188

LESSON 8.1 AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION

ACCUMULATION OF RATE FUNCTIONS

Discovering the Formula for the Average Value of a Function. y

The average value of a function represents its average “height.” f(x)

1. Draw a horizontal segment from x = a to x = b in the figure at

right which could represent the average height of f ( x ) on [a, b] . x
x=a x=b
2. Find the area of the rectangle formed.

A= height

width

f ( x) dx = ( b − a ) • height
b
3. a
Now solve for the average height.

Average Value of a Function:

"area" of region
b

Average value of f ( x) on [a, b] = f ( c ) =

f avg =
 a
f ( x) dx or
1

b
f ( x) dx
b−a a
b−a
"width" of region

f ( x) must be continuous on [a, b].

Example 4: Find the average value of f ( x ) = x 3 − x on the  y

interval [0, 2] without using a calculator. 



 x
−  

Example 5: Use your calculator to find the value of c in the interval [0, 2] where f ( c ) = the
average value found in Example 4.
 189
Accumulation of “Rate Functions”:
In Lesson 4.1 you interpreted rate function models. We can R(t) A B

now revisit that topic and include the concept of accumulation.
Rate of 

Examples: rainfall 

The graph at right models the rate of rainfall in in ( in / hr )
inches per hour from midnight until 6:00 A.M.  t
C
during a tropical rainstorm.
     
time (in hrs after midnight)

6. Write a complete sentence to explain what Point A on the graph represents. Include numbers
and units in your answer to this Example and Examples 8, 10, and 12.

7. What is the slope of the graph between Points B and C?

8. Write a complete sentence to explain the meaning of your answer to Example 7.

5
9. Find  3
R (t ) dt.

10. Write a complete sentence to explain the meaning of your answer to Example 9.

6
11. Approximate the value of  0
R(t ) dt using geometrical regions. Show computations.

12. Write a complete sentence to explain the meaning of your answer to Example 11.

ASSIGNMENT 8.1

For Problems 1-5, find the average value of each function on the given interval.
1
1. f ( x) = x 3 on [0, 2] No calculator. 2. g (t ) = on [2,5] No calculator.
(t − 1) 2

t 2 −1
3. f ( y) = 2 y − y on [1, 4] No calculator. 4. f (t ) = on .4,3.2 Use a calculator.
t +1
5. h( x) = .5x on  −2,1 Use a calculator.

6. Find the exact x-value where the function in Problem 1 equals its average value.
7. Use a calculator to solve for c for the equation h(c) = havg in Problem 5. Your answer should be
expressed to 3 or more decimal place accuracy.
 190
8. The graph of a function f is shown in the figure at right.  y
7
y = f(x)


a. Evaluate f ( x) dx .
1

b. Determine the average value of the function on the interval [1, 7] . 
c. Determine the answers to Parts a. and b. if the graph is shifted x
two units upward.       

 w(t)
9. The graph at the right represents Rate of

the rate of flow of irrigation water water

(in thousands of gallons/hour) from flow (in A
a reservoir during a 24 hour period. thousands 
t
of gal/hr)
     
Time (in hours)
a. Write a sentence telling what Point A represents. (t = 0 at midnight)
b. Find the shaded area. Show computations.
c. Write a sentence telling what the shaded area represents. Include numbers and units.
d. Set up an integral which represents the total amount of water released from the reservoir
during the day shown.
e. Find the value of the integral in Part d.
f. Find the average rate of water flow during the 24 hours. Label units.

10. The graph at the right models the birth rate in a Utah city.  b(t)
a. Tell what Point A represents. birth 
6 A
b. Approximate  2
b(t ) dt using geometrical rate
(thousands 


shapes. Show computations. per year)  t

c. Tell what your answer to Part b. represents.
      
d. When was the birth rate the lowest, and time ( in years )
what was the birth rate at that time? (t = 0 at the beginning of 1990 )

11. The graph at the right represents the density of hikers on a trail.
D(x)

a. Tell what Point A represents. Density 
3
A
b.  0
D ( x) dx = 110 . Write a sentence with (hikers
per mile) 


numbers and units stating what this represents. 

c. If D(3) = −6 , use local linearization to approximate x
     
the density of hikers 3.1 miles from the trailhead.
distance from trailhead (in miles)

12. The graph at right models velocity. v(t)


a. Tell what Point B represents. velocity C

b. Tell what the slope between B and C represents. in A

c. What is the velocity at 4:30 pm? (mi/hr) B

d. What is the acceleration at 4:30 pm? t
e. What distance is traveled between noon and 5:00 pm?     
f. What is the average velocity between noon and 5:00 pm? time (hrs after noon)
 191

13. The graph at right models acceleration

a. What is the acceleration at t = 2 sec? y

2
b. When is the acceleration 10 ft/sec ? acc.

c. What is the minimum acceleration? in
2 
d. If the initial velocity is zero, what is the ( ft / sec ) x
velocity at t = 6 sec?       
e. If the initial velocity is 20 ft/sec, what is −

the velocity at t = 6 sec? time (in sec)

f. If the initial velocity is 20 ft/sec, what is
the velocity at t = 7 sec?

14. The rate at which oil is leaking from an old storage tank is modeled by the function
L ( t ) = 5.2e0.3t − 4t where t is measured in hours after midnight. At the same time oil is being
 3t 2 + 5 
added to the tank at the rate of A ( t ) = 56sin   where both functions are measured in
 6 
liters per hour. At midnight there were 380 liters of oil in the tank.
a. How much oil has leaked from the tank between midnight and 6 am?
b. How much oil is left in the tank at 6 am?

For Problems 15 and 16, sketch graphs and approximate the values of the intervals using
a. a Midpoint Riemann Sum. b. a Trapezoidal approximation
where n = the number of equal subdivisions.
8 12
15.  0
x 3 dx 16.  0
− x dx
n=4 n=3

17. Two men in a search party begin walking from Search Headquarters at the same time. One
man walks North at a rate of 4 ft/sec, while the other man walks West at a rate of 3 ft/sec.
After both men have walked for one minute, find
a. the distance separating the two men.
b. the rate at which the distance between the two men is changing.

f ( x)
18. Use the graph of f  at right to sketch
 y
a. a graph of f  .

b. a graph of f which passes through x
the origin of the coordinate plane. − −  
−
Use a separate coordinate plane for each
−
graph. 500 yd. fence
 192
LESSON 8.2 AREA BETWEEN CURVES

b
 a
f ( x ) dx produces a value (“signed area”) which may be positive, negative, or zero.
However, if you are asked to find an actual area, that area cannot be negative.

Area of a Region Between Two Curves f(x)

( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) dx if
b
A= f ( x ) and g ( x ) are
a
g(x)
continuous and f ( x )  g ( x ) on [a, b].

b x=a x=b
For functions of x , A =  (top curve − bottom curve) dx .
a
y
b 
For functions of y , A =  (right curve − left curve) dy .
a

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded by 

y = x 2 + 2, y = x, x = 0, and x = 1.


x


Sometimes you have to find where two curves intersect to determine “boundaries” for your
region(s). These intersections will provide you with limits of integration for your integral(s). You
must show an equation set up, even when using a calculator to find the intersections.

Example 2: (Functions of y)  y
Find the area of the region bounded by x = y 2 − 3 and y = x + 1.
x
−

−


y

x
Example 3: Set up integrals for the total area − 
of the regions located between the two curves −
as shown. You may use a calculator. −
f ( x) = x 3 − x 2 and g ( x) = − x 2 + 4.1x −
−
−
−
 193
ASSIGNMENT 8.2

For Problems 1 and 2, set up integrals that could be used to find the areas of the shaded regions. Do
not integrate. Show the equation(s) used to find the limits of integration for Problem 2 without
using a calculator. y
2 x
f ( x) = x 3 f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x
f(x)
g(x) f(x)
1. 2.
g ( x) = − x 2 + 2 g ( x) = − x
(-1,1) (1,1)

1
A=  −1
______

For Problems 3 and 4, show equations used to find the limits of integration, show integral set ups
for the areas of the shaded regions, and then find the areas. y
y
3. No calculator. 4. Use a calculator.
f ( x) = 3 f ( x) = 2 x − x 2
x
f(x)
g ( x) = 4 x − x 2 g ( x) = − 3 x − 1
x

For Problems 5 and 6, sketch regions bounded by the graphs of the given equations, show equations
used to find the limits of integration, show integral set ups, and find the areas.
5. Use a calculator. 6. No calculator. Hint: Write as
y = 3t functions of y . (Isolate x )
y = t+2 x = y2 − 3 y=− x
1
2

7. a. Sketch graphs of y = −4 x and y = − x 3 in one coordinate plane.

b. Explain why the area bounded between the curves cannot be written as a single
integral using -2 and 2 as limits of integration.
c. Use the symmetry of the graphs to write a single integral for the area.

y
8. Use a calculator to find the shaded area between the curves f(x)
f ( x ) = 2 sin x and g ( x ) = −3cos x on [0,  ] as shown
at right. Show an integral set up and express your final x
answer to 3 or more decimal place accuracy. 
Make sure your calculator is in radian mode.

9. Solve the differential equation y = −3 x 2 y 2 to find the particular solution passing

through the point (1,9 ) . Write your answer in the form y = f ( x ) .
 194
10. Which of these differential equations corresponds
to the slope field shown? 
dy dy
A. = − sin x B. = cos x + 1
dx dx
− 
dy dy
C. = sin x D. = − cos x − 1 −
dx dx

11. Find:
a. the instantaneous rate of change of f ( x) = −2 x + ln x at x = 1 and at x = 2 .
b. the average rate of change of f ( x) = −2x + ln x on the interval [1, 2] .

f (b) − f (a)
12. Find the value of c where f (c) = , for f ( x) = −2x + ln x on [1, 2] .
b−a
13. Find the average value of f ( x) = −2x + ln x on [1, 2] .

14. Without using a calculator, find the maximum value of f ( x) = −2x + ln x .

15. Use the equation of a tangent line at x = 1 to approximate f (.9 ) on the graph of
f ( x) = −2x + ln x .
4
16. Approximate 1
( −2 x + ln x) dx by using a Trapezoidal approximation with 3 equal
subdivisions.

y = g ( x)
17. The graph at the right is of y = g ( x ) consisting of two

semicircles and a segment as shown. If f ( x ) =  g ( t ) dt

x

−1

find each of the following:

a. an expression for f  ( x ) . − 

b. f  ( −1) .
c. the interval(s) on which f is increasing. Justify.
d. the x-value where f has a local maximum. Justify.
e. the x-value(s) where f  ( x ) is undefined. Explain.
f. the x-values of the point(s) of inflection of f. Justify.
g. the exact value of f ( 6 ) .
h. the exact value of f ( −5) .

18. If h ( x ) = e3 x −4
and h ( 7 ) = 9 , find h ( 3 ) .
2
 195

19. A pasture is bounded by a river and two fences as 250

shown in the figure. Approximate the total square yd
yards of pasture area using pasture
fence
a. a Right Riemann sum using five equal subdivisions.
b. a Trapezoidal approximation with four unequal widths 500 yd fence
of 50, 100, 150, and 200 yards in that order.

x 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

y 250 210 190 190 170 120 80 60 60 40 0

Differentiate the functions in Problems 20 and 21.

3x3 − x + 1
( )
10
20. y= 21. f ( x) = x − x
x2

Antidifferentiate in Problems 22-24.

( x − 2) 2 x
22. y = 23. f ( x) = x( x 2 + 3)5 24. g  ( x ) =
x 4 − 3x 2

Find the indicated limits for Problems 25 and 26.

x−2 x−2
25. lim− 26. lim
x→ 2 x−2 x→ 2 x−2

d x
27. Find 
dx x3
cos(2t + 1) dt without integrating.

LESSON 8.3 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS WITH KNOWN CROSS SECTIONS

In Geometry, you learned formulas for finding volumes of common three-dimensional solids
(cubes, spheres, cones, rectangular prisms, and perhaps others).

Calculus allows us to find volumes of solids whose bases are two-dimensional regions within an x-
y coordinate system, and whose heights are formed by cross sections (most often squares,
rectangles, semicircles, or triangles) which essentially “stick out from the base” to form the third
dimension of the object.

Area formulas for common cross sections:

Square Rectangle Semicircle Triangle Equilateral Triangle
3
A = s2 A = bh A =  r2
1
A = bh
1
A=
4
s2
2 2
 196
Volumes of Solids with Known Cross Sections
For cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis:
b
V =  A dx , where A is a function of x and gives the area of a representative cross section.
a

For cross sections perpendicular to the y-axis:

b
V =  A dy , where A is a function of y .
a

Examples: y

1. Find the volume of the solid whose base is a triangle bounded by
y = −2 x + 2, x = 0, and y = 0 , and whose cross sections are
squares which are perpendicular to the x-axis. 
b
V =  A dx
a
x
1
V =  s 2 dx = 
0

y

2. Set up (but do not integrate) integrals for the volumes y = −2 x + 2
of the solids with the same base as in Example 1, but
whose cross sections are: 

1
a. Semicircles perpendicular b. Rectangles of height which
4 x
to the x-axis. are perpendicular to the y-axis. 

3. Set up (but do not integrate) an integral for the volume of a solid whose base is
bounded by y = − x 2 + 2 and y = x and whose cross sections are squares
perpendicular to the x-axis.

 y
4. Set up integrals for the volumes of the solids whose base
is the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 and whose cross sections are:
x
a. Equilateral triangles b. Rectangles whose heights are
− 
perpendicular to the three times their bases
y-axis. and whose bases are
perpendicular to the y-axis.
−
500 yd. fence
 197
ASSIGNMENT 8.3

For Problems 1 and 2 set up (but do not integrate) integrals for evaluating the volumes of the solids
formed by the given cross sections.
1. Base region bounded by y = x 2 , 2. Base region bounded by y = − x 2 + x
y = 0, and x = 1 as shown. and y = 0 as shown.
y y




x x



a. Squares a. Squares
b. Semicircles b. Equilateral triangles
c. Rectangles with height 2 c. Rectangles whose heights are
half of their bases

For Problems 3 and 4 sketch a graph of the base region and set up (but do not integrate) integrals for
evaluating the volumes of the solids formed by the given cross sections.
3. Base region is the circle 4. Base region bounded by y = 2 − x
x2 + y2 = 4 and y = x 2
a. Squares perpendicular to the a. Squares perpendicular to the
y-axis x-axis
b. Semicircles perpendicular to b. Right triangles perpendicular to
the y-axis. the x-axis. The base of the
triangle sits in the region and the
height = 3 times the base.

For Problems 5 and 6 sketch a graph of the base region and find the volumes of the solids formed
by the given cross sections.
5. Find the volume of a solid whose base is bounded by y = x , y = 0, and x = 4 , and whose
cross sections are squares perpendicular to the x-axis.
6. Find the volume of a solid whose base is bounded by y = 2 x, y = 0, and x = 3, and whose
cross sections are semicircles perpendicular to the x-axis.
For Problems 7 and 8, sketch the regions bounded by the given equations, and find the areas of the
regions. Show your integral set ups, and do not use a calculator.
7. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3x 8. f ( y) = y 2 − 2 y
g ( x) = 2 g ( y) = 2 − y
 198
9. Without using a calculator, find the volume of the solid formed by square cross sections
perpendicular to the y-axis, whose base is the region bounded by xy = 4, x = 0,
y = 1, and y = 4 .

10. Find the average value of f ( x ) = xe x on the interval 0, 2 without using a calculator.
2

Use a calculator for Problems 11 and 12.

11. Find the average (mean) value of f ( x) = log ( x 2 + 5 ) on [1, 4].
12. Find the x-value on the interval [1, 4] which produces the average value in Problem 11.

Differentiate the functions in Problems 13 and 14.

2 2t − 1
13. g ( y ) = y 3 (2 y − 1) 3 14. h(t ) =
3t 2 + 5
Antidifferentiate in Problems 15 and 16.

4y t
15. g ( y ) = 16. h(t ) = (Be careful on this one.)
y +3
2
t +3

Find the indicated limits for Problems 17 and 18.

x2 + x − 2 x + 2 −1
17. lim 18. lim
x→ 1 x −1 x → −1 x +1
 x 2 − 3, x 1

 4, x =1 a. lim f ( x ) =
x→ 1
19. For f ( x ) = 
 − 2 x, 1 x  2 b. lim f ( x ) =
x→ 2
 3
 − x + 8, x2

20. Use the graph of y = f  ( x ) shown at the right to sketch: y = f ( x)

a. a graph of f  ( x ) . y

b. a graph of f ( x ) that is continuous on the interval  −2,5 and x
which contains the point ( 2,1) . −  

−

21. Find the equation of a tangent line to x 2 + 3 yx = y 2 + 3 at (1, 2).

22. Sketch a graph of a function f ( x) having the following characteristics:

f is continuous. f (−2) = f (0) = 0 .
f (0) is undefined. f ( x )  0 for x  −1 and for x  0 . f ( x )  0 on ( −1, 0) .
f ( x )  0 for x  0, and f ( x )  0 for x  0 .
 199
LESSON 8.4 VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION:
DISCS AND WASHERS

If, for a given base, you create semicircular cross sections “sticking toward you” and “away from
you,” you have created circular cross sections. Since the formula for the area of a circle is A =  r 2
, the formula for a volume with circular cross sections is:
b b y
V =   r 2 dx or V =   r 2 dx perpendicular to x-axis
a a 
b
V =   r 2 dy perpendicular to y-axis
a

Warm-up Example: Use the region bounded by y = x 2 , y = − x 2 , x

x = 0 and x = 1 as shown in the graph at right to create a volume 
by using circular cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis.

−

Circular cross sections can also be formed by revolving very thin (essentially no width) rectangles
about an axis of revolution. These circular cross sections are more commonly called discs.
A volume formed by revolving a region about a line that does not pass through the interior of the
region is called a solid of revolution. The line is called the axis of revolution.
If a region is bounded by the axis of revolution, the volume of the solid of revolution is a sum of the
volumes of essentially an infinite number of cylindrical discs.

b
Disc Formula: V =   r 2 (dx or dy )
a

Example 1: Set up an integral for the volume of y

the solid formed by revolving the region bounded 
by y = x 2 , y = 0, and x = 1 about the x-axis.

x


Example 2: Find the volume of the solid formed by  y

revolving the region in Quadrant I bounded by
y = x 2 , x = 0, and y = 4 about the y-axis. 

x
− 
 200
When a region is revolved about a line which is not one of its boundaries, its volume is formed from
a sum of volumes of washers (at least some of the discs have holes in them).

b
Washer Formula: V =   ( R 2 − r 2 ) (dx or dy )
a

R = Outer radius (from the axis of revolution)

r = Inner radius (from the axis of revolution)

Example 3: Set up integrals for the volumes of the solids formed by revolving the region bounded
by y = − x 2 + x and y = 0

a. about the x-axis b. about y = −1 c. about y = 2

(Discs) (Washers) (Washers)
y
y 
  y
x 
x 
  
 R 
− r 
  x
−  


Example 4: Set up integrals for the volumes of the solids formed by revolving the region bounded
by y = x 2 and y = x + 2
a. about the x-axis b. about the line y = 4
 y  y

 

x x
−   −  
 201
ASSIGNMENT 8.4
For Problems 1-4, use discs or washers to set up (but not integrate) integrals for finding volumes of
the solids described. Re-sketch each figure on your assignment sheet, show at least one
representative rectangle, and label the radii for each figure.


y
1. Region bounded by 2. Region bounded by
y = 1 − x 2 and y = 0 
y y = 4 x + 2, y = 0,
and x = 2 x
x
a. revolved about a. revolved about − 
the x-axis (Discs) −  the x-axis (Discs)
b. revolved about b. revolved about
y = −1 (Washers) − y = 2 (Washers)

1
3. Region bounded by y 4. Region bounded by y = ,
x2
y = x 2 and y = 2 x x = 0, y = 1, and y = 4
a. revolved about a. revolved about
the x-axis (Washers) the y-axis (Discs)

b. revolved about b. revolved about

y = 5 (Washers) x = −1 (Washers)
x Hint: You must rewrite
1
y = 2 as a function of y.
x

For Problems 5-7, set up (but do not integrate) integrals for finding the volumes of the solids
described. Sketch each region and show at least one representative rectangle.

5. Region bounded by 6. Region bounded by

1
y = , y = 0, x = 1, and x = 4 y = x , x = 0, and y = 2
x
a. revolved about the x-axis a. revolved about the y-axis
b. revolved about y = −3 b. revolved about x = −2
c. revolved about y = 5 c. revolved about x = 4

7. Region bounded by
y = x 2 − 2 and y = −1
a. revolved about the x-axis
b. revolved about y = 1

8. Without using a calculator, find the volume of the solid formed when the region bounded by
y = 3 x , x = 0, and y = 2 is revolved about:
a. the x-axis b. the y-axis
 202
9. Sketch the region, and use a calculator to find the volumes of the solids formed when the
region bounded by f ( x ) = 2 x −1 and g ( x ) = 2 − x 2 is revolved about:
a. the x-axis b. y = 3
10. Sketch the region, and set up integrals for the volumes of the solids formed by the given cross
sections. The base region is bounded by f ( x) = x , y = 0 , x = −2 ,
and x = 3 .
a. squares perpendicular to the b. semicircles perpendicular to
x-axis x-axis
11. f ( x) = 2 x − x . Without using a calculator, find:
a. the domain of f ( x).
b. the x-intercept(s) for the graph of f ( x).
c. the maximum and minimum function values of f ( x).
d. the range of f ( x).

12. Show that the graph of f ( x) = 2 x − x has no points of inflection by building an f  number
line which indicates the concavity for the graph of f.
13. Use the results from Problems 11 and 12 to sketch a graph of f ( x) = 2 x − x without using a
calculator.
4
14. Find  0
(2 x − x) dx without using a calculator.

15. Find the average value of the function f ( x) = 2 x − x on [0, 4] .

16. Use a calculator to find the value of c where f (c) = f avg for Problem 15.

17. Find the instantaneous rate of change of f ( x ) = 2 x − x at x = 2 .

18. Find the average rate of change of f ( x) = 2 x − x on 0, 4 .

19. Is f ( x) = 2 x − x continuous on [0, 4] and differentiable on (0, 4)?

20. If your answer to Problem 19 was yes, then the MVT guarantees that
f ( b) − f ( a )
f (c) = (the answer to Problem 18) for some c in (0, 4). Find c.
b−a
If your answer to Problem 19 was no, then do it again.

21. A region in Quadrant 1 is enclosed by the graphs of y = x, y = cos x, and the

y-axis. Sketch the region, draw a representative rectangle, set up an integral, and find the
volume of the solid for each revolution described. Use a calculator, and make sure that it is
radian mode.
a. about the x-axis. b. about y = −1
1
22. Find the point(s) where the line(s) tangent to the graph of f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 + x + 3 is/are
3
parallel to the graph of y − x = 5 .
 203
ASSIGNMENT 8.5 REVIEW

For Problems 1-5, use the graph and table at the right. D(x)

1. Show an integral set up for the average 
density of hikers between mile 1 and mile 5.

2. Use a Midpoint Riemann Sum with n = 2 Density

to approximate this same average density. (hikers/mile)

3. Use four equal width trapezoids to approximate x
this average density on the same interval.      
mileage from trail head (x)
4. Estimate where on the trail the density of
hikers is equal to this same average density. x 1 2 3 4 5
5. Write a complete sentence using numbers and D 40 35 30 25 20
5
units to tell what 
1
D( x) dx represents.

6. Set up (but do not integrate) an integral which could be used to find the area bounded by the
graphs of f ( x ) = − x 2 + 1 and g ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x − 3. Show the equation(s) used to find the
limits of integration.

7. Sketch the region bounded by y = x − 2, x = 6, and y = 0 , and find the area of the region.

8. Using the region from Problem 7 as the base, find the volume of the solid formed by using
square cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis.

9. Set up (but do not integrate) integrals which could be used to find volumes of the following
solids.
a. Solid formed by revolving the region from Problem 7 about the x-axis.
b. Solid formed by revolving the region from Problem 7 about the line y = 4.

1
10. The base of a solid is the region bounded by y = , x = 1, x = 4, and y = −3 . The solid is
x
formed by using rectangular cross sections whose bases lie in the region and are perpendicular
to the x-axis, and whose heights are three times their bases. Set up an integral which
represents the volume of the solid, and then use a calculator to find the volume of the solid.

11. v(t ) = − t + 4 represents the velocity equation of an object moving along a vertical path for
t  −4. Let a(t ) represent the acceleration and y (t ) represent the position of the object at
time t . Find:
a. an equation for the acceleration of the object at time t. a (t ) =
b. an equation for the position of the object at time t if y ( 0 ) = − 10 . y (t ) =
3
c. y (5) d. v(5) e. a (5)
f. the speed of the object at time t =5.
 204
t −1
12. v(t ) = is the velocity equation for an object moving along a horizontal path when t  0 .
t2 +1
Use a calculator to find:
a. the velocity of the object at t = 2.3
b. the acceleration of the object at t = 2.3
c. the displacement of the object from t = 0 to t = 3 . Show integral set ups for
d. the total distance traveled by the object from t = 0 to t = 3 . Parts c. and d.

13. If the graph of f ( x ) is concave upward on ( a , b) , does a Trapezoidal approximation give a

b
value larger or smaller than the actual value of  a
f ( x ) dx ?
14. If f ( x )  0 on ( a , b) , does a Trapezoidal approximation give a value larger or smaller than
b
the actual value of  a
f ( x ) dx ?
15. If f ( x ) = 0 on ( a , b) , what must be true about the value found using a Trapezoidal
b
approximation and the actual value of  a
f ( x ) dx ?

For Problems 16-18, list the x-locations of the discontinuities for each function. Label each
discontinuity as removable or non-removable.

 x−2
x+2 t  , x2
16. g ( x) = 17. h(t ) = 18. y =  x 2 + x − 6
x + x−6
2
t −9
2

0 , x=2

19. Fill in the blank with a number to make 20. Find the values of a and b which
the function continuous at x = 2 . make the function continuous.
 x−2  1 x + b ,
 , x2 x  − 2 or x  1
y =  x2 + x − 6 f ( x) =  2
 ________, x = 2  ax 2 , −2  x 1

21. Find the values of a and b which make


ax − bx + 7, x  1
3

g ( x) =  continuous and differentiable.

−bx + 3bx , x  1

2

3 d2y
22. If y = − 2 x , find .
x dx 2

dy
23. If 3x 2 − 2 y 2 = 4 xy + 20, find .
dx
24. Find the point(s) at which the graph from Problem 23 has vertical tangents.
25. Find an equation of the line tangent to the graph from Problem 23 at the point − ( 20
3
, )
0 .
 205
UNIT 8 SUMMARY

( f ( y) − g ( y) ) dy
b
( f ( x) − g ( x) ) dx
b
Area Between Two Curves: A =  or A=
a a
top curve – bottom curve right curve – left curve

b
Volumes with Known Cross Sections: V =  A dx
a

A = area of cross section

b
Volumes of Revolution (Discs): V =   r 2 dx
a

(R − r 2 ) dx
b
Volumes of Revolution (Washers): V = 2
a

Average Value of a Function: f avg =

 a
f ( x) dx
b−a
 206
LIST OF DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

Power Rule General Power Rule

u = n u n −1 u  (where u is a function of x)
d n −1 d n
x = nx
n
dx dx

Chain Rule
f ( g ( x )) = f  ( g ( x )) g ( x )
d
dx

t bt  − tb
Product Rule: d
( f • s) = fs + sf  Quotient Rule:
d
=
dx dx b b2

Exponential and Logarithmic Rules

eu = eu u 
d d
ex = ex
dx dx

a u = a u u  ln a
d d
a x = a x ln a
dx dx
d 1 d u
ln x = ln u =
dx x dx u
d 1 d u
ln x = ln u =
dx x dx u
d 1 d u
log a x = log a u =
dx x ln a dx u ln a

Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Rules

sin u = cos u u 
d d
sin x = cos x
dx dx

cos u = − sin u u 
d d
cos x = − sin x
dx dx

tan u = sec2 u u
d d
tan x = sec2 x
dx dx

cot u = − csc2 u u 
d d
cot x = − csc2 x
dx dx

sec u = sec u tan u u 

d d
sec x = sec x tan x
dx dx

csc u = − csc u cot u u 

d d
csc x = − csc x cot x
dx dx
d 1 d u
arcsin x = arcsin u =
dx
1 − x2 dx
1 − u2
d −1 d −u 
arccos x = arccos u =
dx
1− x 2 dx
1 − u2
d 1 d u
arctan x = arctan u =
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + u2
 207
LIST OF INTEGRATION FORMULAS
Power Rule for Integrals General (u) Forms (Where u is a function of x)
x n +1 u n +1
 x dx = + C , n  −1  u u dx = + C , n  −1
n n

n +1 n +1
Reverse Chain Rule
 f  ( g ( x ) ) g  ( x ) dx = f ( g ( x ) ) + C
Exponential and Logarithmic Integrals

 e dx = e +C e u dx = eu + C
x x u

ax au
 a dx = +C  a u dx = +C
x u

ln a ln a
1 u
 x dx = ln x + C  u dx = ln u + C
Trigonometric Integrals

 cos x dx = sin x + C  cos u udx = sin u + C

 sin x dx = − cos x + C  sin u udx = − cos u + C
 sec x dx = tan x + C  sec u udx = tan u + C
2 2

 csc x dx = − cot x + C  csc u udx = − cot u + C

2 2

 sec x tan x dx = sec x + C  sec u tan u udx = sec u + C

 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C  csc u cot u u dx = − csc u + C
 tan x dx = − ln cos x + C  tan u udx = − ln cos u + C
 cot x dx = ln sin x + C  cot u udx = ln sin u + C
 tan x dx =  (sec2 x − 1) dx = tan x − x + C  tan u udx = tan u − x + C
2 2

Integrals Involving Inverse Trig Functions

u
1
 1 − u2
dx = arcsin u + C
 1 − x2
dx = arcsin x + C
u u
 a −u 2 2
dx = arcsin
a
+C

u
1 1+ u 2
dx = arctan u + C
 1 + x 2 dx = arctan x + C u 1 u
a 2
+u 2
dx = arctan + C
a a