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The document discusses Orthogonal Transformations, which are linear mappings that preserve angles and lengths of vectors, represented by orthogonal matrices. These transformations have applications in fields such as robotics, computer graphics, machine learning, and signal processing. The conclusion emphasizes their importance in simplifying calculations and preserving data structure, making them essential in various engineering and mathematical contexts.

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1250Easha Kadganve
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5 views

mathsproject[1]

The document discusses Orthogonal Transformations, which are linear mappings that preserve angles and lengths of vectors, represented by orthogonal matrices. These transformations have applications in fields such as robotics, computer graphics, machine learning, and signal processing. The conclusion emphasizes their importance in simplifying calculations and preserving data structure, making them essential in various engineering and mathematical contexts.

Uploaded by

1250Easha Kadganve
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mathematics - 4

Project on

Orthogonal Transformations
Submitted By
1. Easha Kadganve (31)
2. Simran Kadu (32)
3. Vighnesh Kamble (33)
4. Girish Kawale (34)
5. Sairaj Khade (35)
6. Shravan Khandagle (36)
7. Saidatta Khatu (37)
8. Amaan Kherani (38)
9. Malhar Kshirsagar (39)
10. Raj Kudale (40)

Under the Guidance of


Prof. Santoshi Iyengar

Department of Computer Science and Engineering In


Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Saraswati Education Society’s

SARASWATI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


INTRODUCTION

An Orthogonal Transformation is a linear mapping of vectors that


maintains the angles and lengths of vectors. In simpler terms, it preserves the
Euclidean structure of vector spaces. These transformations include rotations,
reflections, or combinations of both, without altering the shape or size of
geometrical figures.
In mathematics, such transformations are represented using orthogonal
matrices, where the transpose of the matrix is equal to its inverse: AᵀA = I,
where A is the transformation matrix. This concept is fundamental in areas such
as computer graphics, robotics, and signal processing.

PROPERTIES OF ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATIONS

 Preservation of Length: Any vector v transformed using an orthogonal matrix A


satisfies ||Av|| = ||v||.
 Preservation of Angle: Inner products are preserved, i.e., if u and v are vectors,
then (Au)·(Av) = u·v.
 Orthogonality of Columns: Columns (and rows) of orthogonal matrices are
mutually orthogonal and normalized.
 Determinant: The determinant of an orthogonal matrix is always ±1.
 Inverse = Transpose: Orthogonal matrices are easy to invert due to this property.
 Orthogonal transformations are distance-preserving and therefore classified as
isometries.

APPLICATIONS
 Engineering & Robotics
Orthogonal transformations are widely used in the field of robotics to perform
coordinate transformations and simulate the movement of robotic arms. These
transformations help model rotational motion without distortion, making them
essential in kinematics and dynamics analysis.

 Computer Graphics
In 2D and 3D graphics, these transformations are used for rotating, reflecting,
and scaling models without losing proportions. Real-time rendering of scenes
and objects depends heavily on such calculations.

 Machine Learning & Data Science


In dimensionality reduction techniques like Principal Component Analysis
(PCA), orthogonal transformations are used to rotate the feature space while
maintaining the original data structure. This helps improve model efficiency and
interpretability.

 Signal and Image Processing


Transformations such as the Fourier Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform
(DCT) are special types of orthogonal transformations. They help in compressing
signals and images while retaining important information.
NUMERICALS
CONCLUSION

Orthogonal transformations play a critical role in mathematics and engineering.


They not only simplify calculations but also preserve the fundamental structure
of data. Their unique properties make them suitable for a wide range of
applications including robotics, computer vision, quantum mechanics, and
machine learning.
Understanding orthogonal transformations enhances our ability to model and
solve real-world problems efficiently. Their role as isometries makes them a
cornerstone in applied linear algebra and numerical computing.

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