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Learning Apache Kafka Second Edition

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Table of Contents
Learning Apache Kafka Second Edition
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Free access for Packt account holders
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Introducing Kafka
Welcome to the world of Apache Kafka
Why do we need Kafka?
Kafka use cases
Installing Kafka
Installing prerequisites
Installing Java 1.7 or higher
Downloading Kafka
Building Kafka
Summary
2. Setting Up a Kafka Cluster

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 A single node – a single broker cluster
Starting the ZooKeeper server
Starting the Kafka broker
Creating a Kafka topic
Starting a producer to send messages
Starting a consumer to consume messages
A single node – multiple broker clusters
Starting ZooKeeper
Starting the Kafka broker
Creating a Kafka topic using the command line
Starting a producer to send messages
Starting a consumer to consume messages
Multiple nodes – multiple broker clusters
The Kafka broker property list
Summary
3. Kafka Design
Kafka design fundamentals
Log compaction
Message compression in Kafka
Replication in Kafka
Summary
4. Writing Producers
The Java producer API
Simple Java producers
Importing classes
Defining properties
Building the message and sending it
Creating a Java producer with custom partitioning
Importing classes
Defining properties
Implementing the Partitioner class

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 Building the message and sending it
The Kafka producer property list
Summary
5. Writing Consumers
Kafka consumer APIs
The high-level consumer API
The low-level consumer API
Simple Java consumers
Importing classes
Defining properties
Reading messages from a topic and printing them
Multithreaded Java consumers
Importing classes
Defining properties
Reading the message from threads and printing it
The Kafka consumer property list
Summary
6. Kafka Integrations
Kafka integration with Storm
Introducing Storm
Integrating Storm
Kafka integration with Hadoop
Introducing Hadoop
Integrating Hadoop
Hadoop producers
Hadoop consumers
Summary
7. Operationalizing Kafka
Kafka administration tools
Kafka cluster tools
Adding servers

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 Kafka topic tools
Kafka cluster mirroring
Integration with other tools
Summary
Index

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Learning Apache Kafka Second Edition

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www.it-ebooks.info
Learning Apache Kafka Second Edition
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the
information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without
warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its
dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused
directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: October 2013
Second edition: February 2015
Production reference: 1210215
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78439-309-0
www.packtpub.com

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Credits
Author
Nishant Garg
Reviewers
Sandeep Khurana
Saurabh Minni
Supreet Sethi
Commissioning Editor
Usha Iyer
Acquisition Editor
Meeta Rajani
Content Development Editor
Shubhangi Dhamgaye
Technical Editors
Manal Pednekar
Chinmay S. Puranik
Copy Editors
Merilyn Pereira
Aarti Saldanha
Project Coordinator
Harshal Ved
Proofreaders
Stephen Copestake
Paul Hindle
Indexer
Rekha Nair
Graphics
Sheetal Aute
Production Coordinator
Nilesh R. Mohite
Cover Work

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Nilesh R. Mohite

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About the Author
Nishant Garg has over 14 years of software architecture and development experience in
various technologies, such as Java Enterprise Edition, SOA, Spring, Hadoop, Hive, Flume,
Sqoop, Oozie, Spark, Shark, YARN, Impala, Kafka, Storm, Solr/Lucene, NoSQL
databases (such as HBase, Cassandra, and MongoDB), and MPP databases (such as
GreenPlum).
He received his MS in software systems from the Birla Institute of Technology and
Science, Pilani, India, and is currently working as a technical architect for the Big Data
R&D Group with Impetus Infotech Pvt. Ltd. Previously, Nishant has enjoyed working
with some of the most recognizable names in IT services and financial industries,
employing full software life cycle methodologies such as Agile and SCRUM.
Nishant has also undertaken many speaking engagements on big data technologies and is
also the author of HBase Essestials, Packt Publishing.
I would like to thank my parents (Mr. Vishnu Murti Garg and Mrs. Vimla Garg) for their
continuous encouragement and motivation throughout my life. I would also like to thank
my wife (Himani) and my kids (Nitigya and Darsh) for their never-ending support, which
keeps me going.
Finally, I would like to thank Vineet Tyagi, CTO and Head of Innovation Labs, Impetus,
and Dr. Vijay, Director of Technology, Innovation Labs, Impetus, for encouraging me to
write.

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About the Reviewers
Sandeep Khurana, an 18 years veteran, comes with an extensive experience in the
Software and IT industry. Being an early entrant in the domain, he has worked in all
aspects of Java- / JEE-based technologies and frameworks such as Spring, Hibernate, JPA,
EJB, security, Struts, and so on. For the last few professional engagements in his career
and also partly due to his personal interest in consumer-facing analytics, he has been
treading in the big data realm and has extensive experience on big data technologies such
as Hadoop, Pig, Hive, ZooKeeper, Flume, Oozie, HBase and so on.
He has designed, developed, and delivered multiple enterprise-level, highly scalable,
distributed systems during the course of his career. In his long and fruitful professional
life, he has been with some of the biggest names of the industry such as IBM, Oracle,
Yahoo!, and Nokia.
Saurabh Minni is currently working as a technical architect at AdNear. He completed his
BE in computer science at the Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore. He is
passionate about programming and loves getting his hands wet with different technologies.
At AdNear, he deployed Kafka. This enabled smooth consumption of data to be processed
by Storm and Hadoop clusters. Prior to AdNear, he worked with Adobe and Intuit, where
he dabbled with C++, Delphi, Android, and Java while working on desktop and mobile
products.
Supreet Sethi is a seasoned technology leader with an eye for detail. He has proven
expertise in charting out growth strategies for technology platforms. He currently steers
the platform team to create tools that drive the infrastructure at Jabong. He often reviews
the code base from a performance point of view. These aspects also put him at the helm of
backend systems, APIs that drive mobile apps, mobile web apps, and desktop sites.
The Jabong tech team has been extremely helpful during the review process. They
provided a creative environment where Supreet was able to explore some of cutting-edge
technologies like Apache Kafka.
I would like to thank my daughter, Seher, and my wife, Smriti, for being patient observers
while I spent a few hours everyday reviewing this book.

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www.PacktPub.com

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For support files and downloads related to your book, please visit www.PacktPub.com.
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Preface
This book is here to help you get familiar with Apache Kafka and to solve your challenges
related to the consumption of millions of messages in publisher-subscriber architectures. It
is aimed at getting you started programming with Kafka so that you will have a solid
foundation to dive deep into different types of implementations and integrations for Kafka
producers and consumers.
In addition to an explanation of Apache Kafka, we also spend a chapter exploring Kafka
integration with other technologies such as Apache Hadoop and Apache Storm. Our goal
is to give you an understanding not just of what Apache Kafka is, but also how to use it as
a part of your broader technical infrastructure. In the end, we will walk you through
operationalizing Kafka where we will also talk about administration.

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What this book covers
Chapter 1, Introducing Kafka, discusses how organizations are realizing the real value of
data and evolving the mechanism of collecting and processing it. It also describes how to
install and build Kafka 0.8.x using different versions of Scala.
Chapter 2, Setting Up a Kafka Cluster, describes the steps required to set up a single- or
multi-broker Kafka cluster and shares the Kafka broker properties list.
Chapter 3, Kafka Design, discusses the design concepts used to build the solid foundation
for Kafka. It also talks about how Kafka handles message compression and replication in
detail.
Chapter 4, Writing Producers, provides detailed information about how to write basic
producers and some advanced level Java producers that use message partitioning.
Chapter 5, Writing Consumers, provides detailed information about how to write basic
consumers and some advanced level Java consumers that consume messages from the
partitions.
Chapter 6, Kafka Integrations, provides a short introduction to both Storm and Hadoop
and discusses how Kafka integration works for both Storm and Hadoop to address real-
time and batch processing needs.
Chapter 7, Operationalizing Kafka, describes information about the Kafka tools required
for cluster administration and cluster mirroring and also shares information about how to
integrate Kafka with Camus, Apache Camel, Amazon Cloud, and so on.

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What you need for this book
In the simplest case, a single Linux-based (CentOS 6.x) machine with JDK 1.6 installed
will give a platform to explore almost all the exercises in this book. We assume you are
familiar with command line Linux, so any modern distribution will suffice.
Some of the examples need multiple machines to see things working, so you will require
access to at least three such hosts; virtual machines are fine for learning and exploration.
As we also discuss the big data technologies such as Hadoop and Storm, you will
generally need a place to run your Hadoop and Storm clusters.

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Who this book is for
This book is for those who want to know about Apache Kafka at a hands-on level; the key
audience is those with software development experience but no prior exposure to Apache
Kafka or similar technologies.
This book is also for enterprise application developers and big data enthusiasts who have
worked with other publisher-subscriber-based systems and now want to explore Apache
Kafka as a futuristic scalable solution.

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Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their
meaning.
Code words in text are shown as follows: “Download the jdk-7u67-linux-x64.rpm
release from Oracle’s website.”
A block of code is set as follows:
String messageStr = new String("Hello from Java Producer");
KeyedMessage<Integer, String> data = new KeyedMessage<Integer, String>
(topic, messageStr);
producer.send(data);

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant
lines or items are set in bold:
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put("metadata.broker.list","localhost:9092");
props.put("serializer.class","kafka.serializer.StringEncoder");
props.put("request.required.acks", "1");
ProducerConfig config = new ProducerConfig(props);
Producer<Integer, String> producer = new Producer<Integer,
String>(config);

Any command line input or output is written as follows:

[root@localhost kafka-0.8]# java SimpleProducer kafkatopic Hello_There

New terms and important words are shown in bold.

Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.

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Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this
book—what you liked or may have disliked. Reader feedback is important for us to
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To send us general feedback, simply send an e-mail to <[email protected]>, and
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Customer support
Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to help
you to get the most from your purchase.

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Errata
Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do
happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books—maybe a mistake in the text or the
code—we would be grateful if you would report this to us. By doing so, you can save
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Piracy
Piracy of copyright material on the Internet is an ongoing problem across all media. At
Packt, we take the protection of our copyright and licenses very seriously. If you come
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Questions
You can contact us at <[email protected]> if you are having a problem with any
aspect of the book, and we will do our best to address it.

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Chapter 1. Introducing Kafka
In today’s world, real-time information is continuously being generated by applications
(business, social, or any other type), and this information needs easy ways to be reliably
and quickly routed to multiple types of receivers. Most of the time, applications that
produce information and applications that are consuming this information are well apart
and inaccessible to each other. These heterogeneous application leads to redevelopment
for providing an integration point between them. Therefore, a mechanism is required for
the seamless integration of information from producers and consumers to avoid any kind
of application rewriting at either end.

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Welcome to the world of Apache Kafka
In the present big-data era, the very first challenge is to collect the data as it is a huge
amount of data and the second challenge is to analyze it. This analysis typically includes
the following types of data and much more:
User behavior data
Application performance tracing
Activity data in the form of logs
Event messages
Message publishing is a mechanism for connecting various applications with the help of
messages that are routed between—for example, by a message broker such as Kafka.
Kafka is a solution to the real-time problems of any software solution; that is to say,
dealing with real-time volumes of information and routing it to multiple consumers
quickly. Kafka provides seamless integration between information from producers and
consumers without blocking the producers of the information and without letting
producers know who the final consumers are.
Apache Kafka is an open source, distributed, partitioned, and replicated commit-log-based
publish-subscribe messaging system, mainly designed with the following characteristics:
Persistent messaging: To derive the real value from big data, any kind of
information loss cannot be afforded. Apache Kafka is designed with O(1) disk
structures that provide constant-time performance even with very large volumes of
stored messages that are in the order of TBs. With Kafka, messages are persisted on
disk as well as replicated within the cluster to prevent data loss.
High throughput: Keeping big data in mind, Kafka is designed to work on
commodity hardware and to handle hundreds of MBs of reads and writes per second
from large number of clients.
Distributed: Apache Kafka with its cluster-centric design explicitly supports
message partitioning over Kafka servers and distributing consumption over a cluster
of consumer machines while maintaining per-partition ordering semantics. Kafka
cluster can grow elastically and transparently without any downtime.
Multiple client support: The Apache Kafka system supports easy integration of
clients from different platforms such as Java, .NET, PHP, Ruby, and Python.
Real time: Messages produced by the producer threads should be immediately
visible to consumer threads; this feature is critical to event-based systems such as
Complex Event Processing (CEP) systems.
Kafka provides a real-time publish-subscribe solution that overcomes the challenges of
consuming the real-time and batch data volumes that may grow in order of magnitude to
be larger than the real data. Kafka also supports parallel data loading in the Hadoop
systems.
The following diagram shows a typical big data aggregation-and-analysis scenario
supported by the Apache Kafka messaging system:

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On the production side, there are different kinds of producers, such as the following:
Frontend web applications generating application logs
Producer proxies generating web analytics logs
Producer adapters generating transformation logs
Producer services generating invocation trace logs
On the consumption side, there are different kinds of consumers, such as the following:
Offline consumers that are consuming messages and storing them in Hadoop or
traditional data warehouse for offline analysis
Near real-time consumers that are consuming messages and storing them in any
NoSQL datastore, such as HBase or Cassandra, for near real-time analytics
Real-time consumers, such as Spark or Storm, that filter messages in-memory and
trigger alert events for related groups

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Why do we need Kafka?
A large amount of data is generated by companies having any form of web- or device-
based presence and activity. Data is one of the newer ingredients in these Internet-based
systems and typically includes user activity; events corresponding to logins; page visits;
clicks; social networking activities such as likes, shares, and comments; and operational
and system metrics. This data is typically handled by logging and traditional log
aggregation solutions due to high throughput (millions of messages per second). These
traditional solutions are the viable solutions for providing logging data to an offline
analysis system such as Hadoop. However, the solutions are very limiting for building
real-time processing systems.
According to the new trends in Internet applications, activity data has become a part of
production data and is used to run analytics in real time. These analytics can be:
Search-based on relevance
Recommendations based on popularity, co-occurrence, or sentimental analysis
Delivering advertisements to the masses
Internet application security from spam or unauthorized data scraping
Device sensors sending high-temperature alerts
Any abnormal user behavior or application hacking
Real-time usage of these multiple sets of data collected from production systems has
become a challenge because of the volume of data collected and processed.
Apache Kafka aims to unify offline and online processing by providing a mechanism for
parallel load in Hadoop systems as well as the ability to partition real-time consumption
over a cluster of machines. Kafka can be compared with Scribe or Flume as it is useful for
processing activity stream data; but from the architecture perspective, it is closer to
traditional messaging systems such as ActiveMQ or RabitMQ.

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Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American
Missionary — Volume 37, No. 2, February,
1883
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The American Missionary — Volume 37, No. 2, February,

1883

Author: Various

Release date: September 17, 2019 [eBook #60314]

Most recently updated: October 17, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, KarenD and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN

MISSIONARY — VOLUME 37, NO. 2, FEBRUARY, 1883 ***
 FEBRUARY, 1883.
VOL. XXXVII.
NO. 2.

The American Missionary

 CONTENTS
Page.

EDITORIAL.

American Missionary—Southern M. E. Church 33

Woman’s Opportunity the Opportunity of the Age 34
Financial 36
National Legislature and National Illiteracy. By Prof.
C. C. Painter 37
Connecticut Conventions 38
Benefactions 39
Items from the Field 40
List of Missionaries and Teachers 41
Educational Work for Freedmen. By Secretary Strieby 47

THE SOUTH.

The Hemenway Farm. By Gen. S. C. Armstrong 49

Cut of Hemenway Farm 51
Revival in Central Church, New Orleans 52
Work at Fayetteville, Ark. 53

THE CHINESE.

Mission Work—Good Results 54

CHILDREN’S PAGE.

Missionary Music 56
RECEIPTS 57
 NEW YORK.
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION,
Rooms, 56 Reade Street.

Price 50 Cents a Year, in Advance.

Entered at the Post-Office at New York, N.Y., as second-class matter.
 THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION.

PRESIDENT.

Hon. Wm. B. Washburn, LL.D., Mass.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

Rev. M. E. Strieby, D.D., 56 Reade Street, N.Y.

TREASURER.
H. W. Hubbard, Esq., 56 Reade Street, N.Y.
AUDITORS.
M. F. Reading. Wm. A. Nash.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
John H. Washburn, Chairman; A. P. Foster, Secretary; Lyman Abbott,
Alonzo S. Ball, A. S. Barnes, C. T. Christensen, Franklin Fairbanks,
Clinton B. Fisk, S. B. Halliday, Samuel Holmes, Charles A. Hull, Samuel S.
Marples, Charles L. Mead, Wm. H. Ward, A. L. Williston.
DISTRICT SECRETARIES.
Rev. C. L. Woodworth, Boston. Rev. G. D. Pike, D.D., New York.
Rev. James Powell, Chicago.
COMMUNICATIONS
relating to the work of the Association may be addressed to the
Corresponding Secretary; those relating to the collecting fields, to
the District Secretaries; letters for the Editor of the “American
Missionary,” to Rev. G. D. Pike, D.D., at the New York Office.
DONATIONS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS
may be sent to H. W. Hubbard, Treasurer, 56 Reade Street, New
York, or, when more convenient, to either of the Branch Offices, 21
Congregational House, Boston, Mass., or 112 West Washington
Street, Chicago, Ill. A payment of thirty dollars at one time
constitutes a Life Member.
FORM OF A BEQUEST.
“I bequeath to my executor (or executors) the sum of —— dollars, in
trust, to pay the same in —— days after my decease to the person
who, when the same is payable, shall act as Treasurer of the
‘American Missionary Association’ of New York City, to be applied,
under the direction of the Executive Committee of the Association, to
its charitable uses and purposes.” The Will should be attested by
three witnesses.

WANTED

$375,000,
Efficiently to prosecute the work in hand.
CO-OPERATION
Of every Congregational minister, and of every office bearer in our
Congregational churches to secure (a) an annual presentation of the
work, and claims of the A. M. A. in every Congregational church; and
(b) an annual contribution from every Congregational church in the
country for this great work.
HELP
Of every Congregational Sunday-school superintendent to secure
from his school a contribution to our “Student Aid Fund.”
AID
Of every Ladies’ Missionary Society to sustain our work among the
colored women and girls.
ENDOWMENTS
For Professorships and Scholarships in our schools. The time has
come when in our larger institutions the chairs of instruction should
be endowed, that the Association may be left to enlarge its
missionary work in other directions.
GIFTS
For the improvement of schools and churches already built, and the
erection of additional buildings, imperatively needed.
A SUBSCRIBER
In every family for our monthly magazine,

THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY.

Subscription Price, 50c. per annum.
 THE

American Missionary.
Vol. XXXVII. FEBRUARY, 1883.
No. 2.
 American Missionary Association.

We are encouraged by the request for the renewal of the American

Missionary for 1883, and by the subscriptions already received. The
price is 50 cents. We aim to secure subscriptions sufficient to meet
the cost of the magazine, and this is a reminder to such of our
readers as desire to assist us in this object. We do what we can to
make it worth the price asked. Nearly all the articles it contains are
written expressly for the Missionary, and pains is taken to give variety
and freshness to each number.
Upon annual application, the following persons are entitled to
receive the American Missionary free: life members, ministers whose
churches take an annual collection for the Association,
Superintendents of Sabbath Schools, and donors who contribute in a
year not less than five dollars.

We wish to congratulate the Southern Methodist Episcopal Church

on her growing helpfulness to the colored people. A recent and most
timely gift in this direction was that of Dr. Haygood, as the agent for
the disbursing of the John F. Slater Fund. His broad liberality, his
intimate knowledge of the Southern field, and his honest impartiality
make him just the man for that place. We anticipate a most effective
administration of the Slater Fund under his care. Another event in
the history of the Methodist Episcopal Church South was the
inauguration, in May last, at the General Conference, of a plan for
founding a school of high grade for the training of teachers and
preachers among the colored people. A new and crowning impulse
to this was given at the recent meeting of the North Georgia
Conference, in the appointment of Dr. Morgan Galloway as the
President of the new institution, which is to be located in Augusta,
Ga., and named “Paine College.” All honor to our Southern Methodist
friends for these movements in so important a matter, and all
success to them in these and every other like endeavor, which their
hearts may prompt them to plan and their hands to execute.
Revivals How and When, is the title of a very timely and useful volume
by Rev. Wm. W. Newell, D.D. The following subjects with others are
discussed: Why use the word revival, Evangelistic meetings,
Household revivals, Bible class and Sabbath-school revivals, Revival
preaching, Fixed laws for the promotion of revivals, Temperance
revivals, When should we have revivals. Dr. Newell speaks from a
rich experience of many years and enforces his views with copious
incidents and pertinent quotations from the words of eminent men.
The whole subject is discussed in a clear, comprehensive and
interesting manner. The book was prepared to help ministers and
laymen, and contains an abundance of suggestive and available
information. There is no work more dear to this Association than
revival work, and no volume has recently come to our knowledge
apparently more fitted to promote it.
 WOMAN’S OPPORTUNITY THE OPPORTUNITY
OF THE AGE.
There is nothing like it in any land—the opportunity of the Christian
women of America to labor for the uplift of womanhood the world
over. The call, however, for woman’s work in America during the past
twenty years seems to us to have been peculiarly urgent, and yet we
think the majority of the noble Christian women in our churches
have, up to this time, seen only dimly the demands upon them in
this regard. How loving, pitying woman, whose labors and sacrifices
are so abounding in behalf of women, should have seen with so little
responsive interest the necessities for work among the colored
women of this land, is among the marvels of Christian ethics.
If women, anywhere, are under obligation to help women, it seems
to us the women in our churches are indebted, beyond words to tell,
to the negro women in the South. Their condition is what we have
made it, and remains what we will it.
But let us not convey the impression that Christian women have
been wholly indifferent to the wants of their colored sisters. On the
other hand, we affirm that there is not a brighter page in modern
missions, than that which records the labors and sacrifices of
Northern women for the lowly dwellers in the cabins of the South.
We only speak, comparatively, of the great body, who need to be
stirred and mastered, as have been the few who have hurried with
the medicine of light and love to relieve the stricken and the
despairing. These have sacrificed youth and beauty, and the hope of
family love and joy, in the attempt to serve a race. With a calm and
reverent step they have gone into the darkest homes of poverty and
suffering to clothe the naked, to minister to the sick, to comfort the
dying, and to save the perishing.
Twenty-one years ago, when this Association called for teachers and
missionaries to submit to reproach, and obloquy, and ostracism for
the sake of these needy ones, these rare women, in numbers
beyond our ability to send, answered the call. And during all the
years they have stood at our doors, as they stand to-day, saying
“Send me.”
The work they have done in school building, in church building, in
home building and in character building, cannot be matched in the
history of this generation, certainly, and probably not in the history
of the world.
When it is remembered, that in 1863 the slaves in the South did not
own an acre of ground and had not a cent of taxable property—that
they had no right to know a letter of the alphabet, and that there
was not a legal marriage among them: but that in 1880 they were
taxed for a hundred millions of dollars—that some 800,000 of them
had learned to read, and that purer churches were teaching purer
and better morals, one can but exclaim, “What hath God wrought!”
This is, largely, due to the Christian teachers and missionaries of the
American Missionary Association. No society has sent so many of
them to the field, or has so signally demonstrated the quality and
the value of their work. If the history of many of the most promising
and useful of our graduates could be written up the story would read
like romance.
The draught upon mind, and heart, and body has been heavy and
exhausting. Not a few have left the service broken in health for life,
and others have paid the penalty of overwork in early graves. All this
they have not complained of; but their keenest anguish has come
from lack of that fullness and warmness of sympathy which they had
a right to expect from the whole Christian sisterhood of the North.
They ask for it now, and we ask for it in their name!
Will not our Christian women re-examine this question of their duty
with reference to the elevation of the colored race, and especially of
the women of that race? There can be no sure and lasting elevation
of that people without refined and intelligent homes; and there can
be no such homes without pure and intelligent colored women to
build them. Such women can be brought forward, only as they have
pure models to imitate, and refined teachers to instruct and guide
them.
Fortunately, Northern homes are full of such models and of such
teachers; and they only need the supporting word and hand of their
sisters to go forth in larger numbers, and to lay, more broadly and
grandly, the foundations of a regenerated South. They know that the
colored woman can be elevated by the gospel of Christ, they know
that she can take on culture like a garment, and be made a power in
redeeming her race.
May we not, then, once more call the attention of Christian women
to this work, so peculiarly theirs, and laid upon them by so many
providential tokens?
It will be of interest to a large circle of friends on both sides of the
water to learn of the marriage at Prof. Geo. L. White’s residence,
Fredonia, N.Y., of Miss Ella Sheppard, pianist of the original Jubilee
Singer Company, to Rev. Geo. W. Moore, of Oberlin. Mr. Moore is a
graduate of Fisk University and acted as pastor of the Howard
Chapel at Nashville for some time, where his labors were much
appreciated. He has recently been connected with the theological
department of Oberlin College and has preached with acceptance to
churches in Ohio.
 A FALLING OFF OF 17 PER CENT. IN
DONATIONS FROM THE LIVING.
The receipts from living donors for the first three months of our
fiscal year amounted to $39,528.77, against $48,174.97 for the
corresponding months of the previous year, showing a falling off of
more than 17 per cent. The receipts from legacies, however,
amounted to $15,486.65, against $7,029.65 of the year before. The
total receipts for the three months ending Dec. 31st amounted to
$55,015.42, against $55,204.62 for the previous year.
The Committee on Finance at Cleveland estimated that for this year
$375,000 would be wanted, against $300,000 for the year then
closed, an increase of 25 per cent. If this gain had been realized, we
should have received for the first quarter $93,750 instead of
$55,015.42, a difference of $38,734.58. The friends of this
Association will see from these figures that if the plans suggested at
our Annual Meeting are carried out, not only must the smaller
sources of contributions be augmented, but the churches having the
means to give must contribute more largely. With this in view we
take the liberty of making the following suggestions:
1. That in localities where money is raised by solicitation from a few
old friends who have already taken a deep interest in the Negroes,
efforts for collecting funds be made immediately.
2. In parishes where the benevolent organizations connected with
the church give no assistance to the Freedmen, we suggest that
special efforts be made in Sabbath-schools, the monthly concert and
at the annual collection, so that the amount raised for this
Association may be in due proportion to that given to the other
missionary societies supported by the Congregational churches.
3. In churches that do not follow a fixed system as to time for taking
collections, we suggest that the claims of our work be explained and
urged at least once a year, and that contributions be forwarded to us
at the earliest date possible.
We commend these suggestions to that thoughtful and prayerful
consideration which we believe is justified and demanded by the
necessities of the great work in which we are engaged.
THE NATIONAL LEGISLATURE AND NATIONAL
ILLITERACY.
BY PROF. C. C. PAINTER.

Broad questions of Statesmen receive tardy attention from the

average legislator because they receive but little from his
constituents, while such matters as the imposition or removal of a
tax upon cigars is to him of pressing interest, because it concerns
the “boys” who run the caucases. This is perhaps well, as questions
of policy are tentatively settled and affect only passing and limited
interests; issues that are fundamental and vital, which are to be
settled for all time, come to a full recognition slowly.
Statutes are enacted as average intellects may decide, or the
balance of selfishness allow, but laws are not made, but discovered
as God has enacted, and related them to permanent interests. The
making or unmaking of the one is the facile work of charlatans when
by some mysterious providence they find their way into our
legislative halls; the discovery of the other is work for seers and
statesmen which once done is done forever.
The Revised Statutes of this Congress make obsolete those of the
last, not necessarily because superior wisdom has devised better,
which must prove a permanent gain; but when a law of human
society has been recognized and so enunciated that it becomes a
regulating force, civilization has taken a forward step. The race is not
simply less disturbed and more comfortable because temporary
adjustments have been made of conflicting interests, but it is richer
and stronger because of an enduring possession, and we can afford
to labor and wait for such.
Each new application of an old principle calls for a fresh statement of
the principle. That man’s personal rights are modified by the fact of
his social relations, is a truth old as the beginning of civilized life, but
that he may not suffer his children to grow up in ignorance, is a
proposition startling to many, and practically asserted by but few of
our State governments, though it is well-known that our government
itself as well as all our social interests are put in jeopardy by the
ignorant citizen who becomes a voter.
That the constitutional duty of the President to execute the laws,
and of Congress to provide for the safety of the Republic involved
the right to levy war against states, to blockade their harbors, to
emancipate their slaves, to dictate the Constitutions under which
they could resume their autonomy as States in the union, this was
recognized only in face of fearful dangers and admitted only when
established on many bloody fields of a desolating war, but is now so
familiar, so axiomatic that no one doubts the nation’s right to defend
its own life by all means which do not of themselves subvert that
life.
That the safety of the Republic requires a general diffusion of
intelligence no sane man will deny, and yet some assert that it will
subvert the fundamental principles of this government if it practically
secured this prime condition of its own life—that it must delegate to
other hands the control of conditions and facts vital to its life, with
no power or right to enforce attention to them. The right and
capacity of self-government are found only in the virtue and
intelligence of the people. If this be so, the obligation of a free
government to enforce the education of its citizens is involved in its
right to live.
This obligation is recognized, or should be, in the constitutional
guarantee of a Republican form of government to each State, for the
guarantee of such a form of government carries with it the
conditions essential to it, one of which, and a prime one, is the
intelligence of the citizen. This cannot be secured by the military arm
of the nation, but by the school-master alone, who thus becomes a
constitutional officer of the republic. The proposition that a
republican form of government may be maintained by force over a
people too ignorant to maintain it for themselves is too absurd for
serious debate.
The right of the national government to interfere in case a State
neglects the education of its children, seems clear on the ground of
self-protection. The duty to aid the States struggling to accomplish
this work, but unable to do it, because of its vastness, and of its own
poverty, seems also clear, and has now become urgent in view of the
appalling facts revealed in the last census.
Our national Congress is constrained to hear the cry that is coming
up from all parts of the country calling attention to this duty. Let not
those who feel an interest in this, relax effort or lose heart. It is not
a measure to be adopted in a moment. It means much; it involves
much. It will bring with it new and seemingly revolutionary
conceptions of the functions of the government when it reaches out
its strong arms to defend its life, not in the sad work of shooting
down ignorant and brutalized parricides, but in the better work of
helping to qualify for their children, who are to be charged with
duties, the gravest which fall to men, and for positions the highest to
which ambition can impel them—the duties and position of a citizen
of this free republic.

Arrangements have been made by the Missionary Society of

Connecticut to hold thirty conventions in the State, at which the
following benevolent societies supported by the Congregationalists
will be represented; American Board, American Congregational
Union, American Home Missionary Society, American Missionary
Association, American College and Education Society, New West
Education Commission, Congregational Publishing Society. The
meetings for the first month will be held as follows: Tuesday, Feb. 6,
Stamford, morning and afternoon; Wed. the 7th, Danbury, 1st
Church, morning and afternoon; Thursday the 8th, Hartford, Park
Church, afternoon and evening; Tuesday the 13th, Bridgeport, 1st
Church, morning and afternoon; Wednesday the 14th, New Milford,
morning and afternoon; Thursday, the 15th, Bridgeport, Park st.
Church, morning and afternoon; Tuesday the 20th, New Haven, 1st
Church, afternoon and evening; Wednesday the 21st, Ansonia,
morning and afternoon; Thursday the 22d, Hartford, South Church,
afternoon and evening; Tuesday the 27th, Middletown, 1st Church,
morning and afternoon; Wednesday the 28th, New Haven, College
st. Church, morning and afternoon.
 BENEFACTIONS.
Liberty E. Holden has given $150,000 to Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Mr. John I. Blair has given $15,000 to Iowa College for building
purposes.
Atlanta University and Berea College have received $5,000 each for
endowment purposes from Mr. Tuthill King, of Chicago.
The University of Pennsylvania has received $20,000 towards the
endowment of a veterinary school in connection with the University.
John R. Buchtel has sold $200,000 worth of stock in the Buckeye
Works to Lewis Miller and his three sons, in order to make an
additional gift of $100,000 to Buchtel College.
James McLaren, a brother of Professor McLaren, of Toronto, Canada,
has subscribed $50,000 to endow a chair of Systematic Theology in
Knox College, Toronto.
Mrs. L. A. Messenger has given $25,000 in addition to her previous
large gifts to Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio.
Williams College is to receive $50,000 from the estate of J. B.
Jermain, as a memorial to his son, Barclay Jermain.
The gift of $10,000 from the late Tracy R. Edson, which his trustees
are now ready to pay, to the General Theological Seminary for “The
Tracy R. Edson Foundation,” makes over $160,000 received by the
Seminary in the last three years. The interest of Mr. Edson’s gift is to
be used in instructing students in the church service.
The number of persons over ten years of age among the colored
people who could not write, in the sixteen old slave states, according
to the census report of November, 1882, was upwards of three
millions; the number of native-born whites who were equally
illiterate was upwards of one and a half millions. We believe there is
no more imperative necessity than endowments for educational
institutions sustained for the purpose of ridding the country of this
illiteracy.
 ITEMS FROM THE FIELD.
Paris, Texas.—Rev. Byron Gunner is about to make his paper “The
Informer” a weekly.
Florence, Ala.—Rev. S. G. Norcross, of North Conway, N.H., desiring
to spend five months in the South, is to take the place of the
lamented pastor, Rev. W. H. Ash, and Mrs. Norcross will have charge
of the school.
New Orleans, La.—In the Central Church, (Dr. Alexander’s) a series of
meetings held by the pastor, has resulted in some thirty hopeful
conversions. A friend from the North, who fell in upon them, reports
a quiet and deeply impressive service.
Helena, Texas.—Pastor Mitchell Thompson rejoices with his people in
a revival of unusual seriousness and spirituality. Eight or ten persons
were joined to the company of believers. That the people should
attend through freezing weather was a thing almost unknown
before. They commonly hold such meetings in midsummer. The
church has been painted, the pastor doing the work.
Soddy, Tenn.—At the recent meeting of the Central South Conference
at Florence, Rev. W. H. Thomas and his Welsh Church at Soddy were
received, upon application, into the fellowship of the body. Rev.
Robert D. Thomas, of the Welsh Church at Knoxville, has been a
member for some time. He is now retiring from his charge and a
pastor will be sought who can preach in English a part of the time.
Atlanta, Ga.—Miss Ella W. Moore, a teacher in the Atlanta University,
has, by the special aid of friends, been able to employ a teacher in a
private school opened under her auspices. In addition to the receipts
in money, she has recently received (for which she makes grateful
acknowledgment) from Mrs. John B. Gough, Worcester, Mass.,
patchwork, pictures, cards, tracts, etc.; from Mrs. J. B. Shaw,
Paxton, Ill., and Miss Amy Blatchford, Chicago, valuable Sabbath-
school papers and periodicals.
Meridian, Miss.—By a council on the 15th of Dec., Mr. J. L. Grice, a
graduate of the college and theological department in Howard
University, a member of Dr. J. E. Rankin’s church, was ordained as
pastor after a most satisfactory examination. Sermon and right-hand
of fellowship, by Superintendent Roy; charge to the candidate, by
Rev. E. C. Stickel; address to the church, by Rev. C. B. Curtis; and
prayer of ordination, by Bishop Turner of the African M. E. Church,
the members of the council joining him in laying on of hands. As the
Bishop was holding a Conference in the city, he attended both the
afternoon and evening services of the Council, after the members of
that body had waited upon the Conference in the morning. The
Bishop stated that in attending a great many examinations, he had
never come upon a better one.
Owing to the space occupied by the list of our appointments for the
year we have been obliged to omit the publication of General Notes
and to hold over other matters of interest.
 NEW APPOINTMENTS.
1882-1883.
The following list presents the names and post-office addresses of
those who are under appointment in the Churches, Institutions and
Schools aided by the American Missionary Association, among the
Freedmen in the South, and the Chinese on the Pacific Coast. The
Berea College and Hampton Institute are under the care of their own
Boards of Trustees, but being either founded or fostered in the past
by this Association, and representing the general work in which it is
engaged their teachers are included in this list.

THE SOUTHERN FIELD.

Rev. J. E. Roy, D.D., Field Superintendent.
Prof. Albert Salisbury, Supt. of Education.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

WASHINGTON.

Theological Department, Howard University.

Rev. W. W. Patton, D.D., Washington, D.C.
Rev. J. G. Craighead, D.D., Washington, D.C.
Rev. J. E. Rankin, D.D., Washington, D.C.
Rev. John G. Butler, D.D., Washington, D.C.
LINCOLN MEMORIAL CHURCH.

Pastor.
Rev. S. P. Smith, Chicago, Ill.

Special Missionary.
Mrs. C. B. Babcock, Newburyport, Mass.
 VIRGINIA.

HAMPTON.

Minister.
Rev. H. B. Frissell, New York City.
NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE.

Instructors and Managers.

Gen. S. C. Armstrong, Hampton, Va.
Gen. J. F. B. Marshall, Treasurer, Hampton, Va.
Mr. Albert Howe, Farm Manager, Hampton, Va.
Mr. F. C. Briggs, Business Agent, Hampton, Va.
Mr. J. B. H. Goff, Engineer, Hampton, Va.
Mr. C. W. Betts, Printing Office, Wilmington, Del.
Lieut. G. Le R. Brown, Com., Hampton, Va.
Miss Mary F. Mackie, Newburgh, N.Y.
Miss Charlotte L. Mackie, Newburgh, N.Y.
Miss Mary T. Galpin, Stockbridge, Mass.
Miss Helen W. Ludlow, New York City.
Mrs. Edwin F. Coolidge, Boston, Mass.
Miss Jane E. Davis, Troy, N.Y.
Miss Myrtilla J. Sherman, Brookfield, Mass.
Miss Phebe C. Davenport, Quaker Street, N.Y.
Miss Sophia L. Brewster, Brookfield, Mass.
Miss Margaret Kenwell, Mechanicsville, N.Y.
Miss Anna E. Kemble, Camden, N.Y.
Miss Emma H. Lothrop, Pittsfield, Mass.
Miss Mary F. Dibble, Seymour, Ct.
Miss Martha M. Waldron, South Otselie, N.Y.
Miss Caroline Alfred, Ellington, Ct.
Miss Belle F. Small, Amherst, N.Y.
Miss Emma F. Marsh, Worcester, Mass.
Miss Mary W. Clock, Islip, N.Y.
Miss Margaret A. Guillon, Petersburg, Va.
Miss Mary A. Wheeler, Boston, Mass.
Mr. R. H. Hamilton, Hampton, Va.
Mr. Dudley Talbot, Boston, Mass.
INDIAN DEPARTMENT.

Mr. J. H. McDowell, Chg. Workshop, Hampton, Va.

Mr. Edwin F. Coolidge, Boston, Mass.
Mrs. L. A. Seymour, Hampton, Va.
Miss Isabel B. Eustis, Springfield, Mass.
Miss Laura E. Tileston, Boston, Mass.
Miss Josephine E. Richards, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. Geo. W. Brandom, Clarksville, Va.
Miss Lovey A. Mayo, Raleigh, N.C.
Miss Cora A. Folsom, Boston, Mass.
Mr. Geo. J. Davis, Hampton, Va.
Miss Jacobina Koch, Natick, Mass.
Miss Mary E. Merritt, Hampton, Va.
Miss Georgia Washington, Norfolk, Va.
BUTLER SCHOOL.

Miss Elizabeth Hyde, Brooklyn, N.Y.

Mr. Benj. F. Jones, Hampton, Va.
Miss Mary A. Boner, Salem, N.C.
Miss Louise K. Day, Elizabeth, N.J.
Miss Lucy J. Boulding, Burkeville, Va.
Mr. Boswell S. White, Matthews C. H., Va.
Mr. Orpheus M. McAdoo, Greensboro, N.C.
CLERKS.

Mr. F. B. Banks, Hampton, Va.

Mr. Wm. M. Reid, Hampton, Va.
Mr. W. H. Daggs, Hampton, Va.
Miss Jessie P. Morgan, Hamburg, Ct.
Miss Emily Kimball, Boston, Mass.
Mr. Fred N. Gilman, Hampton, Va.
Mr. Geo. A. Blackmore, Hampton, Va.
Miss Ruth G. Tileston, Boston, Mass.

NORTH CAROLINA.

WILMINGTON (P. O. Box 207).

Minister.
Rev. D. D. Dodge, Nashua, N.H.
NORMAL SCHOOL.

Principal.
Rev. W. H. Thrall, Derby, Ct.

Assistants.
Miss H. L. Fitts, Candia, N.H.
Miss E. A. Warner, Lowell, Mass.
Miss Ella F. Jewett, Pepperell, Mass.
Miss Ernestine Patterson, Providence, R.I.
Miss Mary D. Hyde, Zumbrota, Minn.
Miss Kate A. Shepard, New York City.
Mrs. Janet Dodge, Nashua, N.H.

Special Missionary.
Miss A. E. Farrington, Portland, Me.

RALEIGH.

Minister.
Rev. Geo. S. Smith, Raleigh, N.C.
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