Li ei When |2|S$1, —+—=-sint+Is1. en tS a Wee ’ Rsi Geo ie. Fan aria ie 142VR sins ol ie. -2VRsin& 21 i.e. 4aRsin? * 21 Lena pal sons - Thus the interior of the circle |z|=1 in z-plane corresponds the exterior of the parabola 4 =1-cos> in w-plane because in polar co- nee ordinate system the equation of a parabola is a 1—cos@. 2.4.4. The Bilinear Transformation or Mobius Transformation. A transformation of the form az+b = = 1 4 cz+d @ where a, b, c, d are constants and ad—bc#0 is called bilinear transformation. The transformation (1) can also be written as cewz—az+wd—-b=0- which is linear both in w and z and hence the name bilinear . dw _ ad-be a (c2+d y f(z)= ath is analytic except when cz+d=0 ie. z=—4/. So cz+d ce Now #0 everywhere except at z=co and the transformation (i) is Conformal everywhere in the finite z-plane except at z= Bi Illustration. The transformation w= Weng alee tok 2-4-1-(-5)=13#0. Now eo +a #0 everywhere except at pts Bice z=eo and f(z)= =i is analytic everywhere except at z=—4. So the transformation is conformal everywhere in fi z=-4, q Theorem 1. Every bilinear transformation maps circles and lines into circles and lines (a line is also called a circle with infinite radius). Proof Beyond the scope of this book. is bilinear, as nite z-plane except atFixed Point of a Bilinear Transformation. When a point coincides with its image under a bilinear transformation, the point is called a fixed point or an invariant point. Theorem 2. A bilinear transformation having exactly one fixed point 1 re ae 1 r (a) is of the form w where «#0 and 7 is the fixed point. Proof: Beyond the scope of the book. Note. This transformaton is called parabola transformation. Theorem 3. A bilinear aa having exactly two fixed points is of the form Pe SP if (2) w-q 9 z-q where & #0, | and p, g are the fixed points. Proof: Beyond the scope of the book. Note. (i) The above transformation is called elliptic if \Al =1 and hyperbolic if k is real. (ii) The transformaton (1) and (2) are known as the normal form or canonical form of a bilinear transformation. Illustration. 3z-4 (i) Consider the transformation w= ; Zz For a fixed point, we have w=z mez 4 ~ z=] or, (z-2)' =0 1722, So z=2 is the only fixed point. ny nose ee 4 zo 2 Zl. a1. Le Beer i ot B92 2=2'"' 'z-2 which is the normal form of the transformation and is called Parabolic, * (ii) Consider the transformation w= = Then for a fixed point, we have w=z. 2 fete! op, 2242271 oF 2? =-I z+l or, 2o-z=3z- ae. I nN NB88 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -11, So the fixed points are ¢ and =. 7 =-l-i(z+1 z~iXlat Now watee Ba) pee _@-l-/, zt z+l z+1 $a =l+i(z4+1 2-1, (=D +ie+1) 1 z+l li +i L+i and wei wei oi . ~ where pedal ~ and is the normal wei l+i form of the transformation, Now [&|= ft =" = 2 =1. Hence the transformation is elliptic. +i] 2 Theorem. 4. The bilinear transformation which maps the poits ; of the z-plane into the points W,W2,W3 of the w-plane (wwa)Q=m) (@-25)(e =z)” Proof: Left as exercise. Illustration. The bilinear transformaton which maps the points z=2.i,—2 into the points w=1,i,-1 is given by (w= Ii+1) _(e-2)¢+2) w=1(@+1 2-2 42) ene) (= +2\'—2), °° ag ac Ea ely 2-2 3+4 eet fy ye md oma ) eae 5 Using componendo and dividendo we get w= 24.5. Some Special Bilinear Transformations. Theorem 1. The bilinear transformation hie Soa, wise a, bod ‘ cz+ are real and ad—be>0, maps the upper half of the =-plane into the “upper half of w-plane and conversely, Proof: Beyond the scope of this book. ipper half of the z-plane is mapped intoTheorem 2. The bilinear transformation w= e' where a is real and imaginary part of 2, maps the upper half of the z-plane into the interior of the unit circle in w-plane i.e. |{<1(as shown in following fig.) and conversely. y oO z-plane w-plane Proof: Beyond the scope of this book. Theorem 3. The bilinear transformation w= e™ where ) is az-1 real and || <1 maps the unit circle |z| <1 in z-plane into the unit circle fw]<1 in w-plane and conversely (as shown in following fig.) weplane Proof: Beyond the scope of this book. Illustrative Examples. - Ex. 1. Find the bilinear transformation which maps W=1,0,00 respectively. Also show that the unit circle |z| maps into the real-axis of w-plane. Let the bilinear transformation be (w= (wy —ws) _ (2-4)(22-23) Ss () (w—w5)(m)-w) (2-23)(=2 -1) where z,=i, 2=1, 4=-1, w=], m0, wee. il) onto 1 in z-planeAS w;=00, So (1) can be written as (emma 1) eis 25) 5. (w=IM0-1) _(2-d(1+1) (=-t}m—m) § 2—25)(2—%1) * @=1(0-1) (0-1) (+1)(1-1) 1- ] wei l+z which is the required transformation. Now let w=utiv, z=x+iy =O)Ees 2y a TER: ae (1+x) +)? - Therefore when x?+y?=1 i.e. |:|=1, then Hence the transformation maps the unit circle |2|=1 into the real axis of w-plane. Ex. 2. Show that the line y = s is mapped onto the circle under the bilinear transformation w= . Find the centre and radius of the image circle. = —iw 2 iz+ és 2 The transformation w=2*2 can be written as z= * Azti 4 we Putting z=x+iy, w=utiv, we get (v+2-in){4u+i(4v—1)} ee alte iy sD (4u)? +(4v— a ua ifaut +47 +7 =2) 16u7 +(4v-1)7 (au? +4 47y— i 9u 16u? +(4v—1)?” 16u? +(4v—17a ,, 1 So the line y= Jy" corresponds to -(au? 4? e7v—2) | ou ou? +(4v=1)) 3 16u? +(4v—1)> ‘ ee at WEY tt ope ie. ant which is the equation of a circle with centre (- -7) and radius 3v10 . oa in uv plane. zti Ex. 3. Show that the transformation w= maps the interior of the circle |w|=1 ie. |w{S1 into the lower half plane I(z) <0. The transformation is waitl ~_2i(z-2) bod —_2i(2iy) _ 44(z) 4y k-? fe+a(y-) mee AY Bees x +(y-1) When |wj=1, y=0 and when |w{<1, when <0. _«|{S1 corresponds to <0. Hence the interior of the circle |»{=1 maps into the lower half plane 4(z)<0 under the given transformation. Ex. 4. Find the bilinear transformation which transforms the l4=1 onto |m{=1 and makes the points z=1,—1 correspond to and w=~| respectively. circle w=1‘As Th-3 of Art 7.6 let the transformation which transforms the circle |z|=1 onto |w{=1 be AZ weet 22% where a is real and [al <1. ow-1 The point z=1 maps onto the point w=1 al-a = et Se 1 inf Gat (l) Also the point z=—1 maps onto the point w=—-1 1st eee aE Q) SSO 1+ -. From (1) and (2), we have, lta l-a > +a =@ . Ito, 1+ 7S Sa Let er ro o—) l+a 1-a@ 1-a 1-@ Hence a=. So the required transformation is w= a EXERCISES 1. Find the critical points of the following mappings (i) w=e*-2i2+3, (ii) w=sinz. 2. Find the Jacobian of the following transformations : (i) w=2", (ii) w=227 -i2 43-1. 3. (a) Find the image of the staright line x+y=1 under the transformation () w=2? Gi) w=4, z (b) Find the image of the circle |e|=A by the transformation Gi) waz4+344:, Gi) w= V2(1+i)z(c) Find the image of the circle |z |=1 in the complex plane under the mapping w=—, z 4. Show that by means of the transformation wet the circle C z given by =5 is mapped into the circle 9 a ad, Ww+—j=, 16] 16 5. Show that the transformatio. w= on to a wedge shaped regi~.. [+23 phe er maps the unit circle 6. Show that the mapping y= Jz transforms the family of circles |e-l|=c into the family of lemniscates [w= thw +1]=c. 7. Show that the transformation w -1 transforms the region outside the parabola y? = 4(1—x) into the interior of the unit circle in w-plane. 8. Show that the transformation w= tan” aNe transforms the interior of unit circle |w|=1 into the interior of a parabola. = if w= ie + ) ; then prove that in general circles |z|= constant Zz and lines arg(z)= constant correspond to conics with foci at w= in the w-plane. 10. Prove that the transformation w=sinz maps the families of lines x= constant and y= constant into two families of confocal conics. : w ‘ : 11. Show that the transformation w=2+-— transforms circle with z . origin at the centre in the z-plane into co-axial concentric, confocal ellipses in w-plane. 12. Find the fixed points (invariant point) of the following transformation : 2z+6 etd fe Gi) vat (ili) w= ae EM-III-1213. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. _ P (a) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 1,~;,2 in z-plane to the points 0,2,-/ in w-plane. (b) Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points 0,1,2 of the z-plane onto =1,i,1 of the w-plane. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 1,—1,00 jn z-plane to the points 14/,1-i,1 in w-plane. Find the bilinear transformation which maps z=1,i,-1 respectively to w=i,0-i, Also find the image of |:|<1 under the transformation. [WB.U.Tech 2002) 2 iz . Show that the transformation w= transforms the circle ae, |z|=1 into a circle of radius unity in w-plane. Find the bilinear transformation which transforms the points z=1,-i,—1 into the points y=0,i,00 and show further that the area of the circle |:|=1 is transformed into the half plane above the real axis in w-plane. Show that the transformation w= 3 5 —, maps the circle x’ +y?-4x=0 onto the straight line 4u+3=0. Find the image of the line y=x+1 under the transformation ia z-1° Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z=1,0,-1 into the points w=i,0,-i and find the fixed points of the transformation. [WB.U. Tech 2003] 13iz+75 Find the fixed points of the bilinear transformation w= ase si Hence show that the transformation is elliptic. Determine all bilinear transformation which have fixed points -i and ;. ANSWERS 1 1 a (i) (n+), nez, (ii) {ms®), nez. ? 4 2 (i) 4(x? +5’) (ii) (42-i3. (ai) w+2v=1, (ii) u? + 2uv+2v? = uty (b) (i) (w-3)° +(v-4) =22 (ii) 242 2422 (0) uy 12. (i) z=0,1,-1 (ii) z=2 (iii) z=-61 z+i—-1 13. (a) w=2 ae here Os sera coe. 15. w= eS Right half of w-plane 19. w+v?-2u+v+1=0, 20. w=2i,0 . : = : 7 OZ. ane 21. 443i,443i k= (44H) 22. WHT! Beers