Avon High School SOLUTIONS

AP Calculus AB
Period _____ Score ______ / 10

AP Calculus AB: A Journey Through Calculus from A to Z

sin(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑔%% (𝑥)

⎧ , 𝑥<1
⎪ 𝑥−1 −4 13
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 !
− 8𝑥 + 6, 1≤𝑥≤3
⎨ −1 10
⎪
⎩4𝑒 !"#$ − 𝑥 ! + 5, 𝑥>3 0 8

2 𝑒
Consider f ¢( x) , the derivative of the continuous function f, defined on the closed interval [ -6,7] 3 −1
except at x = 5. A portion of f ¢ is given in the graph above and consists of a semi-circle and two
line segments. The function h(x) is a piecewise defined function given where k is a constant. The function g(x) and
its derivatives are differentiable. Selected values for the decreasing function g ¢¢( x) , the second derivative of g are
given in the table above.
(𝐀) Find the value of 𝑘 such that ℎ(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 3. Show your work.

continuous at x = 3 Þ lim- h ( x ) = lim+ h ( x ) = h ( 3)

x ®3 x ®3

lim- h ( x ) = lim- k ( 3) - 8 ( 3) + 6 = 9k - 18 = h ( 3) lim+ h ( x ) = 4e0 - ( 3) + 5 = 0

2 2

x ®3 x ®3 x ®3

9k - 18 = 0 Þ k = 2

(𝐁) Using the value of 𝑘 found in part (A), is ℎ(𝑥) continuous at 𝑥 = 1? Justify your answer.

sin ( x - 1) 0 sin ( x - 1) cos ( x - 1) 1

lim- h ( x ) = lim- Þ indeterminant form Þ lim- = lim- = =1
x ®1 x ®1 x -1 0 x ®1 x -1 x ®1
!" "#"" 1 $ 1
l'Hospital's Rule

lim h ( x ) = lim+ ( 2 x - 8 x + 6 ) = 0 Þ lim- h ( x ) ¹ lim+ h ( x ) Þ not continuous at x = 1 when k = 2

2
x ®1+ x ®1 x ®1 x ®1

(𝐂) Is there a time 𝑐, −4 < 𝑐 < 3 such that 𝑔′′′(𝑐) = −2? Give a reason for your answer.

() ( ) = −1− 13 = −2
g ′′ 3 − g ′′ −4
()
Since g ′′ x is differentiable on the interval − 4 < x < 3, the MVT guarantees
3− ( −4 ) 3− ( −4 )

()
there is a x = c,−4 < c < 3, such that g ′′′ c = −2 because the average rate of change
() ( ) = −2 on the
g ′′ 3 − g ′′ −4
( )
3− −4
interval − 4 < x < 3 .

(𝐃) For each 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 4, determine if 𝑓(𝑥) has a local minimum, local maximum or neither.
Give a reason for your answer.

f ( x ) has neither at x = 2 because f ¢ ( x ) does not change signs (positive « negative) at x = 2.

f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = 4 because f ¢ ( x ) changes from positive to negative at x = 4.
 sin(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑔%% (𝑥)
⎧ , 𝑥<1
⎪ 𝑥−1 −4 13
ℎ(𝑥) = !
⎨ 𝑘𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 6, 1≤𝑥≤3
−1 10
⎪
⎩4𝑒 !"#$ − 𝑥 ! + 5, 𝑥>3 0 8

2 𝑒

3 −1
(𝐄) Find all 𝑥 value(s) on the open interval (−2, 5) where 𝑓(𝑥) has a point of inflection. Give a reason
for your answer.
f ( x ) has a point of inflection at x = 0 and x = 2
becasue f ¢ ( x ) changes from increasing to decreasing (or vice versa) at these x - values.

(𝐅) Find the average rate of change of ℎ(𝑥), in terms of 𝑘, over the interval [2,5].

average rate of change of h ( x ) on [ 2,5] =

h ( 5) - h ( 2 )
=
( 4e ( 2 ×5 - 6 ) 2
) (
- ( 5) + 5 - k ( 2 ) - 8 ( 2 ) + 6
2
)
5-2 3

=
( 4e 4
- 20 ) - ( 4k - 10 )
=
( 4e 4
- 4k - 10 )
3 3

(𝐆) If 𝑓(3) = 5, write an equation of the tangent line to 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 3.

tangent line: y = f (3) + f ¢ (3)( x - 3) = 5 + ( x - 3)

&
(𝐇) Use a right Riemann sum with the four subintervals indicated in the table to approximate k 𝑔%% (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
#'
Is this approximation an over or under estimate? Give a reason for your answer.

ò g ¢¢( x) dx » ( -1 - ( -4 ) ) ( g ¢¢ ( -1) ) + ( 0 - ( -1) ) ( g ¢¢ ( 0 ) ) + ( 2 - 0 ) ( g ¢¢ ( 2 ) ) + (3 - 2 ) ( g ¢¢ (3) )

-4

= ( 3)(10 ) + (1)( 8 ) + ( 2 )( e ) + (1)( -1) = 37 + 2e

3
This is an underestimate of ò g ¢¢( x) dx because g ¢¢ ( x ) is given to be decreasing.
-4

(
(𝐈) Evaluate k 𝑓 % (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
)
7 2 4 5 7

ò
0
f ¢( x) dx = ò f ¢( x) dx + ò f ¢( x) dx + ò f ¢( x) dx + ò f ¢( x) dx
0 2 4 5

æ 1 2ö æ1 ö ææ 1 öö æ 11 ö 19
= ç ( 2 )( 2 ) - p ( 2 ) ÷ + ç ( 2 )( 2 ) ÷ + ç ç ( -1)(1) ÷ ÷ + ( ( 2 )( 2 ) ) = ( 4 - p ) + ç ÷ = - p
è 4 ø è 2 ø èè 2 øø è2ø 2
 sin(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑔%% (𝑥)
⎧ , 𝑥<1
⎪ 𝑥−1 −4 13
ℎ(𝑥) = !
⎨ 𝑘𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 6, 1≤𝑥≤3
−1 10
⎪
⎩4𝑒 !"#$ − 𝑥 ! + 5, 𝑥>3 0 8

2 𝑒

3 −1

"
(𝐉) Let 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! + ∫* 𝑓 % (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 . Find the values for 𝑘 % (2) and 𝑘 %% (2) or state that it does not exist.

k ¢ ( x ) = 2x + f ¢ ( x ) Þ k ¢ ( 2) = 2 ( 2) + f ¢ ( 2) = 4 + 2 = 6
k ¢¢ ( x ) = 2 + f ¢¢ ( x ) Þ k ¢¢ ( 2 ) = 2 + f ¢¢ ( 2 ) Þ does not exist because f ¢ ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 2

(𝐊) Find ℎ% (4).

d
x > 3, h¢ ( x ) =
dx
( 4e2 x -6 - x2 + 5) = 4e2 x -6 ( 2) - 2x Þ h¢ ( 4) = 4e2(4)-6 ( 2) - 2 ( 4 ) = 8e2 - 8
"
(𝐋) Let 𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑓 % (𝑥)𝑔% v w . Find 𝑚% (6).
!

æ xö æ x öæ 1 ö
m¢ ( x ) = f ¢¢ ( x ) g ¢ ç ÷ + f ¢ ( x ) g ¢¢ ç ÷ç ÷
è ø2 è 2 øè 2 ø
æ1ö æ1ö
m¢ ( 6 ) = f ¢¢ ( 6 ) g ¢ ( 3) + f ¢ ( 6 ) g ¢¢ ( 3) ç ÷ = ( 0 ) g ¢ ( 3) + ( 2 ) ç ÷ ( -1) = -1
è2ø è2ø

(𝐌) Let 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 ! − 1). Find 𝑝% (2).

( )
p¢ ( x ) = f ¢ ( x 2 - 1) ( 2 x ) Þ p¢ ( 2 ) = f ¢ ( 2 ) - 1 ( 2 ( 2 ) ) = f ¢ ( 3)( 4 ) = (1)( 4 ) = 4
2

(𝐍) Find the average value of 𝑓 % (𝑥) over the interval [2,5].

1æ ö
5 5 4 5
1 1
average value of f ¢ ( x ) on [ 2,5] =
5 - 2 ò2 3 ò2 3 è ò2 ò4 f ¢( x) dx ÷ø
f ¢( x ) dx = f ¢( x ) dx = ç f ¢( x ) dx +

1 ææ 1 ö ææ 1 ööö 1 æ 3 ö 1
= ç ç ( 2 )( 2 ) ÷ + ç ç ( -1)(1) ÷ ÷ ÷ = ç ÷ =
3 èè 2 ø èè 2 øøø 3è 2 ø 2
 sin(𝑥 − 1)
⎧ , 𝑥<1 𝑥 𝑔%% (𝑥)
⎪ 𝑥−1
ℎ(𝑥) = !
⎨ 𝑘𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 6, 1≤𝑥≤3 −4 13
⎪
⎩4𝑒 !"#$ − 𝑥 ! + 5, 𝑥>3 −1 10

0 8
&
(𝐎) Evaluate k [2𝑔%%% (𝑥) + 7]𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒
#*
3
3 −1
ò ( 2 g ¢¢¢ ( x ) + 7 ) dx = éë2 g ¢¢ ( x ) + 7 x ùû = ( 2 g ¢¢ ( 3) + 7 (3) ) - ( 2 g ¢¢ ( -1) + 7 ( -1) )
3
-1
-1

( 2 ( -1) + 21) - ( 2 (10 ) - 7 ) = 19 - 13 = 6

!
#$
(𝐏) If k 𝑓 % (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 − 2𝜋, then find k 𝑓 % (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
#!
#$

2 -2 2 2 -6

ò
-6
f ¢( x) dx = ò
-6
f ¢( x) dx + ò f ¢( x) dx =
-2 -2
ò f ¢( x) dx - ò f ¢( x) dx
-2

5 - 2p = ê( 4 )( 2 ) - p ( 2 ) ú - --ò62 f ¢ ( x ) dx
é 1 2ù

ë 2 û
-6
5 - 2p = [8 - 2p ] - ò f ¢( x) dx
-2
-6

ò f ¢( x) dx = [8 - 2p ] - [5 - 2p ] = 3
-2

(𝐐) For 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5, a particle is moving along a horizontal axis with velocity 𝑣(𝑡) = ln‚𝑔′′(𝑡)ƒ.
Is the particle speeding up or slowing down at time 𝑡 = 2? Give a reason for your answer.
1
v ( 2 ) = ln ( g ¢¢ ( 2 ) ) = ln ( e ) = 1 > 0 v¢ ( t ) = g ¢¢¢ ( t )
g ¢¢ ( t )
1 1
v¢ ( 2 ) = g ¢¢¢ ( 2 ) = ( g ¢¢¢ ( 2 ) ) < 0 because g ¢¢ ( t ) is decreasing
g ¢¢ ( 2 ) e
speed = v ( t ) is decreasing because v ( 2 ) > 0 and v¢ ( 2 ) < 0, when positive numbers decrease, the absolute value decreases.

(𝐑) Let 𝑥 be the number of people, in thousands, inside an amusement park. The number of people
ℎ(𝑥)
inside the park that have contracted a virus can be modeled by 𝑣(𝑥) = for 3 < 𝑥 < 5.
3𝑥
The number of people in the park is increasing at a constant rate of 0.2 thousands of people per minute.
Using this model, what is the rate that people inside the park are contracting the virus with respect
to time when there are four thousand people in the park?

x > 3 ⇒ v( x) = =
h( x )
4e2 x−6 − x 2 + 5
⇒ v′ ( x ) =
( (
3x ) 8e2 x−6 − 2x − 3 4e2 x−6 − x 2 + 5 ) ( )
(3x )
2
3x 3x

(12)(8e 2
) (
− 8 − 3 4e2 − 11 ) (0.2) = ( 28e 2
− 21) = 0.7745…
dv dv dx
= ⇒
dv
( )
= v ′ ( 4 ) ( 0.2 ) =
( 48)(5)
(12)
2
dt dx dt dt x=4
 sin(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑔%% (𝑥)
⎧ , 𝑥<1
⎪ 𝑥−1 −4 13
ℎ(𝑥) = !
⎨ 𝑘𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 6, 1≤𝑥≤3
−1 10
⎪
⎩4𝑒 !"#$ − 𝑥 ! + 5, 𝑥>3 0 8

2 𝑒
"
∫' 𝑓 % (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥 3 −1
(𝐒) lim
"→! sin(𝑥 ! − 4)

æx ö 2 4
æ1 ö
lim ç ò f ¢(t ) dt + x ÷ = ò f ¢(t ) dt + 2 = - ò f ¢(t ) dt + 2 = - ç ( 2 )( 2 ) ÷ + 2 = 0 lim sin ( x 2 - 4 ) = sin ( 0 ) = 0
x®2
è4 ø 4 2 è 2 ø x®2

ò f ¢(t ) dt + x f ¢ (t ) + 1 2 +1 3
lim 4 = lim = =
x®2
sin ( x - 4 ) x ® 2 cos ( x 2 - 4 ) ( 2 x ) cos ( 0 )( 4 ) 4
2

!"""#"""$
l'Hospital's Rule

'
(𝐓) Let 𝑘 = 0, evaluate k ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
!

4 3 4 3 4

ò h( x) dx = ò h( x) dx + ò h( x) dx = ò ( -8x + 6 ) dx + ò ( 4e - x 2 + 5 ) dx
2 x -6

2 2 3 2 3
4
é 1 ù éæ 28 ö ù 70
= éë -4 x 2 + 6 x ûù + ê 2e 2 x - 6 - x 3 + 5 x ú = [ -14] + êç 2e 2 - ÷ ú = 2e 2 -
3

2
ë 3 û3 ëè 3 øû 3

(𝐔) Is there a time 𝑐, −4 < 𝑐 < 3, such that 𝑔%% (𝑐) = 0? Give a reason for your answer.

g ¢¢ ( x ) is differentiable Þ g ¢¢ ( x ) is continuous
g ¢¢ ( 2 ) = e > 0 and g ¢¢ ( 3) = -1 < 0
Applying the IVT, there is time c, 2 < c < 3 such that g ¢¢ ( c ) = 0
2 < c < 3 Þ -4 < c < 3 Þ there is time c, - 4 < c < 3 such that g ¢¢ ( c ) = 0

(𝐕) Estimate 𝑔%%% (−2). Show the calculations that lead to your answer.

g ¢¢ ( -1) - g ¢¢ ( -4 ) (10 ) - (13)

g ¢¢¢ ( -1) » = = -1
( -1) - ( -4 ) 3

1
(𝐖) For − 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2, 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 4)" . If 𝑓(−2) = 0, find the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) on [−6,2].
4
1
-6 £ x £ -2 Þ f ¢ ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) = 0 Þ x = -4 -2 < x £ 2 Þ f ¢ ( x ) = 0 Þ x = 0
3

4
-2 -2 -2
é1 4ù
x = -6 Þ f ( -6 ) = f ( -2 ) - ò f ¢( x) dx = 0 - ò f ¢( x) dx = - ê ( x + 4 ) ú = - éë1 - (1) ùû = 0
-6 -6 ë 16 û -6
-2 -2 -2
é1 4ù
x = -4 Þ f ( -4 ) = - ò f ¢( x) dx = - ò f ¢( x) dx = - ê ( x + 4 ) ú = - éë1 - ( 0 ) ùû = -1
-4 -4 ë16 û -4
0 2
1 1
x = 0 Þ f (0) = ò f ¢( x) dx = 4 - 4 p ( 2 ) x = 2 Þ f ( 2) = ò f ¢( x) dx = 8 - 2 p ( 2 )
2 2
= 4 -p = 8 - 2p
-2 -2

minimum value of f ( x ) on [ -6, 2] is - 1 when x = -4

 sin(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑔%% (𝑥)
⎧ , 𝑥<1
⎪ 𝑥−1 −4 13
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 !
− 8𝑥 + 6, 1≤𝑥≤3
⎨ −1 10
⎪
⎩4𝑒 !"#$ − 𝑥 ! + 5, 𝑥>3 0 8
2 𝑒
3 −1

𝑑𝑦 ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑥 !
(𝐗) Let 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) be the particular solution to the differential equation = for 𝑥 > 3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Find the particular solution 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) given the initial condition (4, −2𝑒).

y dy = ( h ( x ) + x 2 ) dx

ò y dy = ò ( ( 4e ) 1 2 1 1
2 x -6
- x 2 + 5 ) + x 2 dx Þ y = 2e 2 x - 6 - x 3 + 5 x + x 3 + C
2 3 3
1
( 4, -2e ) Þ ( -2e ) = 2e 2( 4) - 6 + 5 ( 4 ) + C Þ 2e 2 = 2e 2 + 20 + C Þ C = -20
2

2
1 2
y = 2e 2 x - 6 + 5 x - 20 Þ y 2 = 4e 2 x - 6 + 10 x - 40 Þ y = - 4e 2 x - 6 + 10 x - 40 = r ( x )
2

𝜋𝑥 1
(𝐘) The graphs of 𝑑(𝑥) = −sin Ž + • and ℎ(𝑥) are shown above for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 when 𝑘 = 2.
2 2
Find the area bounded by the graphs of 𝑑(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥).

3 3
æ p x 1 öù é 2 3 æ 3p æp
3
éæ 2 ö ù ö ö
ò1 ( d ( x) - h( x) ) dx = êëçè p ÷ø cos çè 2 + 2 ÷ø úû1 - ëê 3 x - 4 x + 6 x ûú1 Interesting fact: cos çè 2 + C ÷ø = - cos çè 2 + C ÷ø
2

éæ 2 ö æ 3p 1 ö æ 2 ö æ p 1 ö ù éæ 8 ö ù æ 4 ö æ 3p 1 ö 8
= êç ÷ cos ç + ÷ - ç ÷ cos ç + ÷ ú - êç - ÷ ú = ç ÷ cos ç + ÷+
ë è p ø è 2 2 ø è p ø è 2 2 ø û ë è 3 ø û è p ø è 2 2ø 3

(𝐙) Set up, but do not evaluate, an expression involving one or more integrals that gives the volume when
the region bounded by the graphs above is revolved about the line 𝑦 = −5.

(( ) ) dx (( ( ) ( )) − ( h ( x ) − ( −5)) ) dx
3 3

) (
π ∫ −5 − d ( x ) − −5 − h ( x )
2 2 2 2
or π ∫ d x − −5
1 1

Special thanks to my friends Bryan Passwater, Speedway HS, Speedway, Indiana for authoring this activity and to Vernon “Ted”
Gott, retired teacher from Harwood, MD for providing detailed solutions.