Student name: Hana Alhaj

Teacher name: Ms Fransche Beukes

Assessor: Ms Fransche Beukes

Date of final submission:

Subject IB Biology Instrument no. AI11.2

Technique Experimental Investigation Format Written

Modes Written Word limit: 1000 words

Length
Scientific report

Unit, Topic Practical Scheme of Work

Duration 1 triple lesson class time

Student result summary (Select relevant criteria)

Criteria Result

Research design ___/6

Analysis ___/6

Total ___/12

Scaled score _____/20

IB Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Assessment Conditions

Conditions Unsupervised

Timeline Week 4: Task handed out

Week 11, Thursday@17:00: Draft due
Week 12, Monday: Draft returned
Week 13, Thursday@15:00: Final submission

Individual/Group Individual response

Other

Academic Honesty - Student Authentication

I acknowledge this is my own work and understand the consequences of failing to meet the expectations of the AIS Academic Honesty Policy.

Student signature: Date:

Pre-Assessment Moderation - Teacher Authentication

Classroom Teacher Date:

Head of Department Date:

Assessment Task
School library
Resources available
JSTOR
Prescribed textbooks

Task
You need to complete an experimental investigation and write a partial IA to address the first two criterions of the IB criteria.
The partial IA will be graded on the IB marking criteria.

Design an experiment to address one of the investigation hypotheses:

1. As the temperature of the solution increases, the average kinetic energy of the solute molecules
also increases. This causes the molecules to be less able to hold together and hence they
dissolve more readily. Hence increase in temperature increases the solubility of solid states.

2. Water has a high specific heat capacity, high melting point, and high boiling point.

3. We find that the thermal conductivity is weakly dependent on temperature and monotonically
increases with pressure with an approximate square-root behaviour.

4. The rise of liquid in a capillary tube is directly proportional to the surface tension and surface
tension on a liquid's surface is directly proportional to its density. Therefore, if we increase the
temperature, the density of the liquid decreases and consequently there is a decrease in the
capillary rise.
Topic: The physical properties of water supports life on Earth
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of a Solid Solute in Water

Introduction:
Examining how temperature affects a solid solute's solubility in water is the aim of this experiment. The purpose of
this experiment is to find out how temperature changes impact a solid solute's capacity to dissolve in water.
Temperature usually affects solubility, which is the largest quantity of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount
of solvent. In this experiment, the temperature of the solvent will be gradually changed, to examine how that
affects the solute’s dissolution capacity. The findings of this experiment will provide insight into the relationship
between temperature and solubility, which can be used in the pharmaceutical, food and beverage, and material
science industry to expedite procedures and increase productivity.

Research question:
How is the dissolving of a solid solute affected by a change in the solute's temperature?

Background information:
According to the solubility article by BYJU'S "Usually, the solubility of a given solute in a given solvent depends on
temperature. Solubility tends to equate with rising temperature for several solids dissolved in liquid water. They
vibrate faster as water molecules heat up, and are better able to communicate with and split the solution apart."
This information is crucial to the experiment being conducted on how temperature affects solubility. This
experiment’s hypothesis and variable control are based on this knowledge. Additionally, accurate results can be
achieved in this experiment by the aid of this information, since it has ramifications for industries such as chemical
manufacture and medicine. Gaining an understanding on the temperature-solubility relationship is essential for
effective results in this experiment and scientific knowledge in general.
Secondly, the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis states that “Temperature influences
solubility and is additionally thermodynamically related. The effect of temperature on dissolvability depends
whether the particular disintegration n measure is endothermic or exothermic in nature and the incorporating
biological conditions”. This passage explains how increasing temperature enhances solubility in endothermic
processes (absorbing heat), but it reduces solubility in exothermic reactions (releasing heat). This information will
help generate accurate predictions and results, since by reconstructing knowledge on endothermic and
exothermic nature in the dissolution process of solutes, the variables in the experiment could be controlled
effectively to align with the expected outcomes and results.

Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis:

Hypothesis: As the temperature of the solution increases, the average kinetic energy of the solute molecules also
increases. This causes the molecules to be less able to hold together and hence they dissolve more readily.
Hence increase in temperature increases the solubility of solid states.

Justification: As the temperature of water rises, the rate of which the solute will dissolve increases. This
hypothesis is supported by the well established thermodynamic theory which states that at higher temperatures,
solid solutes dissolve faster due to the increase in molecular collisions and kinetic energy in the water.

Null hypothesis: It is hypothesised that as the temperature of water increases, there will be no significant
difference on the time taken for the solid solute to dissolve (rate of reaction).
Variables:
Variable Units

Independent variable, X Water Temperature- C°

Dependent variable, Y Time seconds

Range of independent variable is 20°C, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80°C. This range was chosen as it covers a wide range of
different water temperatures that are within the safe range of use for a science lab. Temperatures higher than
80°C will be extremely corrosive and dangerous for lab use. Moreover, temperatures below 20°C might result in a
very slow reaction or might not be able to dissolve the full amount of solid solute sample. The range that was used
is wide enough to be able to clearly show the effect of different temperatures on the rate of reactions.

How was the IV measured and changed? A measuring cylinder was used to ensure that exactly 200 ml of water
was added into each test tube. For every trial including a solid solute, there were four distinct beakers with labels
indicating the water's temperature, to help identify which ones are needed to conduct each trial.

How is the dependent variable measured? The time taken for the solid solute to dissolve in the water was
measured using a stop-watch. As soon as the solid solute was added into the test tube with the water, the
stopwatch was turned on, and when the solute was done dissolving it was stopped and the time taken was noted
down to see how long the process took to happen.

Controlled variables

Variable How are you controlling this variable? Why do you need to control this
variable?

Temperature of the lab and By ensuring the lab room/environment of The higher the temperature of the room,
environment the experiment is set at approx 24C°. the faster the speed of the reaction, the
less time it takes for the solid solute to
fully dissolve. Due to higher temperature,
the molecules gain kinetic energy and
move at a faster speed. This increases the
chances of successful collisions leading to
a faster rate of reaction. Therefore, it has
to be controlled to ensure that only the
temperature of the water is playing a role
in dissolving the solute.
REFERENCE:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Scien
ce/Rates_of_Reactions#:~:text=A%20large
r%20surface%20area%20per,rate%20of%2
0reaction%20is%20increased.

Volume of water in each test tube By measuring 200 ml of water into each More volume of water does not increase
test tube. the rate of reaction. However, it is
important to keep the volume constant to
have a fair comparison between different
concentrations. Moreover, if the volume is
too little, the solute might not be able to
fully react and dissolve.

Amount of solute: By measuring 1 tablespoon of solid solute Greater surface areas of solid solutes will
Sugar into each test tube. be difficult to dissolve entirely, while
smaller portions will dissolve quickly; so,
 Salt one tablespoon is the ideal amount to
Powdered milk utilise to obtain precise and suitable
results.
REFERENCE:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Scien
ce/Rates_of_Reactions#:~:text=A%20large
r%20surface%20area%20per,rate%20of%2
0reaction%20is%20increased.

Size and shape of the test tube Using the same medium sized test By keeping the size and shape of the
tube for all trials of the experiment. test tube controlled, it will be ensured
that this is a fair experiment and that
all the results will be reliable.

Duration of stirring The solid solutes will be stirred for 4 Stirring a solid solute while it is
seconds. dissolving will decrease the duration
of the dissolution, as it increases
solvent-solute contact.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Item Risk Action Environment
Water Since water is a liquid, it is Beakers were handled with After the conduction of this experiment, the water
very easy to spill, and that caution and care in order to will be disposed off into the drain from the test tubes.
might cause people to slip prevent spills.
and hurt themselves.
Bunsen burner The bunsen burner Solutions that were heating After heating up our solutions, the bunsen burner was
releases a flame, and up by the bunsen burner turned off immediately.
when dealing with it were handled with care, and
individuals often suffer there was a safe distance kept
burns. from the bunsen burner.
Test tube (glass) The test tubes are The test tubes were handled We immediately emptied out the test tubes and
extremely fragile, and can with care, to prevent further placed them in their holder after the experiment was
cause serious cuts into injuries. completed.
human skin since they are
composed of glass.

Environmental issues:
In this investigation of measuring the temperature of water’s effect on the dissolution of solid solutes, there are
multiple environmental issues to consider.

1. Water pollution: After conducting this experiment, the water that has been used to test our hypothesis must
be disposed of properly. This is done by disposing it into the drain, since improper disposal of the water
may harm our environment and aquatic ecosystem.
2. Energy consumption: To be able to conduct this experiment energy consumption is vital in roles such as
electricity. Energy consumption can be limited in ways such as turning off any appliances of energy once
not in use, by using this energy wisely and efficiently, the environmental impact of energy consumption
may be reduced.
3. Waste management: Most materials used to conduct the experiment will leave waste behind. By recycling
and reusing this waste, the environmental issues will be minimised reducing its risks on the ecosystems
and quality of human life.
Methodology:
Materials:
1. Salt NaCl, Sugar C12H22O1, and Powdered milk (solid solutes) (5 tablespoons per solid solute).
2. Water (solvent) (3 litres).
3. Stirring spoon.
4. Stopwatch.
5. Safety goggles and lab coat.

Apparatus:
1. Scale: measures weight of objects.
2. Bunsen burner: generates a controlled flame of fire.
3. Beakers: holds and measures the volume of liquids.
4. Thermometer: measures temperature accurately in various applications.
5. Graduated cylinder: provides precise measuring of liquid.

Procedure:
1. Preparation:
Ensure that you are wearing the appropriate safety gear and that there is sufficient ventilation in the
laboratory.Determine the starting mass of the solid solute precisely and record it.

2. Preparation of substances:
Put together a series of beakers with the solvent water in equal amounts. Put the name of the solid solute
you plan to add on the label of each beaker.

3. Setting up temperature levels:

Put the solvent-filled containers on a Bunsen burner to achieve various temperature levels (such as room
temperature, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C), and gradually heat the solvent. To keep an eye on and sustain the
appropriate temperatures, use a thermometer. To guarantee even heating, stir the solvent.

4. Dissolving the solute:

Put a fixed amount of the solid solute in each beaker. For every temperature, the amount should fall within
the anticipated range of solubility. Using a stirring spoon, gradually swirl the mixture until the solute is fully
dissolved. Take note of how long it takes to dissolve completely.

5. Solubility measurements:
As soon as the solid solute is added into the test tube with the water, turn the stopwatch on, and when the
solute is done dissolving stop the stopwatch and note down the time taken to see how long the process
took to happen. Measure and record the final mass in each container once the solid solute has dissolved.
Make sure to measure the final mass precisely because it will be used to determine solubility.

6. Data collection:
Take note of the temperature, the solute's initial mass, how long it takes to dissolve, and the solute's final
mass for each beaker.

7. Data Analysis:
Find the solubility (in g/100 mL) for each temperature level using the formula Solubility = (mass of solute
dissolved / volume of solvent) x 100. Plot the link between temperature and solubility on a graph.
 8. Safety precautions:
When handling hot substances, exercise caution and adhere to safety protocols to ensure your safety
during the experiment. Use caution when working with hot liquids or open flames. Remove waste and
chemicals from your environment properly.

9. Conclusion:
Make conclusions about how temperature impacts the solid solute's solubility in the solvent based on your
analysis of the data.

10. Final discussion:

Talk about the findings in terms of the general behaviour of solid solutes in various solvents at different
temperatures as well as the kinetic theory of solubility.

Don't forget to repeat this experiment several times to guarantee accuracy and the reliability of your
findings.

Results:

Analysis:

References:

Admin (2022) What is solubility? - definition, solubility product & factors affecting solubility, BYJUS. Available at:
https://byjus.com/chemistry/solubility/ (Accessed: 06 November 2023).

GCSE science/rates of reactions (no date) Wikibooks, open books for an open world. Available at:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Science/Rates_of_Reactions#:~:text=A%20larger%20surface%20area%20pe
r,rate%20of%20reaction%20is%20increased. (Accessed: 06 November 2023).

Singh AP, Singh N, Singh AP. Solubility: An overview. Int J Pharm Chem Anal 2020;7(4):166-171.