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Lawrence S. Chin • William F. Regine
Editors

Principles and Practice

of Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Second Edition
Editors
Lawrence S. Chin William F. Regine
Robert B. and Molly G. King Professor and Chair Isadore and Fannie Schneider Foxman Chair
Department of Neurosurgery and Professor of Radiation Oncology
SUNY Upstate Medical University Department of Radiation Oncology
Syracuse, NY, USA University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

ISBN 978-1-4614-8362-5 ISBN 978-1-4614-8363-2 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8363-2
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014952886

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

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Contents

Part I Introduction

1 The History of Stereotactic Radiosurgery ............................................................. 3

Marina Kushnirsky, Vaibhav Patil, and Michael Schulder
2 Imaging Techniques in Stereotactic Radiosurgery ............................................... 11
Jessica Zhou, Yue Cao, James Balter, Neeraj Chaudhary, Aditya S. Pandey,
Greg Thompson, and Christina I. Tsien
3 Techniques of Stereotactic Localization ................................................................. 25
Victor C.K. Tse, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and John R. Adler

Part II Radiation Biology and Physics

4 The Physics of Stereotactic Radiosurgery ............................................................. 35

Siyong Kim and Jatinder Palta
5 Radiobiological Principles Underlying Stereotactic Radiation Therapy ............ 57
David J. Brenner and David J. Carlson
6 Treatment Planning for Stereotactic Radiosurgery .............................................. 73
David M. Shepard, Cedric Yu, Martin J. Murphy, Marc Bussière,
and Frank J. Bova
7 Designing, Building, and Installing a Stereotactic Radiosurgery Unit ............... 95
Lijun Ma, Andrew Hwang, and Arjun Sahgal

Part III Stereotactic Radiosurgery Techniques

8 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ................................................................................... 111

Ajay Niranjan, Greg Bowden, John C. Flickinger, and L. Dade Lunsford
9 LINAC: Past, Present, and Future of Radiosurgery ............................................. 121
Maryam Rahman, Gregory J.A. Murad, Frank J. Bova,
and William A. Friedman
10 Charged Particles in Stereotactic Radiosurgery ................................................... 135
Shervin M. Shirvani and Joe Y. Chang
11 CyberKnife ............................................................................................................... 147
Carolina E. Fasola, Lei Wang, John R. Adler, Scott G. Soltys, Iris C. Gibbs,
Albert C. Koong, and Daniel T. Chang
12 GammaPod ............................................................................................................... 163
Yildirim D. Mutaf, Cedric Yu, Steven J. Feigenberg, and William F. Regine

v
vi Contents

13 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy .................................................................... 177

Steven J. Feigenberg, Randi Cohen, Navesh K. Sharma, Zain Husain,
Shifeng Chen, and Laura A. Dawson

Part IV Treatment of Disease Types

14 Metastatic Brain Tumors......................................................................................... 211

Edward W. Jung, John H. Suh, Samuel T. Chao, Michael A. Vogelbaum,
and Gene H. Barnett
15 Metastatic Brain Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery .................................................. 233
Raymond Sawaya, David M. Wildrick, and Fassil B. Mesfin
16 Metastatic Brain Tumors: Viewpoint: Whole Brain Radiation Therapy ........... 241
William F. Regine, Sarah F. Grabowski, and Roy A. Patchell
17 Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy in the Management
of High-Grade Gliomas ........................................................................................... 249
David Roberge and Luis Souhami
18 Management of Glial Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery
and Intra-cavitary Radiopharmaceutical Therapy .............................................. 269
Kaisorn L. Chaichana, Linda Chen, Salvador Manrique-Guzman,
Lawrence Kleinberg, and Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
19 Malignant Glioma: Viewpoint—Chemotherapy ................................................... 279
Roger Stupp, Krisztian Homicsko, and J. Gregory Cairncross
20 Meningioma .............................................................................................................. 295
Alessandra Gorgulho, Carlos A. Mattozo, and Antonio A.F. De Salles
21 Meningioma: Viewpoint—Surgery......................................................................... 315
Lawrence S. Chin, David J. Padalino, Pulak Ray, and John M. Caridi
22 Meningioma—Viewpoint: Fractionated Radiotherapy ........................................ 323
Igor J. Barani, Arie Perry, and C. Leland Rogers
23 Radiosurgery of Acoustic Schwannomas ............................................................... 339
John C. Flickinger, Hideyuki Kano, and L. Dade Lunsford
24 Acoustic Neuroma: Viewpoint—Surgery .............................................................. 347
Gabriel Zada and Steven L. Giannotta
25 Acoustic Tumors: Viewpoint—Stereotactic Radiotherapy .................................. 355
Christopher J. Farrell and David W. Andrews
26 Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas .............................................. 369
Jason P. Sheehan and Brian Williams
27 Pituitary Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery................................................................. 379
Khaled M. Krisht, William T. Couldwell, and Martin H. Weiss
28 Pituitary and Pituitary Region Tumors: Viewpoint—Fractionated
Radiation Therapy ................................................................................................... 391
Jonathan P.S. Knisely and Paul W. Sperduto
29 Pituitary Tumors: Viewpoint— Medical Therapy ................................................ 403
Rachel L. Hopkins
30 Pediatric Radiosurgery ............................................................................................ 409
Arthur K. Liu
Contents vii

31 Pediatric Disorders: Viewpoint—Surgery ............................................................. 415

Stephanie L. Da Silva and Mark D. Krieger
32 Pediatric Disorders: Viewpoint—Fractionated Radiotherapy ............................ 427
Thomas E. Merchant and Erin S. Murphy
33 Pediatric Brain Tumors: Viewpoint—Chemotherapy .......................................... 439
Nathan J. Robison
34 Pineal Region Tumors .............................................................................................. 445
Gregory P. Lekovic and Andrew G. Shetter
35 Pineal Region Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery ........................................................ 459
Adam M. Sonabend, Alfred Ogden, and Jeffrey N. Bruce
36 Pineal Tumors: Viewpoint—Fractionated Radiation Therapy ........................... 469
William G. Rule and Steven E. Schild
37 Pineal Region Tumors: Viewpoint—Chemotherapy ............................................ 477
Christopher Dardis and Roy A. Patchell
38 Skull Base Tumors ................................................................................................... 483
Reinhart A.J. Sweeney and Matthias Guckenberger
39 Skull Base Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery .............................................................. 499
Richard F. Schmidt, Smruti K. Patel, Robert W. Jyung, Jean Anderson Eloy,
and James K. Liu
40 Skull Base Tumors: Viewpoint—Fractionated Radiotherapy
or Stereotactic Radiotherapy .................................................................................. 517
René-O. Mirimanoff and Laura Negretti
41 Head and Neck Tumors ........................................................................................... 529
Daniel T.T. Chua
42 Head and Neck Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery...................................................... 543
Scharukh Jalisi
43 Head and Neck Tumors: Viewpoint—Fractionated Radiation Therapy
and Chemotherapy................................................................................................... 549
Michael Rutenberg and Mohan Suntharalingam
44 Spinal Tumors and Radiosurgery ........................................................................... 563
Evangelia Katsoulakis, Ilya Laufer, and Yoshiya Yamada
45 Spinal Tumors: Viewpoint—Surgery ..................................................................... 571
Faiz U. Ahmad, Gabriel Zada, and Michael Y. Wang
46 Spinal Metastases: Viewpoint—Fractionated Radiation Therapy ...................... 583
Quynh-nhu Nguyen, Almon S. Shiu, and Eric L. Chang
47 Arteriovenous Malformation Radiosurgery .......................................................... 589
Bruce E. Pollock
48 Arteriovenous Malformations: Viewpoint—Surgery ........................................... 605
Eric M. Deshaies and Surasak Komonchan
49 Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Viewpoint: Endovascular
Therapy Perspective ....................................................................................................... 617
M. Yashar S. Kalani, Richard W. Williamson, Felipe C. Albuquerque,
and Cameron G. McDougal
viii Contents

50 Radiosurgery for Cavernous Malformations and Other Vascular Diseases ....... 623
Ajay Niranjan, Greg Bowden, John C. Flickinger, and L. Dade Lunsford
51 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Viewpoint—Surgery ................................. 637
Robert L. Dodd and Gary K. Steinberg
52 Trigeminal Neuralgia ............................................................................................... 649
Lawrence S. Chin, Seung S. Hahn, Shilpen Patel, Thomas Mattingly,
and Young Kwok
53 Trigeminal Neuralgia: Viewpoint—Surgery ......................................................... 659
Craig Rabb and Ahmed Cheema
54 Trigeminal Neuralgia: Viewpoint—Medical Management .................................. 665
Neil C. Porter
55 Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Movement Disorders ............................................ 671
Yoshinori Higuchi
56 Perspective on Radiosurgery Versus Conventional Surgery for
Movement Disorders ................................................................................................ 681
Zion Zibly, Andrew B. Shaw, John Y.K. Lee, and Ali R. Rezai
57 Movement Disorders: Viewpoint—Medical Therapy........................................... 695
Abraham N. Lieberman and Sara S. Dhanani
58 Radiosurgery for Drug-Resistant Epilepsies: State of the Art, Results,
and Perspectives ....................................................................................................... 699
Jean Régis, Romain Carron, Fabrice Bartolomei, and Patrick Chauvel
59 Epilepsy: Viewpoint—Surgery ............................................................................... 711
David Carter and Zulma Tovar-Spinoza
60 Epilepsy: Viewpoint—Medical ............................................................................... 723
Gregory K. Bergey
61 Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Psychiatric and Pain Disorders ........................... 731
Chun-Po Yen and Jason P. Sheehan
62 Ocular and Orbital Lesions..................................................................................... 743
Yan Michael Li, Gabriela Šimonová, Roman Lisčák, Josef Novotný Jr.,
Amit Singla, and Lawrence S. Chin
63 Ocular and Orbital: Viewpoint—Surgery ............................................................. 765
Bryant P. Carruth, Robert H. Hill, and Thomas A. Bersani
64 Ocular and Orbital Tumors: Viewpoint-Fractionated Radiation ....................... 773
Nicolas Girard, Françoise Mornex, and Alain Vighetto

Part V Patient Care and Socio-Economic Issues

65 Complications and Management in Radiosurgery ............................................... 785

Igor J. Barani and Minesh P. Mehta
66 Building a Radiosurgery Practice........................................................................... 807
Ali Farooqui and N. Scott Litofsky
67 Patient Care in Stereotactic Radiosurgery ............................................................ 817
Terri F. Biggins

Index .................................................................................................................................. 829

Contributors

John R. Adler, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Varian Medical Systems, Stanford, CA, USA
Faiz U. Ahmad, M.D., M.Ch. Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta,
GA, USA
Felipe C. Albuquerque, M.D. Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological
Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
David W. Andrews, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
James Balter, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Hospital
and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Igor J. Barani, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Gene H. Barnett, M.D., M.B.A. Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Fabrice Bartolomei, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurophysiology, Aix-Marseille
University—Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
Gregory K. Bergey, M.D. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Thomas A. Bersani, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, SUNY
Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Terri F. Biggins, R.N., B.S.N., C.N.R.N. Department of Nursing, University of Maryland
Medical Systems, Baltimore, MD, USA
Frank J. Bova, Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
Greg Bowden, M.D., M.Sc. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
David J. Brenner, Ph.D., D.Sc. Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University
Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Jeffrey N. Bruce, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Marc Bussière, M.Sc. Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA

ix
x Contributors

J. Gregory Cairncross, M.D. Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of

Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Yue Cao, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiology, and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
John M. Caridi, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, NY, USA
David J. Carlson, Ph.D., D.A.B.R. Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University
School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Romain Carron, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Aix-Marseille
University—Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
Bryant P. Carruth, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University,
Syracuse, NY, USA
David Carter, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University,
Syracuse, NY, USA
Kaisorn L. Chaichana, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Daniel T. Chang, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA, USA
Eric L. Chang, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC,
USC Norris Cancer Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Joe Y. Chang, M.D., Ph.D., M.S. Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Samuel T. Chao, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
OH, USA
Neeraj Chaudhary, M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.C.R. Department of Neuro-radiology, University
of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Patrick Chauvel, M.D. Department of Neurophysiology, Aix-Marseille University—Timone
University Hospital, Marseille, France
Ahmed Cheema, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma-Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Linda Chen, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Shifeng Chen, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Lawrence S. Chin, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.N.S. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate
Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Daniel T.T. Chua, M.D., F.R.C.R., F.H.K.C.R. Department of Radiotherapy, Hong Kong
Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
Randi Cohen, M.D., M.S. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland,
Baltimore, MD, USA
William T. Couldwell, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences
Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Contributors xi

Christopher Dardis, M.D. Barrow Neurological Clinics, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Laura A. Dawson, M.D., F.R.C.P.C. Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret
Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Eric M. Deshaies Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse,
NY, USA
Sara S. Dhanani, M.D. Department of Neurology, Banner Sunreach Research Institute, Sun
City, AZ, USA
Robert L. Dodd, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Jean Anderson Eloy, M.D. Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of
Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark,
NJ, USA
Ali Farooqui, M.D. Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of
Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
Christopher J. Farrell, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Carolina E. Fasola, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA, USA
Steven J. Feigenberg, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
John C. Flickinger, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
William A. Friedman, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
Steven L. Giannotta, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine
of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Iris C. Gibbs, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA, USA
Nicolas Girard, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oncology, Hospices
Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
Alessandra Gorgulho, M.D., M.Sc. Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Coração-
Associação do Sanatório Sírio, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Sarah F. Grabowski, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland
Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
Matthias Guckenberger, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Würzburg,
Würzburg, Germany
Seung S. Hahn, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, SUNY Upstate Medical University,
Syracuse, NY, USA
Yoshinori Higuchi, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University
Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Robert H. Hill, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University,
Syracuse, NY, USA
xii Contributors

Krisztian Homicsko, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire

Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
Rachel L. Hopkins, M.D. Division of Endocrinolgy & Metabolism, SUNY Upstate Medical
University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Zain Husain, M.D. Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Andrew Hwang, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Alta Bates Summit Medical
Center, Oakland, CA, USA
Scharukh Jalisi, M.D., M.A. Division of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Skullbase
Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology and Neurological Sciences, Boston University,
Boston, MA, USA
Edward W. Jung, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Robert W. Jyung Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
M. Yashar S. Kalani, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological
Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Hideyuki Kano, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Evangelia Katsoulakis, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Siyong Kim, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond, VA, USA
Lawrence Kleinberg, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jonathan P.S. Knisely, M.D. Department of Radiation Medicine, North Shore LIJ Health
System, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
Surasak Komonchan, M.D. Department of Neurology, Prasat Neurological Institute,
Rajthevee, Thailand
Albert C. Koong, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Mark D. Krieger, M.D. Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
Khaled M. Krisht, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Marina Kushnirsky, B.A. Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of
Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
Young Kwok, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical
Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
Ilya Laufer, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, NY, USA
John Y.K. Lee, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA, USA
Contributors xiii

Gregory P. Lekovic, M.D., Ph.D. Good Samaritan Gama Knife Radiosurgery Center,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Yan Michael Li, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center,
Houston, TX, USA
Abrahim N. Lieberman, M.D. Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Clinics,
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Roman Lisčák, M.D. Third Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Department of Neurosurgery,
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Stereotactic and Radiation Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech
Republic
N. Scott Litofsky, M.D., F.A.A.N.S., F.A.C.S. Division of Neurological Surgery, Department
of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
Arthur K. Liu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado
Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
James K. Liu, M.D., F.A.A.N.S. Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
Departments of Neurological Surgery and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers
New Jersey Medical School Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
L. Dade Lunsford, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Lijun Ma, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, CA, USA
Salvador Manrique-Guzman, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Thomas Mattingly, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore,
MD, USA
Carlos A. Mattozo, M.D. Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, David Geffen
School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery,Pontificia Universidade
Catolica de Curitiba, Brazil
Cameron G. McDougall, M.D. Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological
Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Minesh P. Mehta, M.B.Ch.B., F.A.S.T.R.O. Department of Radiation Oncology, University
of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Thomas E. Merchant, D.O., Ph.D. Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
Fassil B. Mesfin, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical
University, Syracuse, NY, USA
René-O. Mirimanoff, M.D. Radiation Oncology Department, CHUV, University Hospital
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Clinique de La Source, Switzerland
Françoise Mornex, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier
Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
xiv Contributors

Gregory J.A. Murad, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville,

FL, USA
Erin S. Murphy, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Martin J. Murphy, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA, USA
Yildirim D. Mutaf, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Laura Negretti, M.D. Radiation Oncology Department, CHUV, University Hospital
Lausanne, Clinica Luganese, Ticino, Switzerland
Quynh–nhu Nguyen, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of
USC, USC Norris Cancer Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ajay Niranjan, M.D., M.B.A. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Novotný Jr., M.Sc., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Alfred Ogden, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical
Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
David J. Padalino, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University,
Syracuse, NY, USA
Jatinder Palta, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA, USA
Aditya S. Pandey, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Hospital and
Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Roy A. Patchell, M.D. National Brain Tumor Center, Capital Institute for Neurosciences,
Capital Health Medical Center-Hopewell, Pennington, NJ, USA
Shilpen Patel, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington Medical
Center, Seattle, WA, USA
Smruti K. Patel, B.A. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
Vaibhav Patil, M.D., M.S. Department of Information Technology, Commonwealth Care
Alliance, Boston, MA, USA
Arie Perry, M.D. Department of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Bruce E. Pollock, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery and Radiation Oncology, Mayo
Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
Neil C. Porter, M.D. Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Craig Rabb, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma College of
Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Contributors xv

Maryam Rahman, M.D., M.S. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida,

Gainesville, FL, USA
Pulak Ray, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Delaware Neurosurgical Group, Newark,
DE, USA
William F. Regine, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland
Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jean Régis, M.D. Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Aix-Marseille University—
Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
Ali R. Rezai, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery and Neuroscience, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, USA
David Roberge, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal—Notre Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
Nathan J. Robison, M.D. Children’s Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children’s
Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
C. Leland Rogers, M.D. GammaWest Cancer Services, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
William G. Rule, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Michael Rutenberg, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of
Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Arjun Sahgal, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Antonio A.F. De Salles, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical and Scientific Division, Hospital do Coração
Neuroscience, Hospital de Coração-Associação do Sanatório Sírio, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Raymond Sawaya, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Steven E. Schild, M.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Richard F. Schmidt, B.A. Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical
School, Newark, NJ, USA
Michael Schulder, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of
Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
Navesh K. Sharma, D.O., Ph.D. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Andrew B. Shaw, M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery and Neuromodulation, Wexner
Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Jason P. Sheehan, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, USA
David M. Shepard, Ph.D. Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
Andrew G. Shetter, M.D. Section of Functional Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Division of
Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA