Theories of Failure Belt Drive

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 Case 1
𝜎𝑡1,2 =
2 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
1 𝜃1 = 180° + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2
√(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4𝜏 2 𝑥
±
2 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝜃2 = 180° − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
1 2 𝑥
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4𝜏 2
2 (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 )2
𝜎𝑡2 𝜎𝑦𝑡 𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 𝜋 (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) +
𝑥
𝜎𝑡1 − =
𝑚 𝐹. 𝑆. Case 2
2𝜎𝑡1 × 𝜎𝑡2 𝜎𝑦𝑡 2
(𝜎𝑡1 )2 + (𝜎𝑡2 )2 − = ( ) 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑚 𝐹. 𝑆. 𝜃1 = 180° + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑡 2
(𝜎𝑡1 )2 + (𝜎𝑡2 )2 − 2𝜎𝑡1 × 𝜎𝑡2 = ( ) 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝐹. 𝑆. 𝜃2 = 𝜃1 = 180° + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑥
Shaft Design (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )2
𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 𝜋 (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) +
𝑇𝑒𝑞𝑢 𝑥
2 Tension ratio
F 𝑑𝑜 (1 − k 2 )
√
= [K 𝑚 × M𝑏 + ] + (K 𝑡 × 𝑀𝑡 )2 𝑇1
8 = 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2
𝑀𝑒𝑞𝑢 𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛽 = 𝑒 𝜇𝜃/ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑇2
F 𝑑𝑜 (1 − k 2 )
= 0.5 ([K 𝑚 × M𝑏 + ] 𝑝
8 z=
𝑝₁𝑐₁𝑐₂𝑐₃𝑐₄

F 𝑑𝑜 (1 − k 2 )
2 Coupling Design
+ √[K 𝑚 × M𝑏 + 2
] + (K 𝑡 × 𝑀𝑡 ) )
8 Outside diameter of hub, D = 2 d
Length of hub, L = 1.5 d
Key Design
Pitch circle diameter of bolts, D1 = 3d
4 𝑀𝑡
𝐿= Outside diameter of flange, D2 = D1 + (D1 –
𝑡 ×𝑑× 𝜎
2 𝑀𝑡 D) = 2 D1 – D = 4 d
𝐿=
𝑏 ×𝑑× 𝜏 Thickness of flange, tf = 0.5 d
Gear Design Number of bolts = 3, for (d) up to 40 mm
𝑁𝑝 𝑍𝑔 𝐷𝑔 = 4, for (d) up to 100 mm
= =
𝑁𝑔 𝑍𝑝 𝐷𝑝 = 6, for (d) up to 180 mm
2𝑀𝑡
𝜎𝑏 = Bearing Selection
𝑚3 𝑘𝜋 2 𝑦𝑍
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑋𝑉𝐹𝑟 + 𝑌𝐹𝑎

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 𝐶𝑜 3 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
𝐿= ( ) 𝑋̅ =
𝑃𝑜 𝑛
𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + ⋯
Welded Joints 𝑌̅ =
𝑛
P = 1.414 s × l × σt Ps = P/ n

P = 1.414 s × l × τ 𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
= = =⋯
𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑙3
2𝑀𝑡 𝐹1 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃. 𝑒 = [𝑙 + 𝑙22 + 𝑙32 ]
𝜋 × 0.707 𝑠 × 𝑑 2 𝑙1 1
4𝑀 𝑅 = √(𝑃𝑠 )2 + 𝐹 2 + 2 𝑃𝑠 × 𝐹 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜎𝑏(𝑚𝑎𝑥) =
𝜋 × 0.707 𝑠 × 𝑑 2 (R) = π/4 × d 2 × τ
𝑃 Power Screw
𝜏1 =
1.414 𝑠 × 𝑙
𝐹𝐷𝑝 𝐿 + 𝜋𝑓𝐷𝑝
𝑇𝑢 = ( )
𝑀𝑡 × 𝑟2 𝑃 × 𝑒 × 𝑟2 2 𝜋𝐷𝑝 − 𝐿𝑓
𝜏2 = =
𝐽 𝐽
tan λ = L/(πDp)

𝜏𝐴 = √(𝜏1 )2 + (𝜏2 )2 + 2𝜏1 × 𝜏2 × cos 𝜃 𝐹𝐷𝑝 𝜋𝑓𝐷𝑝 − 𝐿

𝑇𝑑 = ( )
2 𝜋𝐷𝑝 + 𝐿𝑓
cos θ = r1 / r2
Torque required without friction, T',
Riveted Joint
𝐹𝐷𝑝 𝐿
Pt = (p – d) t. σt 𝑇′ = ( )
2 𝜋𝐷𝑝
𝜋
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑛 × 2 × × 𝑑2 × 𝜏 Then the efficiency, e. is
4
Pc = n. d. t. σc 𝑇′ 𝐹𝐿
𝑒= =( )
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑡 , 𝑃𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑐 𝑇𝑢 2𝜋𝑇𝑢
η=
𝑝 × 𝑡 × 𝜎𝑡

Number of 14.5° full‐depth 20° full‐depth 20 stub

Teeth involute involute Involute
16 0.081 0.094 0.115
17 0.084 0.096 0.117
18 0.086 0.098 0.120
19 0.088 0.100 0.123
20 0.090 0.102 0.125

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Preferred 1 1.25 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8
10 12 16 20 25 32 40 50
Second chose 1.125 1.375 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.5 4.5 5.5 7
9 11 14 18 22 28 36 45

Standard belt widths (b), pulley widths (B) and height (h):
b 16 20 25 32 40 50 70 90 110 125 140
B 20 25 32 40 50 63 80 100 125 140 160
h 0.5 0.5

Endless normal V-belts (DIN 2215) and cut V-belts (DIN 2216)
b 5 6 8 10 13 17 20 25 32 40 50
t 3 4 5 6 8 11 12.5 16 20 25 32
f 6 7 8 10 12 15 18 22 27 34 42
e 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 38 46 58
d A 5 6 8 10 12 16 18 22 27 32 40
B 6 7 9 12 15 18 21 26 31 38 47

Contact angle correction factor C₁

Contact angle 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70
Endless belts C₁ 1 .98 .95 .92 .89 .86 .82 .78 .73 .68 .63 .58

Service factor C₂
Elect. Motors with Ts/Tr = 2 , Elect. Motors with Ts/Tr = 2 ,
combustion engines and combustion engines and
turbines with less than 600rpm turbines with more than
600rpm
Working hrs. per days 10 15 20 10 15 20
Medium service stirrers , m/c
tools , pressures , shears, 0.9 0.8 0.75 0.8 0.75 0.7
printing machines

b (mm) 5 6 9 10 13 17 20 (22) 25 32 40 50
V (m/s)
12 .11 .25 .48 1.0 2.0 3.6 5.2 6.4 8.0 12.8 20.0 32.0
14 .11 .26 .52 1.1 2.2 4.0 5.8 7.0 9.0 14.4 22.0 36.0
16 .11 .27 .55 1.2 2.4 4.3 6.3 7.5 9.8 15.7 24.0 39.0

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 18 .10 .26 .56 1.2 2.6 4.6 6.7 9.0 10.4 16.6 26.0 42.0
20 .08 .24 .54 1.3 2.7 4.8 6.9 8.2 10.7 17.1 27.0 43.0

Bearing Type Single Row Double Row

X Y X Y
Deep groove 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5
Self‐alignment 0.5 0.22 1 0.44
Angular contact
α = 20o α 0.5 0.5 0.42 1 0.84
= 25o α = 0.5 0.5 0.38 1 0.76
30o α = 0.5 0.33 1 0.66
35o α = 0.29 1 0.58
40o 0.26 0.52
1

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