COMPUTER GRAPHICS NOTES
COMPUTER GRAPHICS NOTES
Input Devices
Hardcopy Devices
• Printers:
o Inkjet: Sprays ink to form images. Suitable for colorful image
output.
o Laser: Uses laser beams to produce high-resolution prints
quickly.
• Plotters: Use pens to draw vector graphics on paper. Suitable for
detailed diagrams like maps, architectural drawings.
Graphics Software
Output Primitives
Circle Drawing
Defines appearance:
2D Transformations
• Translation:
o Moves an object by adding offsets.
o Equations:
• Scaling:
o Resizes object. Can be uniform or differential.
o Equations:
• Rotation:
o Rotates about origin by angle θ.
o Equations:
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Matrix Representation
Homogeneous Coordinates
Composite Transformations
• Combines multiple transformations in a sequence.
• Order matters: Different order leads to different results.
• Reflection: Mirror image across axis.
• Shear: Slanting transformation along axis.
UNIT 3: Viewing and Clipping
Viewing Pipeline
1. Modeling Transformation
2. Viewing Transformation
3. Projection
4. Clipping
5. Viewport Transformation
Clipping
3D Input Devices
• Translation:
• Scaling:
• Rotation:
o About X-axis:
o Similar equations for Y and Z axes.
• Composite Transformation: Combine translation, scaling, and
rotation using matrix multiplication.
UNIT 5: Projection, Visibility & Color Models
Viewing Pipeline
Projections
• Orthographic Projection:
o Projects along parallel lines.
o Preserves object size and shape. Ideal for engineering drawings.
• Perspective Projection:
o Projects along converging lines to a viewpoint.
o Simulates human vision. Distant objects appear smaller.
• Backface Detection:
o Uses surface normals. If polygon faces away, it's not drawn.
o Improves rendering speed.
• Depth Buffer Method (Z-buffer):
o Stores depth of each pixel.
o Compares new pixel's depth with stored value. Closer one is
drawn.
o Simple and widely used in hardware.