REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS: FORM 2 NOTES

-the reproductive organ in plants is a flower

Structure of a flower

Petals –are coloured to attract insects

Anther –produce male sex cells that is pollen grains

Filament –hold the anther in position

Stigma –receive pollen grains during pollination

Style –hold stigma in position and passage of pollen grains to ovary

Nectary –produce nectar-a sugary liquid needed by insects

Sepal –protect the flower from mechanical damage

Ovary –produce female sex cells-ovules and develop into a fruit after fertilization

Ovule –where fertilization occurs

-develop into seeds after fertilization

POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION

-is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower

-pollination can be cross or self-pollination

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-cross pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from anther of one flower to the
stigma of another flower of the same type

-self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same
flower

AGENTS OF POLLINATION

Wind

Insects

FERTILIZATION IN FLOWERS

-After pollination, pollen grains germinate on the stigma developing pollen tubes.

-pollen tubes grow down the style into the ovary where they fuse with ovules

-after fertilization, ovary develop into fruit, ovules develop into seeds and stigma, petals, dry
and fall off

Pollination pollen grain germination  fertilization

Diagram

GERMINATION

-Is the development of a seed into a seedling

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 STRUCTURE OF SEEDS

a) Bean seed dicotyledon

b)Maize seed monocotyledon

Part Function

Testa -protection of internal parts from

mechanical damage and diseases

Alum -attaches seeds to pods

Micro Pyle -allows water and gaseous exchange

Radicle -develop into root system

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 Plumule -develop into shoot system

Cotyledon and endosperm -stores food in form of starch

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

-reproduction is a process by which organisms produce new individuals of their own kind.

-sexual reproduction involves the mating of male and female garmetes by fertilization to
produce offsprings of their own kind.

a) Male reproductive system

Diagram

PARTS FUNCTION

Testes -produce male sex cells (sperms)

-produce male sex hormones responsible for male sexual

characteristics (testestorone)

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 -they are kept in a sac called scrotum at a temperature lower than
body temperature, favorable temperature for sperm production

Sperm duct -is a tube which carries sperms to the penis

Epididymis -stores and nourishes sperms

Urethra -is a tube through which sperms and urine pass out of the penis
separately

Penis -is an outside organ that erects and deposits sperms into the
vagina during sexual intercourse

b) Female reproductive system

Diagram

FUNCTIONS OF PARTS

PART FUNCTIONS

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 Ovaries -produces female sex cells (ova)

-also produces female sex hormones which control sexual

development in females

-one egg is released into the oviduct by ovary every month

Fallopian tube -is where eggs are deposited during ovulation

-is where fertilization takes place

-is the passage of the released egg to the uterus.

Uterus /womb -is where implantation of fertilized egg occurs

-it is where an embryo develops until it is ready to be born

Cervix -is a narrow ring of muscles which closes and opens the uterus

-can expand to allow the baby out of the uterus

Vagina -receives erect penis during sexual intercourse

-is where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse

-it is also called birth canal

ROUTE OF SPERMS FROM TESTES TO OVIDUCT

Testessperm duct urethravaginacervixuterusoviduct

FERTILISATION

-Is the fusion of male and female gametes to produce zygote

-takes place in fallopian tube

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 -only one sperm which is fast and energetic fertilizes the ovum and the rest die and are
recycled in the body as proteins.

OVULATION

-is the release of egg from ovary into oviduct

IMPLANTATION

-is the attachment of fertilized egg (embryo) to the wall of the uterus

FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA, UMBLICAL CORD, AND AMNIOTIC SAC

PLACENTA

-have many blood capillaries to allow exchange of substances between mother and embryo
by diffusion

- The functions of the placenta are:

1. Provide the embryo (foetus) with nutrients
2. Allows excretion of waste products
3. Allows for exchange of oxygen carbon dioxide through diffusion.
4. Prevents entry of harmful substances or bacteria from reaching the embryo.
5. Secretes the hormone progesterone to sustain pregnancy.
6. Allows antibodies to pass from the mother to the foetus and the levels of
antibodies peak just before birth.

Part 1- SUBSTANCES FROM MOTHER TO EMBRYO

-oxygen

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-water

-enzymes

-hormones

-antibodies

-amino acids

-glucose

-salts

-heat

PART 2- SUBSTANCES FROM EMBRYO TO MOTHERS BLOOD

-carbon dioxide

-urea

-ammonium compounds

UMBLICAL CORD

-is a tube that connects placenta to the embryo

-have arteries and veins

-exchange of substances occurs by diffusion, active transport and selective absorption.

AMNIOTIC SAC

-is an inner membrane the amnion which contains fluid called amniotic fluid

-amniotic fluid acts as a shock absorbers, allows easy growth of embryo and movements of
limps, protection

- PARENTAL CARE

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 - Humans are mammals which have mammary glands.
- During the later stage of pregnancy, hormones prepare the mother’s body to produce milk
after the baby is born.
- Breastfeeding is an important component of parental care and is ideal for the baby’s health.
- It allows the baby to have a balanced diet and get antibodies from the mother.
- However, the HIV can also passed on from the mother to the baby.
- HIV positive mothers are advised to breastfeed their babies for six months and bottle-feed
thereafter to prevent mother-child transmission of the HIV.
- Young ones are taken care of until they can take care of themselves.
- Education is also an important form of parental care.

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