Human Anatomy, 9e (Martini)

Chapter 3 Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology

3.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type?

A) Epithelial
B) Connective
C) Muscle
D) Neural
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

2) Which of the following is the study of tissues and groups of specialized cells and cell products
that work together to perform specific functions?
A) cytology
B) anatomy
C) histology
D) physiology
E) embryology
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3) In epithelial tissues ________.

A) cells that are damaged or lost at the surface cannot be replaced
B) cells obtain nutrients via blood vessels found in the tissues
C) extracellular fluid or fibers separate the individual cells
D) there is little or no intercellular space between the cells
E) the organelles and other cytoplasmic components are evenly distributed between the exposed
and attached surfaces of the epithelial cells
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

4) Which feature(s) provides great strength and stability to epithelia?

A) intercellular cement
B) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
C) cell junctions
D) physical interlocking
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5) Which epithelial feature, dominated by glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and a network of fine

microfilaments, functions in providing a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other
large molecules from the underlying connective tissue?
A) basolateral surface
B) apical surface
C) reticular lamina
D) intercellular connections
E) basal lamina
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

6) Which type of epithelium is found in portions of the respiratory tract and includes a mixture of
cell types whose nuclei are situated at varying distances from the surface?
A) simple squamous
B) simple cuboidal
C) stratified columnar
D) stratified cuboidal
E) pseudostratified columnar
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

7) Which of the following exclusively describes stratified epithelia?

A) They consist of a single cell layer.
B) They always have a free surface exposed to some inner chamber or passageway.
C) They are avascular.
D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

8) The presence of large numbers of microvilli on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells
indicates that ________.
A) it is an area where absorption and secretion occur
B) these cells provide energy for transport activities
C) these cells are probably located along portions of the respiratory tract from the lungs toward
the throat
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
9) Stereocilia are described by which of the following?
A) present in the epithelium of the female reproductive tract
B) very short microvilli
C) present on receptor cells of the inner ear
D) manufactured by the Golgi apparatus
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

10) Which type of epithelium is present where easy exchange of materials out of the blood is
most important, such as that in the lining of the heart and all blood vessels?
A) stratified squamous
B) stratified columnar
C) simple cuboidal
D) endothelium
E) simple columnar
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

11) Epithelial cells usually have ________.

A) a basal lamina
B) unevenly distributed organelles
C) apical and basolateral plasma membranes with different associated proteins and functions
D) an exposed apical surface
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

12) What type of epithelium makes up the endothelium of blood vessels?

A) simple squamous
B) stratified cuboidal
C) transitional
D) simple columnar
E) pseudostratified columnar
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
13) Eccrine or merocrine sweat glands are classified as which of the following?
A) simple alveolar
B) simple tubular
C) simple coiled tubular
D) simple branched alveolar
E) simple branched tubular
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

14) Which of the following terms means two or more layers?

A) pseudostratified
B) columnar
C) stratified
D) cuboidal
E) simple
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

15) What type of epithelium comprises the inner lining of the ventral body cavity?
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified epithelium
C) columnar epithelium
D) mesothelium
E) endothelium
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

16) Which type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder?
A) cuboidal
B) columnar
C) transitional
D) squamous
E) glandular
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
17) The epithelium lining the small intestine of the digestive tract is ________.
A) stratified squamous
B) simple columnar
C) stratified columnar
D) simple squamous
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

18) Hormones are examples of ________ secretion.

A) exocrine
B) endocrine
C) holocrine
D) merocrine
E) apocrine
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

19) What is the simplest multicellular exocrine gland called?

A) tubular glands
B) secretory sheet
C) acinar glands
D) alveolar glands
E) simple coiled tubular
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

20) Unicellular exocrine glands are ________.

A) mixed exocrine glands
B) connected to a surface by ducts
C) also called goblet cells
D) arranged in a secretory sheet
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
21) Exocrine glands, which secrete a watery solution that usually contains enzymes are called
________.
A) mucous glands
B) endocrine glands
C) serous glands
D) mixed exocrine glands
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

22) An epithelium always has an exposed surface, which is referred to as the ________ surface.
A) basal
B) lateral
C) apical
D) intercellular
E) basolateral
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

23) Epithelia ________.

A) provide sensation
B) control permeability
C) protect surfaces
D) produce specialized secretions
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

24) The ________ is a complex structure produced by the epithelium and cells of the underlying
connective tissue.
A) apical surface
B) basement membrane
C) ciliated epithelium
D) microvillus
E) stereocilium
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
25) ________ epithelia are quite rare; they are found lining the ducts of sweat glands and in
larger ducts of some other exocrine glands, such as mammary glands.
A) Simple cuboidal
B) Simple squamous
C) Stratified columnar
D) Stratified cuboidal
E) Stratified squamous
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

26) ________ epithelium is the most delicate type in the body.

A) Simple squamous
B) Simple cuboidal
C) Simple columnar
D) Pseudostratified columnar
E) Transitional
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

27) A transitional epithelium ________.

A) provides specialized protection along the pharynx, urethra, and anus
B) is a simple epithelium whose exposed epithelial cells typically possess cilia
C) is usually found where mechanical stresses are severe
D) provides limited protection and occurs in regions where absorption and secretion occur
E) has a special characteristic that allows for considerable distention of the epithelium without
damaging the component cells
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

28) Functions of connective tissue include ________.

A) establishing a structural framework for the body
B) transporting fluid and dissolved materials from one body region to another
C) protecting delicate organs
D) supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissue types
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
29) Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue?
A) mesenchymal cells
B) fibroblasts
C) eosinophils
D) mast cells
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

30) Loose connective tissue proper contains ________.

A) fixed and wandering cells
B) a tight framework
C) parallel, packed fibers
D) a solid ground substance
E) only elastic fibers
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

31) Most energy storage in the body is accomplished by which of the following cells?
A) adipocytes
B) melanocytes
C) macrophages
D) fibroblasts
E) lymphocytes
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

32) Small, mobile connective tissue cells that release chemicals (after injury or infection), which
stimulate the inflammatory response, are known as ________.
A) lymphocytes
B) adipocytes
C) microphages
D) free macrophages
E) mast cells
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
33) The type of cartilage that is specialized to resist compression is ________.
A) osteocartilage
B) fibrous cartilage
C) elastic cartilage
D) hyaline cartilage
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

34) Almost all bone surfaces are covered by ________.

A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
B) hyaline cartilage
C) loose connective tissue
D) lacunae
E) periosteum
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

35) Which of the following comprises a list of the most closely related connective tissue types?
A) adipose tissue, tendon, blood, lymph, bone
B) elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, skin
C) tendon, blood, lymph, reticular tissue
D) areolar tissue, tendon, bone, cartilage
E) reticular tissue, areolar, adipose tissue
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

36) Extracellular fibers and ________ comprise the matrix that surrounds the cells of a
connective tissue.
A) melanocytes
B) ground substance
C) fibroblasts
D) mesenchymal cells
E) neutrophils and eosinophils
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
37) The connective tissue type that has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a fluid
matrix is called ________.
A) cartilage
B) reticular tissue
C) blood
D) lymph
E) osseous tissue
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

38) Liposuction is a surgical procedure for reducing subcutaneous ________ tissue.

A) adipose
B) areolar connective
C) reticular
D) fibrous cartilage
E) dense regular connective
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

39) The relatively few ________ residing in connective tissues engulf damaged or dead cells or
invading pathogens, and release chemicals that attract many more cells to activate the immune
system.
A) mast cells
B) mesenchymal cells
C) fibrocytes
D) fixed macrophages
E) monocytes
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

40) When a local injury or infection damages or destroys connective tissues, the ________
respond by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, or other
connective tissue cells.
A) resting macrophages
B) fibrocytes
C) mucoid connective tissue
D) mesenchymal cells
E) mast cells
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
41) A(n) ________ consists of 3 fibrous protein subunits wound together like the strands of a
rope; it is flexible, yet very strong when pulled by either end.
A) collagen fiber
B) parenchyma
C) elastic fiber
D) reticular fiber
E) fibroblast
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

42) ________ is highly vascularized, very active biochemically, and its individual cells contain
numerous mitochondria, which gives the tissue a deep, rich color.
A) Elastic tissue
B) Reticular tissue
C) White adipose tissue
D) Areolar connective tissue
E) Brown adipose tissue
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

43) ________ tissue provides a supporting framework of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and
lymph nodes.
A) Dense irregular
B) Areolar
C) Adipose
D) Elastic
E) Reticular
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

44) Tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments are all composed of ________ connective tissue, which
contains tightly packed collagen fibers aligned parallel to applied forces.
A) dense regular
B) osseous
C) cartilaginous
D) reticular
E) areolar
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
45) Elastic connective tissues ________.
A) are comprised of collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, broad tendons
B) often contain significant numbers of elastic fibers as well as collagen fibers; and usually
connect cartilage-to-cartilage, bone to cartilage, or one bone to another bone
C) often underlie transitional epithelia; and are also found in the walls of blood vessels and
surrounding the respiratory passageways
D) are actually cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and
cartilage
E) form an interwoven meshwork and do not show any consistent pattern; it provides strength
and support to areas subjected to stresses from many directions
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

46) The fibers in ________ connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show
any consistent pattern, but maintains tensile strength in all directions.
A) reticular
B) dense irregular
C) periosteal
D) areolar
E) elastic
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

47) In cartilage, ________ growth occurs when stem cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium
divide repeatedly; the innermost cells differentiate into chondroblasts that produce new cartilage
matrix.
A) superficial
B) appositional
C) subserous
D) interstitial
E) synovial
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

48) Membranes are formed by the combination of which tissues?

A) epithelial and connective
B) epithelial and muscle
C) connective and muscle
D) muscle and neural
E) connective and neural
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

49) Mucous membranes ________.

A) line the ventral body cavities that are enclosed
B) keep connective tissue surfaces moist at all times
C) are lined by stratified epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions
D) line passageways that communicate with the exterior and form a barrier that resists the entry
of pathogens
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

50) Which of the following describes the major function of serous membranes?
A) Each consists of a mesothelium supported by dense connective tissue.
B) They line body cavities that communicate with the exterior.
C) They are loosely attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover.
D) Their parietal and visceral portions never touch.
E) Tiny amounts of transudate formed on the surfaces of the membrane reduce friction.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

51) Which of the following consists of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by an
incomplete superficial layer of squamous or cuboidal cells?
A) superficial fascia
B) cutaneous membrane
C) sarcolemma
D) mucous membrane
E) synovial membrane
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

52) Which membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry?

A) hypodermis
B) cutaneous membrane
C) deep fascia
D) subserous fascia
E) synovial membrane
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
53) A serous membrane consists of ________ (a simple squamous epithelium), which is
supported by areolar connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels.
A) lamina propria
B) basal lamina
C) deep fascia
D) mesothelium
E) sarcoplasm
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

54) The areolar tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the ________.
A) lamina lucida
B) transudate
C) lamina propria
D) mesothelium
E) lamina densa
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

55) The ________, a type of serous membrane, covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity.
A) peritoneum
B) pleura
C) parenchyma
D) pericardium
E) periosteum
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

56) Synovial membranes ________.

A) consist of extensive areas of areolar tissue bounded by a basal lamina
B) consist of a cellular layer complete with tight junctions between adjacent cells
C) cover the entire surface of the body and consist of a keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue that is reinforced by a layer of
dense connective tissue
D) are comprised of areolar tissue component called lamina propria and often lined by simple
epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions
E) contain "epithelial cells" derived from macrophages and fibroblasts of the adjacent connective
tissue
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
57) Connective tissues form the internal framework of the body that does which of the
following?
A) provides strength and stability
B) maintains the relative positions of internal organs
C) provides a route for the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

58) Loose connective tissue layers that lie between deep fascia and serous membranes, and line
body cavities is called ________.
A) superficial fascia
B) intermuscular fascia
C) subcutaneous layer
D) subserous fascia
E) hypodermis
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

59) The superficial fascia, also called the ________, is the layer of loose connective tissue that
separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs.
A) cutaneous fascia
B) dermis
C) intermuscular fascia
D) subcutaneous layer
E) reticular lamina
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

60) The layer of dense regular connective tissue that is bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments
is called ________.
A) deep fascia
B) subserous fascia
C) lamina propria
D) reticular lamina
E) subcutaneous layer
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
61) Muscle tissue located in layers around the digestive tract is called ________.
A) smooth muscle
B) crenulated muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) cardiac muscle
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

62) Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

A) consists of a branching network of interconnected muscle cells
B) individual cells have many, irregularly shaped nuclei
C) can replace cells and regenerate after an injury
D) contracts only with nervous stimulation
E) also called striated voluntary muscle
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

63) Skeletal muscle tissue contains large fibers that are ________.
A) multinucleated
B) involuntary
C) nonstriated
D) controlled by pacesetter cells
E) connected by intercalated discs
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

64) Features of smooth muscle tissue include ________.

A) its exclusive location in the heart
B) multiple nuclei (usually) for each cell
C) the presence of striations
D) intercalated discs and multinucleated
E) having a single nucleus (usually) for each cell and regenerative capabilities
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
65) Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to ________.
A) repair itself after damage
B) produce powerful contractions
C) transmit electrical impulses
D) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

66) In the neck and limbs, the deep fascia ________.

A) covers the external surface of the body
B) is a layer of loose connective tissue, which prevents the distortion of the delicate lining of
organs during movement of muscles or muscular organs
C) divides the muscles into compartments or groups that are different functionally and
developmentally
D) is lined by simple epithelium that performs absorptive or secretory functions
E) consists of areolar connective tissue, minimizing friction between opposing surfaces
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

67) Although skeletal muscle fibers cannot divide, new muscle fibers can be produced through
the division of ________, which are stem cells that persist in adult skeletal muscle.
A) pacemaker cells
B) myosatellite cells
C) osteocytes
D) periosteal stem cells
E) mast cells
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

68) Cardiac muscle fibers form extensive connections with one another at specialized regions
called ________.
A) sarcolemmae
B) intermuscular fascia
C) soma
D) intercalated discs
E) striations
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
69) Which of the following is a cell process that receives incoming electrical impulses?
A) soma
B) neuroglia
C) dendrites
D) nerve fibers
E) axon
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

70) Neural tissue is characterized by ________.

A) extremely long cells
B) cells with branching processes
C) neuroglia with varied functions
D) the ability to transmit electrical impulses
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

71) Neuroglia ________.

A) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue
B) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
C) provide nutrients to neurons
D) provide a supporting framework for neural tissue and provide nutrients to neurons
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

72) Cancer of smooth muscles is called ________.

A) fibrosarcomas
B) myelomas
C) leiomyosarcomas
D) rhabdomyosarcomas
E) adenocarcinomas
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
73) In aging women, the reduction in bone strength known as ________ is often caused by a
combination of inactivity, low dietary calcium intake, and diminished circulating estrogen levels.
A) arthritis
B) lipolysis
C) ossification
D) abrasion
E) osteoporosis
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

74) During embryological development, the actual embryo is formed by the ________.
A) inner cell mass
B) trophoblast
C) blastocyst
D) mesoderm
E) zygote
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

75) In the formation of a(n) ________, the connecting cells disappear, and the cells secrete into
blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluids.
A) loose connective tissue
B) endocrine gland
C) respiratory epithelium
D) exocrine gland
E) cutaneous membrane
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3.2 True/False Questions

1) Multiple layers of cells, found where mechanical stresses are severe, are called simple
cuboidal epithelium.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

2) Cuboidal cells resemble little hexagonal boxes, which appear square in typical sectional
views.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
3) Transitional cells are relatively tall, slender cells with nuclei in a narrow band close to the
basement membrane.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

4) In eccrine secretion, secretory products are released from gland cells through exocytosis onto
the surface of the cell.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5) Apocrine secretion occurs when gland cells shed the apical portion of their cytoplasm, which
has become packed with secretory vesicles.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

6) Endocrine secretions are discharged, often through a duct, onto the surface of the skin or on
the epithelial lining of an internal passageway that communicates with the exterior.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

7) Holocrine secretion occurs when a gland cell becomes packed with secretory products and
then bursts apart; the secretion is released and the cell dies.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

8) Exocrine secretory products (hormones) are released, via exocytosis from the gland cells, into
the fluid surrounding the cells.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

9) The supporting structural material of the epiglottis is elastic cartilage.

Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

10) Pads between the spinal vertebrae consist of the structural material called hyaline cartilage.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
11) The tough but somewhat flexible material that covers the articular surfaces within synovial
joints is hyaline cartilage.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

12) Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones and cartilage
are called tendons.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

13) Relatively long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells are characteristic of skeletal muscle
cells.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Outcome: 3.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
3.3 Essay Questions

1) What are the main structural differences between cartilage and bone?
Answer: In cartilage, blood vessels are absent and chondrocytes occupy lacunae; whereas, in
bone, vascularity is extensive and osteocytes reside in lacunae. Cartilage has a matrix that is
equivalent to a firm gel, consisting of chondroitin sulfates with proteins that form hydrated
proteoglycans, and collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers whose proportions vary according to the
type of cartilage. This combination gives cartilage the quality of limited strength in that it bends
easily but is difficult to break. In contrast, bone matrix is comprised of insoluble crystals of
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, and collagen fibers predominate. Together, these
constituents attribute the quality of strength and limited flexibility to bone, making it very
resistant to shattering. Other structural and characteristic differences are as follows: cartilage is
externally covered by a 2-layered perichondrium; bone is covered by a 2-layered periosteum;
cartilage has low oxygen demand and receives nutrients by diffusion through the matrix;
whereas, bone has high oxygen demand and receives nutrients by diffusion through the
cytoplasm and fluid in canaliculi.
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing

2) In what regions of the body could you expect to find dense irregular connective tissue, and
why would the tissue be located in these regions?
Answer: Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the dermis, where it gives the skin
strength and allows it to resist stresses from many directions. Except at joints, dense irregular
connective tissue also forms a sheath around cartilage (the perichondrium) and bone (the
periosteum), thus mainly providing external protection. It also forms a thick, fibrous capsule that
surrounds many internal organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen. And it encloses the
cavities of joints. Its function in these cases is to also provide strength and support to such areas
subjected to stresses from many directions.
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing

3) How does a ligament differ from a tendon?

Answer: Tendons are cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to
bones and cartilage. The collagen fibers run along the longitudinal axis of the tendon and transfer
the pull of the contracting muscle to the bone or cartilage. Although ligaments resemble tendons,
they function solely to connect cartilage-to-cartilage, bone to cartilage, and one bone to another.
Ligaments may contain significant numbers of elastic as well as collagen fibers, and therefore
can tolerate a modest amount of stretching. Elastic ligaments have a higher proportion of elastic
fibers and are found in such locations as along the spinal column, to stabilize the positions of the
vertebrae.
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing
4) Why is skeletal muscle called striated voluntary muscle?
Answer: Skeletal muscle fibers are called striated because they have a banded, or striated,
appearance due to the presence of actin and myosin filaments, which are arranged in parallel
within organized functional groups. Skeletal muscle is considered a voluntary muscle because
the fibers normally will not contract unless stimulated by nerves, and the nervous system
provides voluntary control over their activities.
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing

5) Why is the ability of cardiac muscle to repair itself more limited than that of smooth muscle?
Answer: Cardiac muscle fibers are incapable of dividing, and cardiac muscle tissue lacks
myosatellite cells, which divide to produce new muscle fibers. Thus, cardiac muscle tissue
damaged by injury or disease cannot regenerate. However, smooth muscles cells can divide, and
smooth muscle tissue can therefore regenerate after an injury.
Learning Outcome: 3.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing
3.4 Labeling Questions

Figure 3.1

Using the figure above, answer the following questions.

1) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label A.

A) Plasma membrane
B) Matrix
C) Lamina lucida
D) Peritoneum
E) Cytoplasm
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
2) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label B.
A) Mitochondrion
B) Nucleus
C) Lysosome
D) Golgi apparatus
E) Ribosome
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3) What type of epithelium comprises the lining of the peritoneal cavity, which is featured in the
top group of diagrams (Fig. 3.1a)?
A) Simple cuboidal
B) Simple columnar
C) Simple squamous
D) Transitional
E) Stratified cuboidal
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

4) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label D.

A) Columnar superficial cells
B) Squamous superficial cells
C) Basal cells
D) Cuboidal superficial cells
E) Hypodermal cells
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label E.

A) Stem cells
B) Fibrocytes
C) Unicellular gland cells
D) Melanocytes
E) Mast cells
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
6) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label F.
A) Lamina propria
B) Apical lamina
C) Adipose layer
D) Basement membrane
E) Mucous layer
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

7) What type of epithelium comprises the surface of the tongue, which is featured in the bottom
group of diagrams (Fig. 3.1 b)?
A) Stratified columnar
B) Pseudostratified columnar
C) Stratified cuboidal
D) Stratified squamous
E) Transitional
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
Figure 3.2

Using the figure above, identify the gland features and types.

8) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label A.

A) Gland cells
B) Stem cells
C) Fibrocytes
D) Mast cells
E) Monocytes
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

9) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label B.

A) Transudate
B) Mucin
C) Duct
D) Capsule
E) Fascia
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
10) Identify the gland indicated by Label C.
A) Simple alveolar
B) Simple tubuloalveolar
C) Simple acinar
D) Simple coiled tubular
E) Simple tubular
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

11) Identify the gland indicated by Label D.

A) Simple branched tubular
B) Simple branched alveolar
C) Simple acinar
D) Simple coiled alveolar
E) Simple coiled tubular
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

12) Identify the gland indicated by Label E.

A) Compound tubular
B) Simple branched tubular
C) Compound acinar
D) Simple acinar
E) Simple branched acinar
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

13) Identify the gland indicated by Label F.

A) Simple tubular
B) Simple alveolar
C) Compound tubular
D) Compound acinar
E) Simple coiled acinar
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
14) Identify the gland indicated by Label G.
A) Simple coiled acinar
B) Simple branched tubular
C) Simple tubular
D) Simple branched alveolar
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

15) Identify the gland indicated by Label H.

A) Compound tubular
B) Compound coiled acinar
C) Compound tubuloalveolar
D) Compound branched tubular
E) Compound alveolar
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

16) Identify the gland indicated by Label I.

A) Compound branched acinar
B) Compound branched tubular
C) Compound alveolar
D) Compound tubuloalveolar
E) Compound coiled tubular
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

17) Identify the gland indicated by Label J.

A) Compound tubuloalveolar
B) Compound branched alveolar
C) Compound coiled tubular
D) Compound acinar
E) Compound coiled alveolar
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
Figure 3.3

Using the figure above, answer the following questions.

18) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label E.

A) Fibrocytes
B) Chondrocytes
C) Melanocytes
D) Osteocytes
E) Monocytes
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
19) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label C.
A) Reticular fibers
B) Ground substance
C) Elastic fibers
D) Striated muscle
E) Collagen fibers
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

20) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label B.

A) Mast cell
B) Mesenchymal cell
C) Ribosome
D) Fixed cell
E) Phagocytic cell
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

21) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label A.

A) Collagen fibers
B) Microfilaments
C) Reticular fibers
D) Elastic fibers
E) Neurofilaments
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

22) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label G.

A) Lymphocytes
B) Plasmocytes
C) Adipocytes
D) Monocytes
E) Phagocytes
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
23) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label H.
A) Elastic fibers
B) Microtubules
C) Intermediate fibers
D) Microfilaments
E) Reticular fibers
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

Figure 3.4

24) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label B.

A) Compact bone
B) Lamellae
C) Perichondrium
D) Canaliculi
E) Spongy bone
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
25) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label C.
A) Lamellae
B) Lacunae
C) Osteocytes
D) Canaliculi
E) Reticulum
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

26) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label F.

A) Trabeculae
B) Periosteum
C) Basal lamina
D) Perichondrium
E) Peritoneum
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

27) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label G.

A) Trabeculae
B) Spongy bone
C) Cutaneous membrane
D) Compact bone
E) Perichondrium
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

28) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label H.

A) Satellite cell
B) Volkmann's canal
C) Fasciculus
D) Osteon
E) CAM
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
29) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label I.
A) Central canal
B) Lacunae
C) Canaliculi
D) Soma
E) Dendritic processes
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

30) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label J.

A) Soma
B) Chondrocytes
C) Plasmocytes
D) Blastocysts
E) Osteocytes
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

31) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label K.

A) Cytoplasm
B) Trabeculae
C) Matrix
D) Sarcoplasm
E) Spicules
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

32) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label L.

A) Central canal
B) Lacuna
C) Lymphatic duct
D) Canaliculus
E) Serous duct
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding
33) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label N.
A) Basal layer
B) Subcutaneous layer
C) Lamina lucida
D) Apical layer
E) Fibrous layer
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding

34) Identify the specific structure indicated by Label O.

A) Deep fascia
B) Cellular layer
C) Synovial layer
D) Lamina densa
E) Basal layer
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 3.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding