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solution theory 3

The document discusses the solubility of various substances in different solvents, highlighting the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility according to Henry's law. It explains the principles of evaporation and condensation, including vapor pressure and equilibrium in liquid-vapor systems. Additionally, it touches on the concept of 'like dissolves like' in relation to polar and non-polar solvents.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views55 pages

solution theory 3

The document discusses the solubility of various substances in different solvents, highlighting the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility according to Henry's law. It explains the principles of evaporation and condensation, including vapor pressure and equilibrium in liquid-vapor systems. Additionally, it touches on the concept of 'like dissolves like' in relation to polar and non-polar solvents.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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— VSAYANT —— ceo: | Acterding to data qiver_ln_ “question bea [Hea Sel ha} be Prepared © [yon wit) have to take uk 2M sq TL sleily Gadd Is Hel Seln Cone | becrues IPM ZN \ In Tit \ Vili ma Sh I ag Sin i | i [_&M Ha sen VO Veta > U (a Nada = WA) t Move Veta | TR 2x1 + 1xV | {ev pS tpSv= 2t ve | o8$V=e 92 2D Ve Os lik Vejen = we lows = bes bite DM Alit KG SoM + OrlM Slit Cacly Sol -Flnd nuslavity of Kt L uslarity of ao fom ty narxteres yee MIVA iy = & 2 = 4.qMype > 4NG=4 Nene, = NAVE = OA Bz OB, Nep = 0-322 0% Vast = Wy 2 2 2+ BS SUG mM = kt - A nix = <0 Veet Crit 5 ° es ca\etas = . =46 A ee) a AbO-G 4 Versa CO Ss 5° Fi | _E ffec bof temperature — ty (quid 2 Solubr tity of fi 1 : - lub UG Cages dissolve In uquid £ herr solubility i 19 Se alependl ou? Nature °F as L solvent! es Considembly — The solubility of elrfferent aut vines oe j fn_the Same. solvent + Some jue Gr an i more Solvble whereas Some 95 are : fre 1 depends Upon _natore of He 4 Ar Oye less soluble in re SOx, A pd MH, Ae move selvle ee — because they _cheuicelly yeacte (sity W20lDe ges _e- Or,N2, water “shereas Gas + selvent— t+ Heat _———. Crappy Le -chabe(rers principle, 6 is evident Chat alls ty Cup dou | Shift ey eilibrisia —. iy batkcward — divectiva Pre Solubj Why e _ Slpbliby of —& Jasin Uyuid tact ave wih te decreate 14. Guxp » This wakes the aquatic. pede — / = solubon wove _Comportable fn Old Waly rather thaw warm watey » It fs because Cold water unLnuas Galoivs wove dissolved Op. : Exception: Solvaility Of Ho fe thevt 9 ates CHe, Ale ety) - in fige SY Selvin Soh aleokel yAletre = L Ay decor bons eb, tncyeates SG hes - Wits Increase in bup. { Effet of Prescure' Th ih 1, ‘a ‘ Selo bility of Fees increases | "th Tn (rease of Pre scuve, —_ Heny's law: the was of ft boat Wsselyes in & tpn volume of & liquid 46 Coastene fens p s Prportional to be Pisshure fg Wik Which rb is fa equilibyive : mK Oh m2 k-p Where k js Prpertienalily Consent” LL deinen’ - Ab Constant _teap sthe partial pressuve Cp) Of the Jt above the solv tion” IS propsrtiona)l to the Mile traction CX) af. fas —eissalved - : FF a - _ pe Kak it Of ky, = Unik of a - fe-scure FAL Conctant tes valve of Ki deperde on nature of on me and nature of Solvent: _ => From pa he : # for FX pressure higher is th SH Solubiliby e : §2@ p Smalley is the valve of ky. # _ # fod fix pressure Ky value incyeases with te increase _in_te showing that the ssoUbiliey of the jah olecyeaset with” Ue vise fy Guperatuye, Sole" bility O40, °F Some Jater (wale Rez Ha 4 Ma <€ Co < 0, Gas Tewp: Ku CM epas) - We 298k W497 : Ho 298K 6916 : No Osi Vee ee Ne 303k, en By ac 4) b Q. d) Lyi tations of ae Thi¢ (Aw 7S valld ; 7 _ fs not toe Aiph is not Sara &, 49_in aot gh by bolvble- — si Teas do hot race Chou C with & ae {oe fe dp aot d's oals 9% ‘asrouale Ly Selwatr - a : _; pressure Of the dolabin _Containig Oe. of ethane (s one bare be se tion Cont a Sxe” guy of ett what —————— Partial pressure. of he gs ee kip. . : i mn SP 7 fox Ce Eg ud ___, a my. by > SSE XL0 ne > pe OF eq ter Henrg sky tor Ox geu dissolved : fo beatin FS 424x (ot Qkm at eee pqrbol pressere Of Oz a ao ae Un der ordi __atuospherre. Conditions ales 7 the Coy cubratiin of AiSsolves|_ oxy gee i wold tn 2puil' pier with ate var 2s. Pag 2 ky Koy - ons 4ayno! (Mey To. ¥4e) : . tr Ailsti sel, Nor << Nhew : — ee ee : O-2- “3x04 ( Nox. j —_ ; ~4. 66.557.” Nop = VT YO a Z —. oe Toko prescuya 8 6 Ah ao BI ia: Mefe fract#on of Cn we 1s #18 's 10° tig’ The. a ky for Me gad én _waty at 25¢ Ht mole pactiia “of Ni fn aby 0s 36, no of Mo [ps of Me Kom ay djccolved tn (susles of watery at 25%. € 5 atua pYescuye. Gly _ Ube Daltont aus fo Arol partial pressure 6f Os ee UP Pa Pyro wo ( Ane {Nz _ : = An. + 28 = "An BX Ie ne CB are Hea) _ "14 Za — 6 tly = Bus ts EE Nao quis is bubbled throygh water ot af Ne gal wool . 293k how nian Wels ooole) q __ Aiselie iy 1 lit of Oe Ny enstis iol pve ssure_ of 048% bow? bs Co fant Fo _ Given that Penny's laus © — Ny 205K. ts 76.48 bok. -_ - sh colial ina liquie. ie not_ “dissolve | in given voackily U Sever nm. e & a deed Wot _Solabili A Every soli oe AL The ba al "Cone ot of _ selvbili ts pated oy the fack Uke “dissolves Uke» ‘Polar. Seek Sdvents Uke tye Ag liquid HP ete. — diselve polar L tonic Cuwpound $ “Whereas on polo solVouts Voke- Cee, CS2 ete “ digolyes va “pels. Ceunpoonds ° oO Baged Or, Adloll -Selwat fubevactime , Deus. fee ae elo atdw of inor easi colobiity : fy Ne cctae + stohexane, KCL, CoH, cH’ AME: Ken & CHZOH < Checn < Cyelahe xnut- Ql fang th Flows Cove ourel ibutfy a Qo Mitble podtiaWy Sloble ¢ ads Selvble ty us by ° a fovleue, formic AM, ethuplon qty co} _ | aon Rte 4 peutans|- . a L Anas walin te “folas Selvowt- _ = —Towltu £ Cats Sry ce tniobbl- Pertane| 2 Themsl ane pati aby Soluob. / {a “Whey fon, Aagond foty wlken 6 lad ek - - ae 1 &etline_ ply co) are ___—— a “ee Scleble iq Usely “Yper2 rey _ ie Wa H-Bond, —— Temp evature ¢ _ Sete + Ugur = colt thea — DMF Aseolowvy Ls |xcthermic , Galubility CY) with yevease in Emp ? Solid + Utquid eee fResk = Gluten D 1G Aiewlotim fs endothemic — Solobibity (A) with increase tq Lemep Q_ Henvys lav Comttaut fry Coz iq water _/'s bea Pa at 29PK + CalwlAl che quantity Of Che in site Sev) Of Sodan wo Wien Packed Undit ws at Cd), Pre scure ak Qash- Vo.pau a Pressuve. Suppose & pure liquid its taken ina bea her (Closed) The molecules present on the Surfale of Che liguid Cvaponals ane YU the aqvailable, cpa “sith Va pours + This pyocess ts evaporation +» Some of the molecies ty vapovy phase, Coudense And Conte. bak tn (quid StaG + This Process "Ss Condensation. These ua process ° euposaton & Condensation Occvg Simultaneously 2 aftr Sem Some Haye vibyrune Ps reache « : onde equi by Hae 5 Sak. of evaporation Z. Aas of Conden Sa how becomes equal (quid > vapar The PVvessure exerted Ubyiunde — With the Gourd at~a Conrtait Cup erature rs called Vapour Pressure of the Gur by he Vapours fa equ Some imp: points - ) Tr a given System , evaporation ocer #6 Constant vay bot ie fon densebie Soatinveusty Mmeyeates: Vadey equitbvs Ytes % bewne 9 val, the evaporation aud @ At equili bvium > flo not. Stop, bve Condensation process take place a equal yates and daus this Cquilibvion is dynawie > @ eA & Grew Liquid, Veipour presiure Facveases €xpon en tia (( wit Mmcrease Iw 5 Ceap- accoy cling to" clausine Cla pegron si ae . log fa = Ai f4 nt Py 2 BORR T Tf _ Where Fis Vip at temp Tr — Po is Wp at tewp Ta — — liquid > Vip ts _ fader endent of factors _ Uke SArem) Quoune OF Inuit , Stge_of Vescelete @) fem OQ “Puse Lud € vapour eg ”* = — Uke walt = wal vapo vy eon: —_ HO w == Hed QW — Kp-= Pies gy =P of watiy: = 6 ikdhen twe oy move liqued crve present aE same Etrnp + Vispaeeey | xe | 2¢ Volablity tate rvnroleculor a ‘p- _ Alb ye (bow - fn temole cules attractta fs Chae, “Vandey wea’ attyation of H- Barf Fo H-bond 1 then ser than Vins attraction é ~ Addition “of globe 5 Ow aati ‘salute to a Solveat > effective surfa qvailoble for evaposation of solvent decreases ave te which. Up of lveat etreates + te area fractite questions : &@) following (iquids are pveleat uneley Conctitiad/” , Couspave their VP 4) Beazeae € Tolvene. Q) hexane ¢ Heptine _ ; a c) Aleors! and ether hawt Comparable oa wolax mass. © ee (dey tical Ars A: * Benzene will have hygher VPs B) Hexarre will have Argher Vipr they will have higher vip: 7 2 . ee $.@) liquid | GP Select - _ x | ee A) liquid with hithese VP Yo fee at “youn _teap + Ang z [ gee BY Most volatile Wyurd “at Soom “temps Ans 2) Inquid with Shoagece intavmolecolar attYaction Ans! Z - tsl/-p of Coupon eut A . = Raoult’ (aw: Caset.? For Selution having Volatile Soljexb t Volatile solut Y vapor 4 alee o fA fa Pure Stale = fa 2V:p Of Comp. A in Solution = Py? Acc: ta Aaoult liquid “Bolstin Pa A (uaz tute) [Pa = Pa°xa } of ArB- : ~ - Singi SL » Fos Component 2+ oe “ Lie of- zn. Pure slab = fg . UB of B fa Solotion 2 Py. Acc to facvilt + Pp & Xp _ [Parte] aware M049, Vapour Phage «hat Comp» Ap Coup 1B at Showy in fijow Ry Total Up = ‘ = y+ Pp. — — : = tat Pete] — a If we want to express VP of Solution 6 wily Yespect to mele fachon X4 onl, Coe Ve plate Xp by l-xy / Above. wae? vt “ J ae Ps Paix, +l Ca) = Pye ta + 4S -4 4g _ Ps = Po + Wty pe) xq. <— —— < wrl Xp te ry Written ae ee ee Oe BY XB | Querfonss a A solutton fs mate by Mra fey Sh5m Metiansl Gc 23 gm € thandl at 308K» PY Vip of methano/ £ ethanol ave 82 at conet_of th fd —— ae Favtia{_V-P_ ef these Components | Vp of Sofa: {he Solution Methane aA ethane Be ate fea det ae —_—— | “G)e eT: sce br (2), ©(4) O2, Tus. tt uide A L Bo 7 ideal solution» C re Solution balay (uok ear +h A < » But — ae {ip incveales ms of As alutyon 16S — added. De above — “ 7 pa veer’ 6 Ao mur H Lind Tne f 0 Sol re 13+ ee salen. Oca Salo — = 1" solution: Na=! ngs! kyo b 2d} XM =p % me sda a Been ___L ep of lene 32407 omg eee B= an a os f= tong tle ne _ i ee ee oe = fee 64) — F202 Set fo Z. =O Cea aeaes ee At vale f° in @) I a ao f° = BO- nr of Hy G3. VP of solution 9f Ligure A Liga sa ite Pee ange 80° Fin valves’ of he — € 6 Spo Metre L: _ _V-P of Solution Can be writken he _ Fame of xq only ag! eae tse fg + (nly) ta Se Cation, jie in puestin bs = 180+ tro, Courpate thete vetd vid, Vela tions Pa = (80 VICE ooe - Po? = 120 41% = 20g. Method 7. Z 6 ks = fy x 426% = P¢ = TLOX AF 130 a — caomanaes sLimeem ege)| 4 Xg=6 iy bot the above velathon( We will gee fe = fy® = Zoo. hat Kye 2 € Xg21 in_bots be abo ve. Yelatiius We with get fe> fy’ = [Bo 9.4 The Vip of pure bea £ pure bolvene at bY aye 60. and ZI0_mm of Hg At bkat a nolo _ frachion of benzene Soluin’ wil bef at Oc. feet ote triers ee Hint: At Bp of Svbstaace , VP of Svbstance. a becomes €qual (0 latm abc 50h eve ep sco ee Solent Benzene = A Toluene =6- vy = 960 | Fe = B90) ves tion Sys 2 SIN js betting So, fez f6o- ® — oad Ps= Pa°xa t Pe xp 762 = 0 (XA) + 380 (1-9), a fou — Relates 2 Aaltons laws the Pst Peace || tule Pacis | : arg es: Relap Bek Bile : t= n Va = Pa al Ps Yy = fava ‘ hing Chin ‘fa Racvits law ¢. Paltons law for Vapour _ 2 fe > Pe My. oun ts MALE! Coss fo Upeid wink eatery | / [a= ees - B ar oe eee M4 tHa2) 2» Yat lye) bin Vapovy mi'¢ture+ — 2: oe of "clean Can qlte be expressed in terms of mole Bathin of At Bin Vapour Phase adi kono wale ff + Role Lf 4 liquid. stron having tuo Vola le Components C5 allowed to _ aleaia Cpatbbn, with Vaporr Phase then vapour please ell fecome vithey fh More volable Component as Compared to liqicl Phabe Fe — wut of AL 2 if A re more olalile (fy 45 yp Z tg 8 4 Ce “My, Set MAB q — re, a ty ___] —— XA x 0!) UP of benzene € Toluene VE leurp fae a | Boe € 2a mm of Hy + bei rele Priel A solstitn Aas tele. heazsian 4 (ule fovlene + Fru _@) fartral VP, of benzene ££ Coluene b). VP of Soluen * - — 9, hwle Pachiu of benzene € boluene fa 40 U drive. wacom: VOpOUAL Soy __ benzene = A Toluene =. - fy, = 200° t ng zt 7g =) - Xy > Yo _ = ica = 300 (4)2 [5o. A a= bevtg = 200 (Lt) = l00 - Pos xg th g. = (S04 (O0=2 60. ok oD, wele “ Pachow in UV -Phase. _ 7 _~ Paya = (S02 = 2 _— : ‘9 Ty pg ye Ee oe - = 5 a = : a qd) In above queshun >» (f the /vnpaves are rewrov-e aud Condensed fate* (ryuid and _gpara brought tu the teupevature T, What wood _ he the mole fracton of Aenzene My New 7 Vepour slalg s Se - Bele: E gui Ghvivm vapours ave condensed fe guid Sta = SS ae freation of ig gui Ubvivet | Mele Fraction of At»! a i —~ vapour <4 % petomet | te - | wole Auction of A 4 7 Zip : nos liqui d__ tai ture be - ——- = t= ce —~ Se, in Aews (iguid 2A ee Meus ee oa Of = $00 - = bag ee * Ate “308 (3) 4205) a _ IAF Lp AE ee ae GA Solvtion Contains two lrgu;d A € B - Toe VP of colton is 400 mat of ‘Ho . ln the V-Phae hole fraction ef Ais O4G | (a _lrquid phase W6le facion of g és 7 C25» Lind fy° £ pz" Sel Given _ Pe = 400: 4 2 O4e Xs = me Ya = tag oo Vp = ho & ay o> ees = ts (ae) : Pe. __ 4ee (6 = 620-57 nm, —- leal £ Now 7 [ Tea | coly O Plow soovlts lav te Ta binciy sein of ~~ idea] Se!” Nor Tdeql sof. 1® Po not follow Saovlts lau Ee Ps #. fe MQ 1g XB. AB — Pa Pe Ay le eee fae Peta | Wang §® DA = Use Pat tao, | NON IDEAL Sonn ARE OF fe Xa, o< fo xy, Foynition of ideal Shh bs > tang thE Ng fe

LVaix <0 = Voom 7 Uy Ve. ie 4) Solitieas fa_which > ditmix >O Vaan <4 Fa — Gurpenente haves Endomernic Pel. >, Ding) : ope table nlelat MAM Ay hare atoraction fe * & Glucost Sauee intel, | 7% tess Bae $A the feanpece — Maleular altya chin fry £ B-r ay «ctay neotly feleaf Sehr Benxera t Toluene _ t heptane __ Hexane — Sse + Cons Br Cote Cl + Coke By. oly # Sidly — Methans/ + ethanol tha el +) wop anol. © N-B Wbacion W h-4 TGenevally Fue deviegn > ARS atlrakin Me ve Cha - ARE aver fond tober | Aad roher ECly tothey CHely $olhay F Clr orgerg 8 Aad HMleohe) enzene= Aniline eo 2 Bg Altruction = - No Solution C5 5 perpelly re filaol « et : tactical = dilote pleas dye new if Praibie “Qu 1610 si _ nature Of — ak bobet = area oe a a Oe RTO FF C4 Solute + Solent = Selviven ; HzO fdeal € non “deal ol tien ee > fox_bele Lomex = tie £ O4my;, = —ive, ~ A) Leal Sey an (7 oe Z tyre. Components by Seach al distillate, ' ft liquid Ate poem fea) Salty» a 9) Meng 8 — Mig OF Wyyg =8— Hm -2 9 iS mix —O | - Ve” — ere Molar Cabal of. ong 8S Stag = 5 PBanxat xl el mole fen euegy / chugs of na isp 8 Stig =~ : RT fg hr yt ly “ef __ fA te 08 —y fale tle hear Vag ~ Wg 20 | Yate t 7 Xqz=) , Cs a - - _ xB 2d ae XB=/ - Now ideal sel - | Wait Posi tive deviation» With negative coviah ia | fa >in Xa PR oe L - Pa, Pa Xp. 4 0 is © Pp < Pg Xp, + f te XAT he X S < eX Ps < fA x4 tP2 Xe & b ty > + SS Ty = es ~ She He | ai | - NYY 7 —| aia SS - - “_ \ - 7 - a ae in Solutfag BO Poké ed ling Deleal Bohaviwy . Soli) \ne — Nim }deo) > These cre forme ol b ak & porticar | _ Composromm °F ligue ___ vapour phere be cumes— =. COMpouents— of — he _Separited — by These Are + alse Called Type of AZEOTRPE =: Minne. hor inp Hexobopey I 1) bye fosm ub i devinty sent cies et Contpe S184 z Ae G@zeoteple— pack ideal “Selutiva > — “ at bid, photo and af. mite ure Cammot weil —_ deplle 70, Cons ak tli mite / Mmindnuns bailing QAze0t Yop, for: och non rdeq) Sr eq vs di at &__Y payticules Comp ositey a pr vA tule Composit'es DZD ky of a eokupie_mixtuxe |) Gy of 4 Cobre pit_m)xttie co tore than Bry of 40b4 Will be less than bY slug £ selves Of both Solute £ sdlVeue an: Ad + Hee Sek cot + fy {e Ly) 95-5. HNO3 + Hr0 _(€8/) GE hich of the Palleteing pe ples — belt be Uheqy for ‘(deal Soluton, ae ie aaa; Sh tet Pe as a iy - eat einer < ene With - he it would be Itheay | Slope = ’s'/ hye erg Z = fal cept = (of) : Slope = GDY/fz O rm — f) imaxcept = A “AY z- [ CARU be linear wiky slope ~ (ha pT tz PDE Yy woobl be : a Ag por he la € nat Uacoh- iin , (ute Propertie he: op a panties And ae a _ on nui bew natuye 6 tt eS. > ta i depacleut— op nature _of salut oS a | followin Cave 6 Pe Sey eo re a — Elevayion in bps lO en a Depve scion in Pp. ip) — = Se i ‘lv Po - _ OsmeSS snp Osmotic PRESSURE — Osmess is a spcntaneurS phenanensn tin Which udecules of Solveut flo Frome loulel, aoe Conltubapon of oto, wards Ayo he- | Concentration Of Selution U; SPM - — eee ees Ss 5st YG lve, KLE ts bfdyyectional Pecan, - | Seppe» A Solotron and pure Selveuk ave oe separated. oi due te osnst't 8 —— porte en ter. in (0 On the Slatin tile to prene _ Flow of S Seolvint Into Sle vin tae dary, SIM

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