Chapter # 01 ICT FUNDAMENTALS Class-8th

Objective
 Multiple choice questions:
 Subjective
Q1. Define Computer Network. Explain the network components (Types).
Computer Network: An interconnected system of ICT devices to share hardware and software
resources is called a Computer Network.
Network Components:
1) LAN (Local Area Network): An interconnected System of
ICT devices in a small geographical area (such as school,
residence, laboratory etc.) is known as Local Area
Network.

2) WAN (Wide Area Network): A global network of ICT

devices is also known as wide Area Network. It is a network
that exists over a large-scale geographical area that
connects different smaller networks, including Local area
network(LAN’s) etc. For example, a banking system where
hundreds of branches in different cities are connected with
each other to share their official data.
3) Virtual Private Network (VPN): A Virtual Private
Network (VPN) allows the user to access web privately and
securely through VPN gateway. For example, the
communication between the ATM and bank account.

4) Personal Area Network: Personal Area network is an

interconnection of electronic devices within an
individual person’s work place. It generally uses
wireless technologies and provides communication
over short distance, less than 10 meters.
 5) Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network is a large computer
network within a metropolitan area. MAN can
serve a large city or a university campus having
several buildings

Q2. Define the following emerging technologies.

i. IoT (Internet of Things): IoT is a worldwide network of physical devices having wireless
connection with internet. These Devices are embedded with sensors, software and other
technologies for exchanging data without human intervention i.e. Refrigerator, AC can be
connected to IoT with embedded sensors and software. The operation of these things can be
remotely controlled.
ii. Embedded Systems: An embedded system is a computer hardware system in which a
microprocessor and software is embedded to perform a dedicated task. These are developed
to control operations of machine i.e. home appliances, medical equipments etc.
iii. Edge Computing: Edge computing network system that allows storing, processing and
analyzing data where it is generated instead of in a centralized data processing system. It brings
data processing closer to the source of data i.e. City traffic.
iv. Global Positioning System (GPS): is a satellite-based navigation system which help users to
determine geographical locations. GPS is also used to measure the distance between two or
more objects.
v. Data Analytics: it refers to analyzing/examine data sets to find trends and make conclusions
about that information. It helps organizations to look forward in their decision making. For
example healthcare, financial services etc.
vi. 5G : 5G is the 5th generation cellular network technology develop to increase the speed of
telecommunication network. The benefit of 5G are faster mobile phoned, quicker downloads
and better connectivity between a large numbers of ICT devices.
vii. AI: Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with the use of computer
system to solve real world problems/ complex problems that need human intelligence to solve.
viii. Robotics: It deals with the design, operation and application of robots to perform task
traditionally by human being. These are used in automobile manufacturing, cleaning home etc.
ix. Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) : Computer-assisted translation is the process of using
software to help a human translator transfer the meaning of written text from one language
to another. CAT ensures the consistency across all the translations & reduce cost.
x. Virtual Reality: VR is the technology that creates computer-generated simulation with
objects and scenes that appear to be real. It creates a totally artificial environment.
xi. Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which is broadly
defined as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.
xii. Bluetooth a Bluetooth is a wireless technology for short range wireless interconnection of
mobile phones, computer, speakers, headphones, printers and other electronic devices

Q3. Explain Client server architecture with diagram.

A Client computer request for the required services to the corresponding server.

A Server is responsible to provide the requested services to the client i.e. print server, web server,
file server etc.

Client/ Server architecture is a computing model in which

the server hosts, delivers and manages most of the
resources and services to be consumed by the client.

Example: Online banking system

Q4. Explain the Data Communication.

The data communication is the process by which information is exchanged through ICT devices in
a computer network. Basics Components of data communication are

 Sender: is a person/entity initiating the communication.

 Message: is the information that the sender wishes to share.
 Medium: is the mean by which the message is sent.
 Receiver: is a person/entity who receives the sent message.
Q5. What is the purpose on Blockchain Technology?
Blockchain the chain of blocks that contains groups of information that cannot be changed or
deleted. When information is filled in a block, it is closed and linked to other filled blocks to from a
chain known as Blockchain. It is a type of database that provides secure recording of digital
information. Blockchain data base used in banks and financial services for secure recording and
sharing digital information such as transactions.
Q6. Describe 3D holographic imaging.
3D holographic imaging is a new technology that uses laser beams to create 3-dimensional images
called holograms. A 3D hologram displays objects and animations that seems to be real. A 3D
hologram exists freely in space and person can walk around it and see it from all the sides.
Q7. Why distributed applications are used?
A distributed application is a computer software installed on server in a network. It runs on multiple
computers at the same time to perform a single task. It is used when workload is too much for a
single server to handle.
Examples: Cellular networks, online banking, social networks etc.
Q8. List Different tasks that can be performed by robots.
These tasks including defusing landmines and bombs, firefighting, space exploration, lifting heavy
objects, manufacturing and performing surgery etc. Robots are even serving as waiter in
restaurants now a days.
Q9. What are the benefits of using network?

 Sharing devices such as printers saves money.

 Site (software) licenses are likely to be cheaper than buying several standalone licenses.
 Files can easily be shared between users.
 Network users can communicate by email and instant messenger.
Q10. Write down the benefits of wireless communication.

The following are the benefits of wireless communication

1. Easy to install and easy to maintain

2. Users can communicate while on the move.
3. Provides faster transfer of information
4. Easy to expand the network.
Q11. Write a short note on Satellite.
Communication Satellite is an artificial satellite that provides communication links locate at diff
areas on earth. It provides high-speed communication over large areas. It is used in variety of
applications like navigation system and weather forecasting.
Satellite: It is a machine that is launched in space and moved around the earth.
Ground Station: is equipment installed on the earth that sends and receive the signals from the
satellite.
Uplink: is the link from a ground station to a satellite for communication.
Downlink: is the link from a satellite to a ground station for communication.

Q12. What is the use of communication devices? Explain all the communication devices.
Q13. What is the role of network switch?
Network Switch:
Network switch is a device that allows computers in a network to connect with one another using
wired communication. It receives message from any device connected to the network and transmits
that message directly to its destination computer. It maintains a table(MAC) for forwarding data.
Q14. Complete the block diagram

Q15. Explain the types of Guided Media.

Ans: There are the three types of Guided Media.
i. Twisted Pair Cable
ii. Coaxial Cable
iii. Fiber Optics.
Twisted pair cable:
A twisted pair cable is a type of cable made by putting two separated insulated wired together
in a twisted pattern and running them parallel to each other. This type of cable is widely used
in different kinds of data and voice infrastructure.

Coaxial cable:
A coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and other components
engineered to block signal interface. It is primarily used by cable TV companies to connect their
satellite antenna facilities to customer homes and business.
Fiber Optic:
A fiber optic cable is a long distance network made from strands of glass fiber that uses pulses of
light to transfer data at high speed. This cable provides higher bandwidth and transmits data over
longer distance. A typical glass optical fiber has a diameter of 125 micrometers.

Q16. Explain the types of Unguided Media.

There are three types of unguided media.
i. Radio Frequency (RF)
ii. Microwave
iii. Infrared (IR) waves

Radio Frequency (RF)

Radio frequency is a wireless medium used to transmit a message. Today, many types of wireless
device use Radio frequency e.g. cordless, cell phones, radio and television broadcast stations etc.

Microwave

Microwave is a line-of sight wireless communication technology that travels in a straight line. It
uses high frequency wireless connections that can send and receive voice, video and data
information at high speed.

Infrared (IR) waves

Infrared waves are inexpensive mode of wireless communication. It is very easy to use Infrared
technology in devices or system that convey data through infrared radiations. It is used for short
and medium-range communications. It is used in TV remote, car locking.
 Q17. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
LAN WAN
It is called Local Area Network It is called Wide Area Network
It is a computer network that covers a small It is a computer network that covers multiple
geographical area geographic locations.
LAN is a private network owned and maintained byWAN contains different LAN networks.
single organization
It has higher bandwidth rates. WAN has lower bandwidth rates.
It is more secured and reliable. It is less reliable and secure.

Q18. Write a short note on Cellular Communication

Cellular communication refers to mobile communication base on geographic divisions (land areas)
called “Cells”. It provides voice and data service with high
bandwidth connectivity.

Base Station: is a central connection point for a wireless

device to communication.

Relay Station: is a radio station that receives radio signals

and retransmits them in an order to extend their range.

Mobile: is a device that is used for remote access.

Q19. Differentiate between wired and wireless network.

Wired Network Wireless Network

“Wired” refers to any physical medium “Wireless” as the term refers, uses air as a
connected through wires and cables. medium to send electromagnetic waves or
infrared waves.
The wires/cables can be copper wire, twisted Wireless devices have antennas for
pair or even fiber optic. communication.
Wired connectivity is responsible for providing Wireless connectivity provides a major benefit
high security with high Bandwidth of user mobility and ease of deployment.
Wired connectivity is considered highly Wireless connectivity is less secured and
reliable and incurs very low delay, unlike higher delay than wired connectivity.
Wireless connectivity.
Its installation cost is high. Its installation cost is low.