Scribd
Upload
11 views

ATOMIC COMBINATIONS

The document discusses atomic bonding, focusing on covalent bonds and their formation through electron sharing. It explains the types of bonds, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory for predicting molecular shapes, and the concepts of electronegativity and molecular polarity. Additionally, it outlines the relationship between bond strength and factors such as bond length and the number of bonds between atoms.

Uploaded by

Masimbonge Ngubane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

ATOMIC COMBINATIONS

The document discusses atomic bonding, focusing on covalent bonds and their formation through electron sharing. It explains the types of bonds, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory for predicting molecular shapes, and the concepts of electronegativity and molecular polarity. Additionally, it outlines the relationship between bond strength and factors such as bond length and the number of bonds between atoms.

Uploaded by

Masimbonge Ngubane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

ATOMIC

COMBINATIONS
GRADE 11 – MR. SP
WHY DO ATOMS BOND?
The following points were made in grade 10 on electrons and energy levels:
• Electrons always try to occupy the lowest possible energy level.
• The noble gases have a full valence electron orbital. For example, Neon has the
following electronic configuration: 1s22s22p6. The second energy level is the outermost
(valence) shell and is full.
• Atoms form bonds to try to achieve the same electron configuration as the noble gases.
• Atoms with a full valence electron orbital are less reactive noble gases.
COVALENT BONDS AND BOND FORMATION

• Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons to form a chemical bond.


• A lone pair is an unshared electron pair. A lone pair stays on the atom that it belongs to.
• We going to represent a few of these cases using the lewis dot diagram.
LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMS
TYPES OF BONDS

• A single bond occurs if there is one electron pair that is shared between the same two atoms.

• A double bond occurs if there are two electron pairs that are shared between the same two atoms.

• A triple bond occurs if there are three electron pairs that are shared between the same two atoms.

• A dative covalent bond is a description of covalent bonding that occurs between two atoms in which
both electrons shared in the bond come from the same atom.
Dative covalent bonds occur between atoms of elements with a lone pair and atoms of elements with no
electrons.
Examples include the hydronium ion (H3O+) And the ammonium ion (NH4+).
VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR)
THEORY

• The shape of a covalent molecule can be predicted using the valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) theory. Very simply, VSEPR theory says that the valence electron pairs in a molecule will
arrange themselves around the central atom(s) of the molecule so that the repulsion between their
negative charges is as small as possible.
• In other words, the valence electron pairs arrange themselves so that they are as far Apart as they
can be.
DETERMINING MOLECULAR SHAPE

To predict the shape of a covalent molecule, follow these steps:


1. Draw the molecule using a Lewis diagram. Make sure that you draw all the valence
electrons around the molecule’s central atom.
2. Count the number of electron pairs around the central atom.
3. Determine the basic geometry of the molecule using the table below. For example, a
molecule with two electron pairs (and no lone pairs) around the central atom has a
linear shape, and one with four electron pairs (and no lone pairs) around the central
atom would have a tetrahedral shape.
HERE IS THE TABLE
HERE ARE THE SHAPES
LET'S TRY THESE COMPOUNDS

• HCl
• CH4
• H2O
• BF3
• PCl5
• SF6
• NH3
ON YOUR OWN?

1. BeCl2
2. F2
3. PCl5
4. SF6
5. CO2
6. CH4
7. H2O
8. COH2
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly an atom pulls a shared electron pair towards it.
Basically, how strong an element is at pulling electrons.
Electronegativity is a chemical property which describes the power of an atom to attract electrons
towards itself.
THE ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE (∆E)
• The electronegativity difference between two atoms can be used to determine what type of
bonding exists between the atoms.
POLAR MOLECULES

• A polar molecule is a molecule where the electrons are not shared equally between atoms,
resulting in a partial positive and partial negative charge on different ends of the molecule. This
uneven distribution of electrons creates a dipole, making one side of the molecule more positive
and the other more negative.
NON-POLAR MOLECULES

• A non-polar molecule is one where the charge is equally spread across the molecule Or a
symmetrical molecule with polar bonds. Examples include carbon dioxide and Oxygen.
ENERGY AND BONDING
BOND STRENGTH

A third property of bonds is the bond strength. Bond strength means how strongly one atom attracts
and is held to another. The strength of a bond is related to the bond length, the size of the bonded
atoms and the number of bonds between the atoms. In general:
• The shorter the bond length, the stronger the bond between the atoms.
• The smaller the atoms involved, the stronger the bond.
• The more bonds that exist between the same atoms, the stronger the bond.
THE END

ANY Q’S?

You might also like