.
 Transition fits are a compromise between clearance and interference fits.
 They are used for applications where accurate location is important but either a small amount
of clearance or interference is permissible.
Numerical Examples
The following limits are specified in a limit system, to give a clearance fit between a hole and a shaft:

Hole = 250.03 0.006


0.00 and shaft = 250.020 Determine the following:

(i) Basic size


(ii) Tolerances on shaft and hole
(iii)Maximum and minimum clearances.

Solution
(i) Basic size for hole and shaft is same = 25 mm
(ii) Tolerance
Tolerance on hole = HLH − LLH = 25.03 − 25.00 = 0.03 mm
Tolerance on shaft = HLS – LLS = [(25 − 0.006) − (25 − 0.020)] = 0.014 mm
(iii)Clearance
Maximum clearance = HLH − LLS = 25.03 − 24.98 = 0.05 mm
Minimum clearance = LLH – HL = 25.00 − (25 − 0.006) = 0.06 mm

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