Section 12

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 Electrostatics

Electrostatics, or electricity at
rest, involves electric charges, the
forces between them, and their
behavior in materials.
An understanding of electricity
requires a step-by-step approach,
for one concept is the building
block for the next.
 12.1
Electric Forces and Charges
 Electric Forces and Charges

The fundamental rule at the base of all electrical phenomena is

that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

Consider a force acting on you that is billions upon billions of

times stronger than gravity. Suppose that in addition to this
enormous force there is a repelling force, also billions upon
billions of times stronger than gravity.

The two forces acting on you would balance each other and
have no noticeable effect at all. A pair of such forces acts on
you all the time - electrical forces.
 Electric Forces and Charges

Electrical forces have the unique

property of having enormous
attractive and repulsive electrical
forces between the charges.

Gravitational forces, which are

significantly weaker than electrical
forces, only have an attractive force.
 The Atom

Electrical Forces arise from particles in atoms.

§ The protons in the nucleus attract the electrons and hold them
in orbit.

§ Electrons are attracted to protons, but electrons repel other

electrons and protons repel other protons.
 Electric Forces and Charges

§ The fundamental electrical property to which the mutual

attractions or repulsions between electrons or protons is
attributed is called charge.

§ By convention, electrons are negatively charged and protons

positively charged.

§ Neutrons have no charge, and are neither attracted nor

repelled by charged particles.
 Electric Forces and Charges

Here are some important facts about atoms:

§ Every atom has a positively charged nucleus surrounded

by negatively charged electrons.

§ All electrons are identical.

§ The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. All

protons are identical; similarly, all neutrons are identical.
 Electric Forces and Charges

Here are some important facts about atoms:

§ Atoms usually have the same number of electrons as

protons, so the atom has zero net charge.

§ A proton has nearly 2,000 times the mass of an electron,

but its positive charge is equal in magnitude to the
negative charge of the electron.
 Electric Forces and Charges

The fundamental rule of all electrical phenomena is that like

charges repel and opposite charges attract.

The movement of these charges produce electric and magnetic

fields.
 Electric Forces and Charges

What is the fundamental rule at the base of all

electrical phenomena?
• Like charges repel
• Opposites charges attract
 Conservation of Charge

Electrically Charged Objects

§ Matter is made of atoms, and atoms are made of electrons and

protons which both have charges.

§ An object that has equal numbers of electrons and protons

has no net electric charge.

§ But if there is an imbalance in the numbers, the object is then

electrically charged.

§ An imbalance comes about by adding or removing electrons.

 Conservation of Charge

§ The innermost electrons in an atom are bound very tightly to

the oppositely charged atomic nucleus.

§ The outermost electrons of many atoms are bound very

loosely and can be easily dislodged.

§ How much energy is required to tear an electron away from

an atom varies for different substances.
 Conservation of Charge

§ An object is electrically neutral when it has equal amounts of

both types of charge.
 Conservation of Charge

§ If an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is no longer

neutral. It has one more positive charge than negative
charge.

§ A charged atom is called an ion.

§ A positive ion has a net positive charge; it has lost one or

more electrons.

§ A negative ion has a net negative charge; it has gained

one or more extra electrons.
Conservation of Charge
 Principle of Conservation of Charge

Electrons are neither created nor destroyed but are simply

transferred from one material to another.

This principle is known as Conservation of Charge.

Any object that is electrically charged has an excess or

deficiency of some whole number of electrons - electrons
cannot be divided into fractions of electrons.

This means that the charge of the object is a whole-number

multiple of the charge of an electron.
 Conservation of Charge

Thinker!!!
If you scuff electrons onto your shoes while walking across a
rug, are you negatively or positively charged?
 Conservation of Charge

What causes an object to become electrically

charged?

If an object gains or loses an electron

 Electric Charges - Specifics

• SI Unit for charge is the Coulomb (C)

• The symbol for charge is “Q”.

• Charge on a single proton or electron is referred to an

elementary charge and often use, e , to symbolize this.

• The charge of a proton is e+, an electron is e-.

• The elementary charges of an object, Q, is always a multiple

of this elementary charge.
 Electric Charges - Specifics

Formula:

Q = n·e

Q = Charge
n = Number of electrons or protons
e = Charge of an electrons or protons
 Electric Charges - Specifics

Some important constants:

Particle Elementary charge (e) Mass (kg)

Proton (+) 1.6 x 10-19 C 1.67 x 10-27 kg

Electron (-) 1.6 x 10-19 C 9.11 x 10-31 kg

Neutron 0C 1.67 x 10-27 kg

 Electric Charges

Example #1
An object possess an excess of 6.0 x 106 electrons has what
net charge (Q)?

Q = n·e
Q = (6.0 x 106 electrons) (1.6 x 10-19 C)
Q = 9.6 x 10-13 C
 Electric Charges - Specifics

Example #2
How many elementary charges of protons are required for an
object to have 1 C of charge?

Q = n·e
1C = n (1.6 x 10-19 C)
n = 6.25 x 1018 protons
 Electric Charges

Example #3
Which quantity of excess electrical charge can be found on
an object?

a. 6.25 x 10-19 C
b. 4.8 x 10-19 C
c. 6.25 elementary charges
d. 1.60 elementary charges
 Electric Charges

Example #4
What is the net electrical charge on a magnesium ion that is
formed when a neutral magnesium ion loses two electrons?

a. -3.2 x 10-19 C
b. -1.6 x 10-19 C
c. 1.6 x 10-19 C
d. 3.2 x 10-19 C
Conductors and Insulators
 Conductors and Insulators

§ Electrons move easily in good conductors and poorly in

good insulators.

§ Outer electrons of the atoms in a metal are not

anchored to the nuclei of particular atoms, but are free
to roam in the material.

§ Materials through which electric charge can flow are

called conductors.

§ Metals are good conductors for the motion of electric

charges because their electrons are “loose.”
 Conductors and Insulators

§ Electrons in other materials—rubber and glass, for example

—are tightly bound and remain with particular atoms.

§ They are not free to wander about to other atoms in the

material.

§ These materials, known as insulators, are poor conductors

of electricity.
 Transferring Charges

Three ways electric charge can be transferred are by:

1. Friction
2. Conduction (Contact)
3. Induction

These are types of static electricity!!!

Static Electricity
 Charging by Friction and Contact

§ We can stroke a cat’s fur and hear the crackle of sparks

that are produced.

§ We can comb our hair in front of a mirror in a dark room

and see as well as hear the sparks of electricity.

§ We can scuff our shoes across a rug and feel the tingle as
we reach for the doorknob.

§ Electrons are being transferred by friction when one

material rubs against another.
 Charging by Friction and Contact

If you slide across a seat in an automobile, you are in danger of

being charged by friction.
 Charging by Friction and Contact

§ Electrons can also be transferred from one material to another

by simply touching.

§ When a charged rod is placed in contact with a neutral object,

some charge will transfer to the neutral object.

§ This method of charging is called charging by contact.

§ If the object is a good conductor, the charge will spread to all

parts of its surface because the like charges repel each other.
 What is the difference between a good conductor
and a good insulator?

Electrons can easily move in conductors and poorly in

insulators.
 Charging by Induction
§ If a charged object is brought near a conducting surface, even
without physical contact, electrons will move in the conducting
surface.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9GU3XpiepM
Charging by Induction
 Charging by Induction
§ If a charged object is brought near a conducting surface, even
without physical contact, electrons will move in the conducting
surface.
§ Charging by induction can be illustrated using two insulated
metal spheres.
§ Uncharged insulated metal spheres touching each other, in
effect, form a single non-charged conductor.
 Charging by Induction

• When a negatively charged rod is held near one sphere,

electrons in the metal are repelled by the rod.
• Excess negative charge has moved to the other sphere,
leaving the first sphere with an excess positive charge.
• The charge on the spheres has been redistributed, or induced.
 Charging by Induction

• When the spheres are separated and the rod removed, the
spheres are charged equally and oppositely.
• They have been charged by induction, which is the charging of
an object without direct contact.
Charging by Induction
What are three ways electric charge can be
transferred?

1. Friction
2. Conduction (Contact)
3. Induction
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

1. If a neutral atom has 22 protons in its nucleus, the number of

surrounding electrons is:

a. less than 22
b. 22
c. more than 22
d. unknown
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

2. When we say charge is conserved, we mean that charge can:

a. be saved, like money in a bank.

b. only be transferred from one place to another.
c. take equivalent forms.
d. be created or destroyed, as in nuclear reactions.
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

3. Which is the predominant carrier of charge in copper wire?

a. protons
b. electrons
c. ions
d. neutrons
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

4. When you scuff electrons off a rug with your shoes, your shoes
are then:

a. negatively charged.
b. positively charged.
c. ionic.
d. electrically neutral.
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

5. If a conductor carrying a net charge of 8 elementary

charges is brought in contact with an identical conductor
with no net charge, what will be the charge on each
conductor after they are separated?

4e
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

6. From the previous problem, what is the net charge (in

coulombs) on each conductor after they are separated?

6.4 x 10-19 C
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

7. When a negatively charged balloon is placed against a non-

conducting wall, positive charges in the wall are:

a. attracted to the balloon.

b. repelled from the balloon.
c. too bound to negative charges in the wall to have any effect.
d. neutralized
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

8. Metal sphere A has a net charge of -2 units and an

identical metal sphere B, has a net charge of -4 units. If
the spheres are brought in contact with each other and
then separated, what is the charge on sphere “B”?

-3 units
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

9. Compared to insulators, metals are better conductors of

electricity because metals contain more free:

a. Protons
b. Electrons
c. Positive ions
d. Negative ions
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions
10. Which diagram best represents the charge distribution on three
neutral spheres when a positively charged rod is brought near
sphere “x”, but does not touch it
 Electrostatics – Assessment Questions

11. A positivity charged glass rod attracts object X. The net

charge of object X:

a. May be zero or negative

b. May be zero or positive
c. Must be negative
d. Must be positive