TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME
UNDERTAKEN AT SLB NIGERIA LTD. (BLUE BASE)

BY
TAIWO OLUWOLE-YOUNG VICTOR
215651
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

FEBRUARY 2024 – JUNE 2024

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 Department of Petroleum Engineering,
Faculty of Technology,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan.
15th July, 2024.
The Director,
Industrial Training Coordinating Centre,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan.
Dear Sir,
SUBMISSION OF SIWES REPORT

I am writing to submit my report for the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) program.
My name is TAIWO Oluwole-young Victor, and my matriculation number is 215651. I am a 400L
student in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Ibadan.

My SIWES placement was at SLB Nigeria, a company operating in the Oil and Gas industry located in
Port Harcourt, Rivers State. I completed my internship program from 8th February to 30th June, 2024.

This report details my experiences and learnings during the six-month internship period. It includes
sections on the company's operations, the specific projects I was involved in, the skills I acquired, and the
challenges I faced.

In addition to the report, I am also submitting the following documents:

• Completed SIWES Logbook (duly signed by my supervisors)

I would be grateful if you could acknowledge receipt of this submission.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,

TAIWO Oluwole-young Victor

09039301080

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my parents for their unwavering support throughout my
academic journey. Their encouragement and belief in me have been instrumental in my success.

I am immensely grateful to SLB Nigeria for providing this invaluable internship opportunity. This
experience has given me crucial practical insights into the Oil and Gas industry and has been a significant
learning curve.

A special thank you to my direct manager, Andrzej Wanclaw, and my supervisors: Mr. Opeyemi Hammed,
Mr. Meizan Abatte, Mr. Zipponett Yao Mensah, Mr. Dinjammadji Nodjibeyo, Engr. Aruah Silas, Mr.
Augustine Ogbor, Mr. Kimassoum Ndilta, Mr. Bangal Remy, and Mr. Victor Richard. I am deeply
appreciative of the knowledge, moral support, and guidance you provided throughout my internship. Your
expertise and mentorship have been invaluable.

I would also like to extend my thanks to my senior colleagues at work: Mary Belo, Emediong, Fred,
Chidera, Stella, Asmau, Paul, and many others. Your support and camaraderie made this internship a more
enriching experience.

Finally, I am grateful to my fellow interns: Iwuoha Onyekachi, Anla Aliyu, Boluwatife Amondi, Ore-
awuaji Eniola, Favour Daniel, Habibah Taye-lawal, Anthony Obot, and Ayodeji Onakoya. The friendships
we formed during our time in Port Harcourt will be cherished memories.

To my friends, Fioiyobong Umoh, Adetoro Fidelis, Abiodun Olamide, Miracle Okeke, Ogundimu
Timilehin, Omoare God'sFavour, and Saseyi Tosin, thank you for your invaluable friendship and the bonds
we created. Your support has meant the world to me.

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this SIWES experience to the unwavering guidance of God, who granted me the strength and
perseverance to see it through. It is also dedicated to humanity, whose progress and well-being motivate
the pursuit of engineering excellence. Finally, this journey is dedicated to the noble field of Engineering
itself, for the endless possibilities it offers to shape a better future.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ID CHAPTERS Pages
1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO SIWES & SLB 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 SIWES Background 1

1.3 Objective of SIWES 1

1.4 Bodies Involved in Management of SIWES 2

1.5 History of SLB 3

1.6 Structure of the Organization 4

2 CHAPTER 2 – INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE AT SLB 7

2.2 Internship Roadmap 20

2.3 Summary of Experience Gained 40

3 CHAPTER 3 - SMART SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM WITH 43

3.1 Problems Encountered 43

3.2 Problems Solved 44

3.3 Relevance of SIWES Programme 45

4 CHAPTER 4 – CONCLUSION 47
4.1 Conclusion and General Appraisal of the Programme 47

4.2 Recommendations and Advice for SIWES Managers and Future 47

APPENDIX A 49

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APPENDIX B 50

REFERENCES 54

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Experts believe that there is a yearning gap between the learning acquired by graduates of Nigerian

universities and the skills applicable in the workplace. In their opinion, graduates possess the

sufficient theoretical knowledge for the job but they generally lack hands-on skills that would

make them productive and efficient in the workplace. In an effort to address this problem, the

Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme was put in place as a means of redressing the gaps

between the graduates’ skill sets and relevant skills required by employers.

1.2 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME BACKGROUND

The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), often referred to as Industrial

Training, is a bridge between theoretical and practical education in Nigeria in strengthening the

occupational competency of students who are the future employees. It was founded in 1973 by

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and officially approved by the Federal Government in 1974.

SIWES is a prerequisite for graduation in disciplines like engineering, natural science, medical

science and applied sciences and the duration of the program varies, ranging from three months to

a year based on the type of tertiary institution.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Objectives the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) seeks to achieve are:

• Providing a platform to furnish students with industrial skills and exposure into the

practical world with respect to their disciplines.

• Developing readiness for the work situations they are likely to meet after graduation.

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 • Giving students an opportunity to bridge the gap between academics and practices in

their discipline.

• Facilitate the transition from university to workplace, and thus, enhance students contacts

for later job placement.

1.4 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES

The bodies involved in the management of SIWES and the roles they play are as follows:

A. The Federal Government of Nigeria

• Providing funds to the ITF through the Federal Ministry of Industry for the Scheme.

• Making it mandatory for all ministries, companies and parastatals to offer places of

attachment of students.

B. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

• Organizing orientation programs for students prior to their attachment.

• Processing the master and placement lists from institutions.

• Supervising students on industrial attachment.

• Vetting and processing the logbooks and ITF Form 8 of students.

C. National Universities Commission (NUC)

• Ensuring the establishment and accreditation of SIWES units in institutions.

• Approving the master and placement lists of students from participating institutions.

• Developing job specifications in collaboration with the institutions towards the

maintenance of national minimum academic standards for the participating disciplines.

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D. The Institutions

• Establishing the SIWES coordinating unit.

• Preparing and submitting master and placement lists to the I.T.F through the NUC.

• Supervising students at their places of attachment.

• Submitting all completed ITF Form 8 to the ITF Area Office.

E. The Employers

• Accepting students for industrial attachment.

• Participating fully in the assessment of students by completing the necessary instruments

like ITF Form 8 and logbooks.

• Appointing an industry-based supervisor for the students

F. The Students

• Attending the SIWES orientation programme before going on attachment.

• Adhering strictly to all rules and regulations of the organization they are attached to.

• Keeping record of all training activities in logbook and completing the ITF Forms.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is indeed of great relevance in adding more value

to the grade of education obtained by Nigerian students. It gives them the opportunity to see the

various concepts given in books, take up a form and come to life as they are exposed to real life

situations.

1.5 HISTORY OF SLB

SLB, formerly Schlumberger, was founded in 1926 by Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger, and

began as an innovator in electrical measurements for well logging. Expanding globally, it

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pioneered techniques like wireline logging and diversified its services into drilling, completion,

and reservoir characterization. With a strong international presence, it serves major oil companies

and national oil companies worldwide. SLB continues to lead in technological advancements,

focusing on digitalization and automation to enhance efficiency and sustainability. Today, SLB is

known with a new name SLB from Schlumberger, underscoring the company’s vision for a

decarbonized energy future and affirming its transformation from the world’s largest oilfield

services company to a global technology company focused on driving energy innovation for a

balanced planet. With a global footprint in more than 100 countries and employees representing

almost twice as many nationalities, SLB work each day to decarbonize oil and gas and develop

scalable new energy technologies to accelerate the energy transition. Highlighted below are some

key milestones in its historical timeline.

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1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION

SLB currently operates through four divisions: Digital & Integration, Reservoir Performance,

Well Construction, and Production Systems. These four divisions are deployed around five basins

– Americas Land, Offshore Atlantic, Middle East and North Africa, Asia, and Russia and Central

Asia; which oversee 30 GeoUnits (a geographical area where SLB does business consisting of a

single country to multiple countries where business goals and practices are similar).

ORGANOGRAM

Due to the large structure of SLB, the organizational chart below is a simplified structure of the

Reservoir Performance Division for Nigeria, where I was placed in its whole.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the rebranding of SLB to SLB marks a significant milestone in the company's

journey towards a decarbonized energy future and its transition into a global technology leader.

With a renewed focus on driving energy innovation, SLB is committed to addressing the dual

challenge of meeting growing energy demand while rapidly decarbonizing for a sustainable future.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.0 INDUSTRIAL EXPERICENCE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In the early days of the oil and gas industry before wireline technology existed, the traditional way

to find oil was technologies have made tremendous technical progress during the past years.

Technologies by looking for the presence of salt domes in the landscape. Hydrocarbon exploration

and exploitation that were unthinkable years ago, are now commonplace and new ones are on the

horizon. SLB is one of the leading providers of such technologies.

For my internship, I was assigned to Reservoir Performance Evaluation line under the Reservoir

Performance Division. The division’s goal is to provide reservoir-centric technologies and services

that are critical to optimizing reservoir productivity and performance.

They deploy these innovative technologies and services to evaluate, intervene and stimulate

reservoirs that help their clients understand subsurface assets and maximize their value. In other

words, they provide a detailed analysis of the quality of a reservoir, so clients can make informed

decisions as real confidence comes from reliable data and anything else would be a gamble.

Figure 2.1: Reservoir Performance Division

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2.1.1 RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (RPE)

Reservoir Performance Evaluation covers the services run to measure and analyses the formation

and reservoir. Majority of these operations are run in open hole prior to running and setting

production casing or completions. The RPE is further subdivided into Wireline and Testing

segments of which I was posted to Wireline whose function is to provide the information necessary

to evaluate subsurface geology and fluids to plan and monitor well construction and to monitor

and evaluate well production.

2.1.2 WIRELINE TECHNOLOGY

Wireline logging is a process of using electric instruments to measure the properties of a formation

continuously. This aids decisions about drilling and production operations. The wireline record is

proportional to depth or time. As the tool is lowered inside the well, data is recorded at the time

the tool is being pulled up. All measurements are referenced to depth and a specially designed

depth measurement known as the IDW - Integrated Depth Dual Wheel is used in SLB to measure

every cable spooled out or in from the drum.

In oil and gas, there are two references to depth: driller’s depth and wireline depth. The wireline

depth is the more accurate of the two as it measures every inch of cable spooled out whereas the

driller’s depth measures only the accumulation of pipe tally length tripped downhole without

taking into account the pipe compression, metal heat expansion factor, and much more.

Complementary to depth, the SLB wireline also records tension using a CMTD – Cable

Mounted Tension Device. Because the tool is moving down by gravity, the tension measurement

helps identify whether the tool is going down or not. If the tool finds an obstruction in going down

or up, tension is abnormally reduced or increased.

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More details about the IDW and CMTD will be discussed in subsequent sections.

WIRELINE JOB

Figure 2.2: Diagram of a Wireline Job

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SURFACE EQUIPMENT

1. Wireline Unit

There are two types of wireline unit: A land carrier truck for onshore and a skid unit for offshore

operation. Inside the unit, there is an engineer’s cabin where the engineers do the logging and the

winchman operates the winch. The unit is powered by a diesel engine or electricity for some

offshore skid unit types. That engine will generate both mechanical and electrical power for the

utility (e.g., air conditioning, heating, and lighting) and instrumentation (e.g., acquisition system,

monitors, and computers). A generator provides the electrical power to the acquisition system, and

the acquisition system regulates it downhole to the cable and the tool. Meanwhile, the rotation of

the winch is powered by a winch pump and a winch motor.

Figure 2.3: Offshore Skid Unit (OSU) Figure 2.4: Onshore Land Carrier (OSLC) Truck

2. Acquisition System

The acquisition system is an interface between the downhole tools and the engineer performing

the logging job as it helps the engineer communicate and control the downhole tools from the

surface. It gives the engineer visibility to the data quality, the downhole tool status from the

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surface, the current depth and tension reading, and much more. The acquisition system as well

provides power supply to the logging tools.

3. Depth and Tension System

When a client wants to reference the depth, wireline offers a more accurate depth measurement

than the driller’s depth. The wireline depth and tension measurement device are mounted in front

of the cable drum as shown in Figure 8. It takes into account all spooled-in or spooled out cable to

wireline depth measurement.

Figure 2.5: Position of the depth and tension devices on a unit

and tension interface. This interface converts the raw signal and at the same time applies the

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calibration of both the depth and tension interface. Finally, the depth and tension interface send

the calibrated data to the depth and tension display.

Figure 2.6: SLB’s Wireline Depth Device (IDW) and Tension Device (CMTD)

4. Cable and Drum

Wireline cable is an armored insulated conductor that provides electrical and mechanical

connection to the downhole tools. They are of different types such as monocables, hepta-cables,

and coaxial cables.

• Monocable: As the name implies, the cable consists of only one conductor. Monocables are

mostly used for cased hole operations.

• Hepta-cable: For open-hole wireline logging, the industry standard cable is the seven conductor

hepta-cable. In these cables, the outside armor layer wires typically have a bigger diameter than the

inner wires. For a dynamic torque balance to be maintained and to counter the tendency to unwind,

the outer layer is wound in the opposite direction to that of the inner layer. The outer armor layer

carries more tension than the inner and thus has a higher inherent torque. The cable core consists

of the jacket, conductor wires and filler material.

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Figure 2.7: (L-R) Monocable and Hepta-cable

Figure 2.8: Cable (Winch) Drum

RIG UP EQUIPMENT

Rig up equipment is a set of tools to align the downhole tools vertically above the well and make

up the tool at the rig floor. There are two groups of rig up equipment – one installs the equipment

to the rig structure, and the other aligns the tool vertically at the rig floor.

SLB’s rig up equipment include:

• Upper and lower sheave wheel: These are used to change the orientation of the cable and make

the gravity come into the play. The upper sheave wheel will be gripped by the elevator and hanged

at the crown block while the lower sheave wheel is tied to a solid rig structure.

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• Sheave Hanger: This is connected to the upper sheave wheel. It will make the upper sheave

wheel able to be gripped by the elevator and hanged at the crown block.

• Sling Saver Shackle and Clevis: These are used to secure and lock the rig up equipment to each

other.

• Synthetic Fishing Sling: This is used to couple rig up tools into a rig structure.

• Tie Down Chain: It anchors the lower sheave wheel to the rig beam.

• Lifting Cap and Dual Hook: In making up tools on the rig floor, the tools are lifted one by one

using a special lifting cap below the head and the upper side of the tool that is lifted. In between

the male and female caps, a dual hook is used. Lifting caps are used instead of the tools end cap

because they have a higher and safe pull capacity.

• Make Up Plate or C-Plate: This is used for safe connection and disconnection of tools by

preventing tools from falling to the well. Also, it is noteworthy that tool strings are made up starting

from the bottommost tool.

• Top Hat or Elephant Foot: This is placed directly above the well and serves as a base for the

make-up plate. The top hat was designed as a back saver so that field crew did not need to bend

too much when connecting and disconnecting tools.

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Rig Up Procedure

Figure 2.9: Rig Up Schematic

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 • Unit should be a minimum of 50ft from the lower sheave wheel.

• Move all rig-up equipment to the rig floor.

• Install the upper sheave wheel in the elevator and the lower sheave wheel with tie-down

chains and shackles.

• Spool out cable from the unit.

• Raise logging head to rig floor.

• Install logging head through upper sheave wheel and ensure cable guard is installed.

• Raise the upper sheave wheel.

• Raise logging tools to the rig floor.

• Install tools in the well one by one using C-plate to support tools.

• Raise the rest of the tools to complete the tool string.

• Align keyways of tools to connect.

• Connect the logging head to the tools.

• Zero the tool string and run in the hole.

DOWNHOLE TOOLS

The downhole tool is a modular, combinable part, and when it is assembled, it will be called a

tool string. The downhole tool has five sections namely;

• Logging head

• Weak point

• Telemetry cartridge

• Wireline logging tool

• Downhole accessories

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Together with the cable, the downhole tool will run into the hole to do formation evaluation.

The telemetry cartridge and wireline tool cannot connect to the cable without logging head, and

logging head with wireline tool cannot send the data uphole without the telemetry cartridge.

Downhole accessories are attached to the tool string to support its maneuvering downhole.

Figure 2.10: Downhole tools

1. Logging Head

The logging head is where we connect the cable to the head. Inside the head, there is wiring to

provide an electrical connection from the cable to the tool. It also provides a mechanical connection

to the cable. The logging head has a tension load cell that gives the head tension information,

which is tension happening at the head. During regular operation, it reads the weight of the tool

minus the buoyancy effect from the drilling fluid.

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2. Weak point

This is a safe-release mechanism inside the logging head that allows the engineer to release the

weak point if needed. There is a mechanical-release weak point and an electrical-release one.

When the weak point is released, the tool is left downhole, but part of the logging head can be

retrieved and, more importantly, the cable.

If overpull tension (that is, the upward force happening at the head, specifically, at the weak point,

which is given from the surface in order to release the tool from obstruction) is applied above the

weak point rating, the weak point will release, and the downhole tool will be left downhole. On

the other hand, an electrical weak point needs an electrical current to trigger the releasing

mechanism. Unintentional Pull-Off is said to be a cardinal sin as it is one of the

SLB Wireline Zero Tolerance rules.

3. Telemetry Cartridge

Telemetry is a measurement from a distance. In wireline, the telemetry cartridge is used to receive

data from the surface and send the data to the downhole tool below it. The telemetry cartridge has

two interfaces: the cable interface and the downhole telemetry interface.

The surface-to-cable telemetry interface provides the link between the telemetry cartridge and the

cable. The downhole telemetry interface gives the telemetry the ability to talk from tool to tool,

allowing communication between tools.

The surface-to-downhole telemetry makes it possible to send commands from the surface to the

downhole. The telemetry cartridge enables communication between the surface and downhole,

receiving commands from the surface and passing them to the tools below.

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4. Wireline Logging Tool

SLB has a broad range of measurement technology. The wireline logging tool is specifically

designed to evaluate certain borehole characteristics in real-time. One wireline logging tool is

designed to do one type of measurement, due to the difference in measurement physics behind

each tool. For example, an electrical logging tool can do only electrical logging but not porosity

logging. As each tool is designed to be modular and combinable, they can be connected tool by

tool to make up a tool string that meets the client’s objective. To support the tool position

downhole, downhole accessories such as centralizers or rubber standoffs are used.

A wireline logging tool consists of an electrical cartridge, sonde, and downhole sensors. For

robustness, the three of them are covered with a specially made tungsten or steel metal housing to

compensate for the downhole temperature and pressure.

• Electrical cartridge: The section of a wireline logging tool contains the telemetry, the

electronics, and power supplies for the measurement. The electrical cartridge consists of

electronic boards such as a control board, acquisition board, power supply board, and

telemetry bus.

• Sonde: The sonde is the section of a logging tool that contains the measurement sensors

to perform the downhole measurement.

• Downhole sensors: These are located inside the sonde. They are mechanical or

electronic devices for measuring various properties in the well, such as pressure,

temperature, vibration, composition, and fluid flow regime.

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2.2 INTERNSHIP ROADMAP

During the course of my internship which spanned for a duration of 6 months, I was posted to six

departments in the RPE. The activities I was involved in and the knowledge I garnered during my

stay in each of the departments is explained extensively in this section.

Figure 2.11: My Internship Journey in RPE

2.2.1 SEISMIC LAB

Seismic involves estimation of the shapes and physical properties of Earth's subsurface layers from

the returns of sound waves that are propagated through the Earth. Seismic plays a crucial role in

the exploration and extraction of natural resources, such as oil and gas, as well as in geological

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and geophysical research. In the seismic lab, we were responsible for the maintenance of the

mechanical components of the seismic tool.

2.2.1.1 Logging Equipment Head

The Logging Equipment Head (LEH) is a crucial component of wireline logging tools used in the

oil and gas industry for downhole data acquisition. It serves as the interface between the downhole

sensors or instruments and the wireline cable, facilitating the transmission of data collected during

logging operations. The primary function of the LEH is to house and protect the sensors,

transducers, and other logging tools as they descend the wellbore. It ensures that these sensitive

instruments remain intact and functional throughout the logging operation. The LEH typically

consists of several components designed to support its functionality:

• Weak Point

This is a safe-release mechanism inside the logging head that allows the engineer to release the

weak point if needed. There are two types of weak points which are mechanical-release weak

points and an electrically controlled release device.

When the weak point is released, the tool is left downhole, but part of the logging head can be

retrieved and, more importantly, the cable.

An electrically controlled released device (ECRD) is used to displace the logging equipment head

from the tool when it is stuck. This happens when voltage is sent through the cable to the ECRD

and shatters the bobbin cartridge with this the weak point is broken and separated. Thereby, a

fishing operation is done to remove the stuck tool down the hole.

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 • Sensor Housing

It houses the various sensors and transducers used for measuring properties such as resistivity,

conductivity, gamma radiation, sonic velocity, and density.

• Sealing Mechanism

To prevent fluid ingress into the tool string, the LEH often includes sealing mechanisms such as

O-rings or packers.

2.2.2 Sonde Lab

Sonde Lab is a specialized facility within the oil and gas industry dedicated to the maintenance,

repair, and testing of sondes (an instrument probes designed to transmit information about their

surroundings from inaccessible locations). In sonde lab, we were responsible for the maintenance

and repair of the mechanical part of the wireline logging tool. Here is an overview of my

experience at sonde lab:

❖ Conducted maintenance activities, including SLS (Service Level Sonde) 1, 2 and 3 on

sonde tools. This involved ensuring the tools were in optimal condition for accurate data

acquisition.

• Service Level Sonde 1: involves changing of the O-rings from the lower head cap, upper

head cap, and sensor housing and also involves greasing the thread protector

• Service Level Sonde 2: involves vacuuming the logging tool to remove any trace of air

and debris inside the tool and after then oil filling the tool

• Service Level Sonde 3: involves changing the spoilt component of the logging tool such

as bulkhead and fixing the electrical wiring when any pinch occurs on the wires

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 ❖ Worked on a diverse range of sonde tools, including OBMI, AIT, SSIJ, PSTS, AH, USIS,

IBCS, PPC and more.

2.2.2.1 Oil Based Micro-Imager Tool (OBMI)

Before it was called logging, the downhole measurement of formation properties was called

“electrical coring.” Inspired by this ideal, SLB developed formation imaging to advance log

structural and stratigraphic analysis to new levels of insight. The OBMI oil-based micro imager

performs micro-resistivity imaging in oil-based, nonconductive, and invert-emulsion mud systems.

The OBMI* Oil-Base Micro-Imager tool is the latest SLB imaging solution and another industry

first, extending micro resistivity imaging into the environment of nonconductive invert emulsion

mud systems. While logging, the pads of the OBMI tool are applied against the borehole wall,

where a thin layer of nonconductive mud is between the pad face and the formation. The five pairs

of voltage electrodes and two current electrodes on each of the four pads of the OBMI oil-based

micro imager (right) are applied to the borehole wall (left). The current (I) is passed between

electrodes A and B with the potential difference measured between voltage electrodes C and D.

The measurements are used to quantitatively determine the resistivity of the invaded zone.

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Figure 2.12: Oil based Micro-imager

Applications

■ Structural analysis

● Structural dip determination

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● Fracture and fault detection

■ Stratigraphic analysis

● Characterization of sedimentary deposits ● Stratigraphic dip determination ● Thin-bed detection

■ Core analysis

● Depth matching

2.2.2.2 Combinable Magnetic Resonance

The CMR- combinable magnetic resonance tool makes nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

measurements of the buildup and decay of the polarization of hydrogen nuclei (protons) in the

liquids contained in the pore space of rock formations. One primary measurement of the CMR tool

is the total formation porosity. Borehole NMR measurement is unaffected by solid materials, so

the measurement is not sensitive to matrix type and therefore lithology independent. The total

porosity can be partitioned into the spectrum of pore sizes present, which provides information on

the irreducible water saturation. Permeability can be estimated from the free-fluid to bound-fluid

ratio and the shape of the pore-size distribution. NMR measurement is also useful for fluid

identification because it is a hydrogen index measurement, and various fluids have different

hydrogen index values as well as polarization characteristics. NMR data can be processed to yield

formation fluid properties such as gas and oil saturation and oil viscosity.

APPLICATIONS

■ Pore-size distribution for reservoir rock quality

■ Bound- and free-fluid volume indicators of reservoir producibility

■ Identification of thin, permeable beds in laminated reservoirs

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■ Hydrocarbon identification, especially in low-contrast, low-resistivity pay zones

■ Determination of hydrocarbon pore volume for reserve calculations

■ Improved irreducible water saturation estimates for reducing or eliminating water production

Figure 2.13: Combinable Magnetic Resonance

2.2.2.3 Ultra Sonic Imager Tool

The Ultrasonic Imager Tool (USIT) uses a single transducer mounted on an ultrasonic rotating sub

to emit ultrasonic pulses and measures ultrasonic waveforms reflected from internal and external

casing interfaces. The transmitter emits ultrasonic pulses between 200 and 700 kHz and measures

the received ultrasonic waveforms reflected from the internal and external casing interfaces. It is

used for Cement Evaluation and Casing Inspection. We changed the Harness cable and did a

continuity and Insulation test on the tool.

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Figure 2.14: Ultra Sonic Imaging Tool

2.2.3 FIT & TRIM LAB

The FIT (Fast Inspection of Tools) & TRIM (Tool Review Inspection Monthly) Lab serves as a

pivotal checkpoint for tools, functioning as the first assessment upon their return from a job and

the last inspection before approval for another job

Major activities carried out:

❖ Developed proficiency in performing FIT-1, involving the disassembly of tools to conduct

thorough inspections and ensure their overall condition. Also performed ET checks on tools

for quality assessment.

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 ❖ Carried out maintenance activities on the integrated depth dual wheel (IDW) & Cable

mounted tension device (CMTD)

2.2.3.1 Integrated Depth Dual Wheel Calibration

As mentioned earlier, the IDW is the depth measurement device used in SLB. The IDW is

calibrated to drive the depth recording system in wireline logging. The wheel is pressed against

the logging cable as the cable is spooled onto the drum and turns as the cable is run in or out of the

borehole. Calibration is done on the IDW calibrator which consists of the following major

components:

• A carriage on the positioning table used to push an IDW along the wireline cable.

• A control system to control motion and acquire data. The control uses the encoder to measure

the distanced travelled corresponding to a given number of IDW encoder pulses.

• A cable tensioning assembly to maintain wireline cable at 1000 lbf tension.

The measurement obtained is inputted on a software which calculates the wheel correction (WC)

value for each IDW wheel/encoder pair.

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Calibration steps

Figure 2.15: Labelled IDW showing the various parts

• A wireline cable sample is selected and installed through the carriage bracket on the

IDW calibrator.

• The IDW is mounted in the coupling on the calibrator without forcing it.

• The track modules are closed onto the wireline cable and then encoder cables are then connected.

• The wheel assemblies of the IDW are opened.

• The cable is tensioned within the range of 900 – 1000 lbf using the winch push button.28

• The handle on the push assembly is operated to close the wheel assemblies onto the cable.

• The auto-calibration button is then pushed and details such as calibrator type and serial number

are entered on the software.

35
• The aforementioned steps are then repeated for five other wireline cable samples after which the

calibration result is saved.

2.2.3.2 Maintenance of CMTD

The CMTD comes in different versions depending on the outer rollers, center, and inner roller, and

strain axle which is dictated by cable size. After every job, the CMTD is returned by the field

engineer to the FIT lab. The CMTD is disassembled, all parts are washed using biosane, dried with

a rag, visually inspected, greased, and then re-assembled using the Standard Work Instruction

(SWI) and the proper hand tools.

FIT (Fast Inspection of Tools) 1 and 2 on Wireline Tools

FIT 1 is a mechanical check that is done by removing the end caps of the tools, removing O-rings,

washing the threads on the upper and lower heads as well as those on the caps, visually inspecting

ORing grooves and threads for pitting, greasing the threads and inserting a new ORing.

FIT 2 is an electrical check for continuity and insulation. In the FIT lab, this is run using the

WEETECH machine. If a tool fails an electrical check, it is red tagged indicating the type of failure

(that is, continuity or insulation) and the lines that failed and moved to the red rack for further

troubleshooting whereas if it passes, the tool’s barcode is printed, a yellow tag indicating pending

OP-check is put and moved to the yellow rack for an engineer or specialist to run the operational

check

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2.2.4 Cable Shop

In the dynamic environment of a wireline cable shop, where cables undergo the crucial transition

from transport mode to logging mode before deployment for various jobs, ensuring the integrity

of the spooling operation is paramount. The intricate process of spooling cables involves high

tension, particularly when transferring cables between winch drums, capstans, and Deadman

points. This operation is integral to various activities, such as logging, data acquisition, and other

downhole operations.

Major activities carried out:

❖ Received training on reading and interpreting data obtained from the Line Control

Instrument (LCI). This knowledge enhanced my ability to analyze cable performance data

and identify any potential issues or areas for improvement.

❖ Learned the working principles of the winch with the reeling arm. Explored the IDW &

and CMTD within the reeling arm, gaining an understanding of their roles in calculating

cable depth and tension, respectively.

37
Figure 2.16 Cable Shop Spooling Unit:

2.2.5 WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT (WHE) LAB

Wellhead equipment is a crucial component in the oil and gas industry, serving as the interface

between the subsurface wellbore and surface facilities to provide the initial support for the drilling

and production operations. Wellhead equipment is used for pressure containment and they come

into play in Production Services (PS) operations which are usually in cased holes. In the case of

Evaluation Services (ES) which are mostly open-hole operations, the presence of drilling mud

helps to control pressure inside the well.

Major activities carried out:

38
 ❖ Assisted the Wellhead Equipment (WHE) specialist in troubleshooting the control panel,

wireline valve, and blowout preventer (BOP), honing my skills in identifying and resolving

technical issues related to wellhead equipment

❖ Participated in maintenance tasks focused on key wellhead equipment components, such

as the grease injection module, cutter, and lightweight lubrication system.

2.2.5.1 WIRELINE VALVE

The wireline valve, also known as the BOP (blowout preventer), is a specialized valve used as a

safety device to seal around an e-line or slackline to control hydrocarbon wells against a blowout.

This allows work to be performed under pressure when the line is still in the wellbore. In simple

words, the purpose of a wireline valve is to isolate pressure while maintaining cable integrity.

Typically, a wireline valve is positioned between a lubricator assembly and a wellhead. Working

on the principle of horizontally opposed rams coming together to centralize the wire and seal

around it, the rams form a seal across the bore of the wireline

valve. These rams have inner seals and outer seals.

Inner Seal

• Sealing surface of the ram

• Embedded in the face of the ram body

• Provides seal around the cable

Figure 2.17: BOP ram

39
Outer Seal

• Around the upper part of the ram body

• Prevents well fluids from passing around the rams

There are different wireline valve configurations available, ranging from single ram sets to quad

ram sets.

Figure 2.18: Wireline valves (single, dual, and triple ram)

2.2.5.2 LUBRICATORS/RISERS

These are a vital piece of equipment designed to enable the wireline tool string to be introduced or

retrieved from a wellbore under pressure and are typically positioned above the wireline valve,

tool trap, or quick test sub. These risers vary in size.

40
Figure 2.19: Lubricator/Riser

2.2.5.3 CROSSOVERS

These are allowing tools with different connection types (e.g. varying diameters) to be run in the

same tool string.

Figure 2.20: Crossover

41
2.2.6 SHOP FLOOR

The shop floor specializes in ensuring that wireline equipment is in optimal condition for job

deployments. This involves a range of activities aimed at routine checks, assembly, and calibration

of tools.

The primary aspects of my experience include:

❖ Engaged in routine operational checks to ensure the functionality and readiness of wireline

equipment. This proactive approach helps identify and address any potential issues before

equipment is deployed in the field.

❖ Participated in the assembly and calibration of wireline tools. This process is crucial for

maintaining the accuracy of the equipment. The Maxwell Acquisition Software was

utilized for these tasks, enhancing precision and efficiency

2.2.6.1 CMTD CALIBRATION

Cable-mounted tension device is been calibrated when the stain axle is replaced and whenever the

DTI (Depth Tension Interface) card in the WAFE (Wireline Acquisition Front End) is replaced

because calibration results are stored in this card. Calibration of CMTD is done using a Tension

Device Calibrator (TDC). The CMTD is placed within the TDC as shown in the diagram below

and then subjected to a range of tensions that do not exceed the allowed for either the CMTD which

is 8000 lbs or the cable as the readings are compared to the reference value which is shown on the

TDC dial indicator or display.

42
Figure 2.21: CMTD Calibration Setup

2.2.7 MODULAR DYNAMIC FORMATION TESTER (MDT) LAB

Modular dynamic formation tester (MDT) laboratory serves as a critical hub for conducting

reservoir evaluation. The “modular” aspect implies that tests can be built and organized as a

separate module, The “Dynamic” nature indicates that these tests are designed to simulate real-

world scenario interactions and data inputs to mimic how the software would behave in different

situations. It facilitates fluid sampling, pressure measurement, and permeability analysis,

contributing valuable insights for reservoir performance assessment.

43
Here's a summarized overview of my experience:

❖ Learned about the multifunctional capabilities of the MDT tool, including fluid sampling,

pressure measurement, permeability measurement, and fluid contact identification.

❖ Became familiar with various MDT modules such as MRPS, MRPQ, MRHY, MRPO,

MRFA, MRSC, MRMS, and others and participated in the maintenance of each MDT tool,

each serving specific purposes in reservoir performance evaluation.

• Modular Reservoir Single Probe:

The single-probe module (MRPS) contains the probe assembly, (with packer and

telescoping backup pistons), the pressure gauges, fluid resistivity and temperature sensors,

and a pretest chamber. The MRPS also contains a strain gauge and an accurate, high-

resolution, quick-response CQG gauge. The volume, rate, and drawdown of this chamber

can be controlled from the surface to adjust to any test situation, especially in tight

formations.

• Modular Reservoir Hydraulic:

The hydraulic power module (MRHY) contains an electric motor and hydraulic pump to

provide hydraulic power for setting and retracting the single- and dual-probe modules. The

MRHY module features an accumulator that allows the test probes to auto-retract and

prevent a stuck-tool situation in the event of a power failure.

• Modular Reservoir Multiple Sample:

The Mult sample Module (MRMS) allows the collection of high-quality samples for PVT

analysis. The module is designed to retrieve six formation fluid samples, 450-cc each,

44
during a single trip into the well. Sample bottles detach easily from the tool for transport

to a PVT laboratory. The bottles meet transportation regulations for shipping pressurized

vessels, so no wellsite transfer is necessary. For longer tool strings, as well as highly

deviated and horizontal wells, the MDT tool can be combined with the TLC* Tough

Logging Conditions system for efficient sampling operations.

• Modular Reservoir Pump Out:

The Pump-Out Module (MRPO) is used to pump unwanted fluid (mud filtrate) from the

formation to the borehole, so representative samples can be taken. It is also used to pump

fluid from the borehole into the flowline for inflating the packers of the MRPA module. In

addition, the module can pump within the tool, for example, from a sample chamber to the

inflatable packers

• Modular Reservoir Power Cartridge (MRPC):

The power cartridge (MRPC) converts AC power from the surface to provide DC power

for all modules in the tool. It is an essential part of any MDT configuration.

• Modular Reservoir Fluid Analyzer (MRFA):

Fluid analyzers tell us what fluid is going into the flowline whether it is oil, water, or mud.

• Modular Reservoir Sample Chamber (MRSC):

This tool stores formation samples running through the flow lines in a large volume.

45
Figure 2.22: Modular Dynamic Formation Tester

2.3 SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCE GAINED

The mentorship and guidance from experienced professionals at SLB played a pivotal role in

shaping my approach to problem-solving and project execution. Regular interactions in a

collaborative atmosphere fostered continuous learning and skill refinement. The experience, both

technical and soft skills I was exposed to during the course of my internship are but not limited to:

❖ When I got into SLB, I undergo a two days NEST training which serves as a framework to

guide employees in maintaining a safe and secure work environment. It empowers

individuals to take responsibility for their safety and the safety of their colleagues, fostering

a collective commitment to preventing injuries and incidents. During the NEST, interns

46
 like me were educated on the key principles of SLB Injury Prevention Program (SIPP),

which are:

• Line of Strength: This has to do with orienting the feet in the direction of the force. This

technique is applied by putting one foot forward to increase strength and stability, helping

to maintain control when handling and lifting.

• Side Stepping: This is to be applied when moving across and over hazardous areas to

prevent slips, trips, and falls by orienting your line of strength in the direction you are

moving. Its applications include when descending/ascending hills.

• Safe Working Zones: This is keeping the load close to the bodies which is the green zone.

• Smart Grip: This is simply using your strong fingers to activate large muscle groups

giving yourself more power and stability.

• Watch Your Head: This is keeping the center of gravity within your stance to prevent

slips, trips, and falls by maximizing eye movement and minimizing head movement to

maintain balance and stability.

• Bracing and Spinal Alignment: This involves keeping the spine in a neutral position to

prevent unequal forces across the discs in your spine.

By following the principles outlined in the SIPP, employees contribute to a workplace

culture that prioritizes safety, ensuring that everyone can perform their duties securely and

healthily.

❖ I was introduced to wireline technology which is essential in formation evaluation. I

learned about surface equipment, sockets, rig-up procedures, and a lot more.

❖ Being able to use SLB RITE, InTouch, and QUEST which were all essential to complete a

task/job.

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• RITE: short for, Review and Inspection of Tools and Equipment is a database containing

the history of all SLB’s assets. It is essential in maintenance as it gives information

regarding the location of the asset, the current maintenance status, when the maintenance

is due, failure reports on the asset, barcode, creating work orders, and a lot more. This

helped in planning for maintenance ahead by ensuring all materials and hand tools were

available or needed to be ordered.

• QUEST: is a web-based application used to collect Quality, Health, Safety, and

Environment (QHSE) information. HSE Management System defines the principles by

which we conduct our operations worldwide concerning health, safety, and the

environment. For the trolley project, this was what was used in obtaining the data used to

measure the problem.

• InTouch: is simply SLB's library. All maintenance manuals, operations manuals, and

Standard Work Instructions used while carrying out any job were obtained from InTouch.

Learning how to use InTouch helped me know the full meaning of the acronyms and

functional descriptions of the wireline tools I came across.

❖ The diversity of the company’s workforce allowed me to learn how to deal with people

from different backgrounds.

❖ Problem-solving was another noteworthy skill I gained. Most repair cases required the use

of this skill.

48
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Working at SLB allowed me to get a first-hand appreciation of theoretical concepts taught in the

classroom. It was a journey of twenty-four weeks of fantastic learning and practice, maintaining

the right poise and attitude, being time and safety-conscious, working always with the mindset of

getting it right the first time, and as well a roller coaster at first but with time, I was able to

overcome most of the obstacles I faced and adapted to the system. This chapter talks about my

experience and the challenges encountered along the way.

3.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

Some of the challenges I stumbled across along the line of my internship are:

• During the first few weeks, having to deal with the terms used at the base most especially for the

tools as they were new to me. It felt awkward always asking for the full meaning of the tools.

• Accommodation and Transportation stress; The distance from where I live to the base is much,

thereby incurring fatigue from the long journey to the base every day also getting a comfortable

means of transport was a sport.

• SLB employees consisted of a variety of people with different nationalities, communication with

English being the most widely used language, talking to people from non-English countries was

quite a challenge for me at first as I did not understand what they were trying to say as a result of

lack of fluency.

While at SLB, I did a project in a Cable shop called “Smart Surveillance System with Motion

Sensor for Enhanced Cable Spooling Operations” where a challenge arose when cable

49
specialists, confined to the safety of their cabins, lacked real-time visibility into critical points such

as the Deadman, where potential irregularities and disturbances can occur.

3.2 PROBLEMS SOLVED

To address this challenge, the proposed project aims to revolutionize cable spooling operations

through the implementation of a smart surveillance system. This system, equipped with

strategically positioned cameras and advanced motion sensors, will serve as the vigilant eyes

overseeing the entire cable spooling process. The project will specifically focus on enhancing

safety and efficiency by incorporating motion detection technology, not only to monitor the cable

spooling process but also to detect any human presence within the cable shop area.

Additionally, the system will employ algorithms and image processing techniques to identify

irregularities, such as cable tangling or blockages, ensuring that cable specialists can intervene

swiftly to mitigate potential risks. With seamless integration of technology, the surveillance system

is designed to be a proactive solution, providing an extra layer of safety and control during cable

spooling. The real-time monitoring capabilities, coupled with motion detection and irregularity

alerts, aim to transform the cable spooling operation into a safer and more efficient process.

• To get acquainted with the names of the tools, I had to learn how to use InTouch to help myself

out. This kept me on my toes as I spent part of my break time in going through InTouch to get the

meaning of the acronyms and terms.

• As regards the language barrier, as time went by, I became used to it and understood it.

50
3.3 RELEVANCE OF THE SIWES PROGRAMME

During my 5 months at SLB, I grew a lot as a professional and as a person. I was able to validate

many soft skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and effective communication. SLB helped

me overcome impostor’s syndrome by forcing me out of my comfort zone. An important lesson I

learned from my experience is the undeniable importance of interpersonal relationships.

My training equipped me with more knowledge and skills in the areas of formation evaluation,

well logging, and petroleum geology. It offered a good blend between the theoretical concepts

taught in school and their practical applications. It was a very different time from school and gave

me an insight into the working world of the oil and gas industry especially in the eye of oilfield

servicing.

My stay in SLB was in the Reservoir Performance Evaluation function, popularly known as

wireline which covers the services run to measure and analyze the formation and reservoir by the

use of electric cables to lower downhole tools to measure the formation properties.

Enumerated below are the key areas I gleaned knowledge on:

• Wireline technology

• Preventive maintenance on wireline tools whilst adhering to the Standard Work Instructions and

using the proper hand tools.

• Troubleshooting and repairs of various wireline tools using the assembly and wiring diagrams in

the maintenance manual.

• Calibration of the depth measuring device and tension device used in wireline operations.

51
• The use of SLB RITE (Review and Inspection of Tools and Equipment), a centralized

maintenance management database to update maintenance status and closing work orders.

• The importance of performing operational checks.

52
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 CONCLUSION AND GENERAL APPRAISAL OF THE PROGRAM

My internship at SLB has been an incredibly enriching journey, profoundly impacting both my

technical knowledge and educational growth. Engaging in a project focused on enhancing cable

spooling operations allowed me to apply theoretical knowledge while significantly expanding my

critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The project's complexity challenged me to think

innovatively, adapt to industry demands, and collaborate effectively.

The mentorship and guidance from experienced professionals at SLB played a pivotal role in

shaping my approach to problem-solving and project execution. Regular interactions in a

collaborative atmosphere fostered continuous learning and skill refinement.

I am immensely grateful for the opportunities provided, and I leave SLB with a profound sense

of accomplishment, equipped with enhanced skills and a broader perspective that will undoubtedly

shape my future endeavors in the field of oil and gas technology.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADVICE FOR SIWES MANAGERS AND FUTURE

PARTICIPANTS

Having gone through the industrial training and even though the overall experience was positive,

I recommend the under-listed:

• The university should foster relationships and collaborate with different companies to help

students get relevant placements in line with their field of study. An internship fair could be

organized where reputable companies are invited to hire interns from the institution.

53
• Courses from other departments that are of great relevance in the oil and gas industry could be

integrated into the Petroleum and Gas Engineering syllabus.

• Offering career counseling services as a component of the SIWES course to assist students in

creating personal professional goals.

54
 APPENDIX A

• FIT = Fast Inspection of Tools

• SWI = Standard Work Instructions

• RITE = Review and Inspection of Tools and Equipment

• OFS = Oilfield Services

• OL = Open Loop

• PNG = Pulsed Neutron Generator

• IDW = Integrated Dual Depth Wheel

• CMTD = Cable Mounted Tension Device

• TDC = Tension Device Calibrator

• HRMS = High-Resolution Mechanical Sonde

• SLM = Service Level Mechanical

55
APPENDIX B

56
57
58
59
 REFERENCES

Mark, A. A. (2015, September 9). The Defining Series: Introduction to Wireline Logging. SLB

Limited. https://www.slb.com/resource-library/oilfieldreview/defining-series/defining-logging

Chinedu, S. (2022, January 6). Bodies Involved in SIWES Management & Roles in Nigeria.

SIWES Beginner. https://siwesbeginner.com/siwes-bodies/

Elmar Product Catalog. (2022). National Oilwell Varco. https://www.nov.com/-

/media/nov/files/brands/elmar/elmar-product-catalog.pdf

Borehole seismic. (2022, March 23). SLB Limited.

https://www.slb.com/reservoircharacterization/seismic/borehole-seismic

60