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 - Gere&Timoshenko

——
-MATERIALS—
SECOND EDITION

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in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/mechanicsofmaterO000unse_s8r9
Mechanics of Materials
SECOND EDITION
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 Mechanics of Materials
SECOND EDITION

James M. Gere
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Stephen P. Timoshenko
LATE OF: STANFORD UNIVERSITY

CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD.

NEW DELHI « BANGALORE « PUNE * COCHIN « CHENNAI (INDIA)
-Brooks/Cole Engineering Division
A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.

No part
€ i984 by Wadsworth, Inc., Belmont, California 94002. All rights reserved.
, in any
of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed
form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise—without the prior written permission of the publisher, Brooks/Cole
, Inc.
Engineering Division, Monterey, California 93940, a division of Wadsworth

Original English Language Edition Published by PWS Publisher, A Division of

Wadsworth Inc., 20, Park Plaza, Boston, MA-02116, USA

Copyright © 1984 by PWS Engineering, A Division of Wadsworth Inc., 20,

Park Plaza, Boston, MA-02116, USA
ISBN : 81-239-0894-6
First Indian Edition : 1986
Reprint : 2000, 2002, 2004

This edition has been published in India by arrangement with

PWS Publishers, A Division of Wadsworth Inc., USA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or any information storage. and retrieval system without permission,
in writing, from the publisher. .
Sales Territory : India and Pakistan
Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by V.K. Jain for
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.,
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 Preface

A course in mechanics of materials provides an opportunity to accom-

plish two things: first, to teach students a basic engineering subject and,
second, to develop their analytical and problem-solving abilities. While
preparing this extensive revision, I have kept both of these goals in mind.
The facts, theories, and methodologies are presented in a teachable and
éasy-to-learn manner, with ample discussions and numerous illustrative
examples, so that undergraduate students can readily master the subject
matter. At the same time, emphasis is placed on fundamental concepts
. and on how to analyze mechanical and structural systems. Many exam-
ples and problems require that students do some original thinking.
This book covers all the standard topics of mechanics of materials
and presents them at a level suitable for sophomore and junior engi-
neering students. In addition, much material of a more advanced and
specialized nature is included. Thus, this book can serve both as a text
and as a permanent reference.
A glance at the table of contents shows the topics covered and the
way..in. which they are organized. The topics include the analysis and
design of structural members subjected to axial loads, torsion, and bend-
ing, as well as such fundamental concepts as stress, strain, elastic and
inelastic behavior, and strain energy. Other topics of general interest are
the transformations of stress and strain, deflections of beams, behavior of
columns, and energy methods. More specialized topics are thermal and
prestrain effects, pressure vessels, ‘nonprismatic members, unsymmetric
bending, shear center, inelastic bending, and discontinuity functions.
Much more material than can be covered in a single course is
included in the book, hence teachers have the opportunity to select the
topics that they feel are the most fundamental and relevant. Teachers will
also appreciate the hundreds of new problems (over 1,000 probiems total)
that are available for homework assignments and classroom discussions.
y
vi Preface

Both the International System of Units (SI) and the U.S. Customary
System (USCS) are used in the numerical examples and problems. Dis-
cussions of both systems and a table of conversion factors are given in the
appendix.
References and historical notes are collected at the back of the book.
They include the original sources of the subject matter and biographical
notes about the pioneering engineers, scientists, and mathematicians who
created the subject. ;
This book is new in the sense that #t is a completely new presentation
of mechanics of materials; yet in another sense it is old because it evolved
from earlier books of Professor Stephen P. Timoshenko (1878- 1972).
Timoshenko’s first book on mechanics of materials was published in
Russia in 1908. His first American book on the subject was published in
two volumes in 1930 by D. Van Nostrand Company under the title
Strength of Materials; second éditions were published in 1940 and 1941
and third editions in 1955 and 1956. The first edition of Mechanics of
Materials, written by the present a but drawing upon the earlier
books, was published in 1972.
This second edition has been completely rewritten with expanded
and easier-to-read discussions, many more examples and problems, and
several new topics (including pressure vessels, discontinuity functions,
and inelastic buckling). Every effort has been made to eliminate errors,
but no doubt some are inevitable. If you find any, please jot them down
and mail them to the author (Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305); then we can correct them egal
in the next printing of the book.
To acknowledge everyone who contributed to this book in some
manner is clearly impossible, but a major debt is owed my former Stan-
ford teachers (those giants of mechanics, including Timoshenko himself,
Wilhelm Fliigge, James Norman Goodier, Miklés Hetényi, Nicholas J.
Hoff, and Donovan H. Young) from whom I learned so much and my
current Stanford colleagues (especially Ed Kavazanjian, Tom Kane,
Anne Kiremidjian, Helmut Krawinkler, Jean Mayers, Cedric Richards,
Haresh Shah, and Bill Weaver) who made suggestions for the book and
provided cooperation during its writing. Several reviewers and friends
(including Jim Harp, Ian Johnston, Hugh Keedy, and Aron Zaslavsky)
provided valuable comments, and conscientious graduate students (Tha-
lia Anagnos, Joiéo Azevedo, Fouad Bendimerad, and Hassan Hadidi-
Tamjed) checked the proofs. The manuscript was carefully typed by
Susan Gere Durham, Janice Gere, Lu Ann Hall, and Laurie Yadon.
Editing and production were handled with great skill and a cooperative
spirit by Ray Kingman of Brooks/Cole and Mary Forkner of Publication
Alternatives, Palo Alto. My wife, Janice, offered encouragement and
exercised patience throughout this project. So also did other family
members—Susan and DeWitt Durham, Bill Gere, and David Gere. To all
of these wonderful peoric | am pleased to express my gratitude.

James M. Gere
 Contents

List of Symbols xiii

CHAPTER 1

Tension, Compression, and Shear

1.1. Introduction
1.2 Normal Stress and Strain
1.3. Stress-Strain Diagrams
1.4 Elasticity and Plasticity
1.5 Linear Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
1.6 Shear Stress and Strain
1.7 Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads
Problems
CHAPTER 2

Axially Loaded Members

2.1. ‘Introduction
2.2 Deflections of Axially Loaded Members
2.3 Displacement Diagrams .
2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures (Flexibility Method)
2.5 Statically Indeterminate Structures (Stiffness Method)
2.6 Temperature and Prestrain Effects
2.7 Stresses on Inclined Sections
2.8 Strain Energy

vil
Vili Contents

*2.9 Dynamic Loading 93

*2.10 Nonlinear Behavior ; 10
Problems 108

CHAPTE R 3

Torsion , 131
3.1. Introduction : 131
3.2 Torsion of Circular Bars - 131
3.3 Nonuniform Torsion — 138
3.4 Pure Shear 141
3.5 Relationship Between Moduli of Elasticity E and G 146
3.6 Transmission of Power by Circular Shafts 148
3.7. Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members eddt
3.8 Strain Energy in Pure Shear and Torsion 155
3.9 Thin-Walled Tubes 160
*3.10 Nonlinear Torsion of Circular Bars 167
Problems 170
CHAPTER 4

Shear Force and Bending Moment 181

4.1 Types of Beams | 181
4.2 Shear Force and Bending Moment _ . 184
4.3 Relationships Between Load, Shear Force, and Bending Moment 188
4.4 Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams ; 192
Problems 199
CHAPTER 5

Stresses in Beams - ) 205

5.1. Introduction 205
5.2. Normal Strains in Beams 207
5.3 Normal Stresses in Beams 212
5.4 Cross-Sectional Shapes of Beams 220
5.5 Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams 226
5.6 Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges 25
*5.7 — Shear Stresses in Circular Beams 236
5.8 Built-Up Beams 238

*An asterisk denotes a difficult or advanced section, example, or problem.

 Contents ix

*5.9 Stresses in Nonprismatic Beams 24,

*5.10 Composite Beams 249
5.11. Beams with Axial Loads 250
Problems 262

CHAPTER 6

Analysis of Stress and Strain 279

6.1 Introduction 279
6.2 Plane Stress 280
6.3. Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 286
6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 294
6.5 Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress 303
6.6 Spherical and Cylindrical Pressure Vessels (Biaxial Stress) 306
6.7. Combined Loadings (Plane Stress) 314
6.8 Principal Stresses in Beams 316
6.9 Triaxial Stress 318
*6.10 Three-Dimensional Stress 323
6.11. Plane Strain 326
Problems 338

CHAPTER 7 '

Deflections of Beams 351

7.1. Introduction 35]
7.2. Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve 351
7.3 Deflections by Integration of the Bending-Moment Equation 355
7.4 Deflections by Integration of the Shear-Force and Load Equations 361
7.5 Moment-Area Method 365
7.6 Method of Superposition 377
7.7. Nonprismatic Beams 381
7.8 Strain Energy of Bending 384
*7.9 Discontinuity Functions 389
*7.10 Use of Discontinuity Functions to Obtain Beam Deflections 399
*7.11 Temperature Effects 405
*7.12 Effects of Shear Deformations\ 407
2 *7.13 Large Deflections of Beams’ | 414-
Problems 418
X Contents

CHAPTER 8

Statically Indeterminate Beams 429

8.1 Statically Indeterminate Beams 429
8.2 Analysis by the Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve 43]
8.3. Moment-Area Method ; 434
8.4 Method of Superposition (Flexibility Method) _ 439
8.5 Continuous Beams 447
*8.6 Temperature Effects 455
*8.7_ Horizontal Displacements at the Ends of a Beam 457
Problems 459

CHAPTER 9

Unsymmetric Bending 469

9.1 Introduction 469
9.2 Doubly Symmetric Beams with Skew Loads 470
9.3 Pure Bending of Unsymmetric Beams - " 474
9.4 Generalized Theory of Pure Bending 481
9.5 Bending of Beams by Lateral Loads; Shear Center 486
9.6 Shear Stresses in Beams of Thin-Walled Open Cross Sections 490
9.7 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Sections 496
*9.8 General Theory for Shear Stresses . 501
Problems 507

CHAPTER 10

Inelastic Bending 515

10.1. Introduction 515
10.2 Equations of Inelastic Bending ‘D 516
10.3. Plastic Bending only
10.4 Plastic Hinges 522
10.5 Plastic Analysis of Beams 524
*10.6 Deflections 552
*10.7 Inelastic Bending 535
*10.8 Residual Stresses 541
Problems 542
 Contents xi

CHAPTER 11

Columns 551
11.1 Buckling and Stability aye!
11.2 Columns with Pinned Ends 553
11.3 - Columns with Other Support Conditions 560 ©
11.4 Columns wit’. Eccentric Axial Loads 567
. 11.5 Secant Formula 569
*11.6 Imperfections in Columns 574
11.7 Elastic and Inelastic Column Behavior ~ 576
*11.8 Inelastic Buckling 578
11.9 - Column Design Formulas 583
Problems 589

CHAPTER 12

Energy Methods 597

12.1 Introduction 597
12.2 Principle of Virtual Work 597
12.3 Unit-Load Method for Calculating Displacements 602
12.4 Reciprocal Theorems 617
12.5 Strain-Energy and Complementary Energy 623
12.6 Strain-Energy Methods 635
12.7 Complementary Energy Methods 645
12.8 Castigliano’s Second Theorem 655
*12.9 Shear Deflections of Beams 660
Problems 666

References and Histo;ical Notes 675

APPENDIX A_ Systems of Units 687

A.1 Introduction 687

A.2 SI Units 688
A.3 U.S. Customary Units 689
A.4 Conversions 693
APPENDIX B_ Significant Digits 697
B.1 Significant Digits 697
B.2 Rounding off Numbers . 699
xii Contents

APPENDIX C_ Centroids and Moments of Inertia of Plane Areas 700

C.1 Centroids of Areas 700
C.2 Centroids of Composite Areas 702
C.3 Moments of Inertia of Areas 704
C.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 707
C.5 Polar Moments of Inertia 710
C.6 Products of Inertia TZ
C.7 Rotation of Axes 715
C.8 Principal Axes 716
Problems 720
APPENDIX Properties of Plane Areas 724
APPENDIX Properties of Selected Structural-Stee! Shapes 729
APPENDIX Section Properties of Structural Lumber . 735
APPENDIX Defiections and Slopes of Beams 736
APPENDIX nm Mechanical
oO
zo Properties of Materials 742

Answers to Selected Problems 748

Name Index 763:
Subject Index 764
 List of Symbols

area, action (force or couple), constant

= = dimensions, distances, constants
centroid, constant of integration, compressive force
distance from neutral axis to outer surface of a beam
displacement (translation or rotation)
diameter, .dimension, distance
modulus of elasticity, elliptic integral.of the second kind
reduced modulus of elasticity
tangent modulus of elasticity
>a eccentricity, dimension, distance, unit volume change (dilatation,
Ua
®m@M@ma
Qa
volumetric strain)
force, discontinuity function, elliptic integral of the first kind, flexibility
shear flow, shape factor for plastic bending, flexibility, frequency (Hz)
form factor for shear
modulus of elasticity in shear
acceleration of gravity
distance, force, reaction, horsepower
height, dimension
moment of inertia (or second moment) of a plane area
moments of inertia with respect to x, y, and z axes
product of inertia with respect to the x and y axes
polar moment of inertia
principal moments of inertia
torsion constant
bulk modulus of elasticity, effective length factor for a column
spring constant, stiffness, symbol for V P/EI
length, distance, span length
effective length of a column
bending moment, couple, mass
plastic moment for a. beam
yield moment for a beam
nwe
ne
SEO
sS moment per unit length, mass per unit length

xiii
XIV List of Symbols

axial force
factor of safety, number, ratio, integer, revolutions per minute (rpm)
origin of coordinates
center of curvature
force, concentrated load, axial force, power
allowable load (or working load)
critical load for a column
reduced-modulus load for a column
tangent-modulus load for a column
ultimate load r
yield load
pressure 3
force, concentrated. load, first moment (or static moment) of a plane area
intensitv of distributed load (load per unit distance),
intensity of distributed torque (torque per unit distance)
ultimate load intensity
yield load intensity
reaction, radius; force
radius, distance, radius.of gyration (r = VI/A)
= section
Amie modulus of the cross section of a beam, shear center, stiffness,
force
distance, length along a curved line
twisting couple or torque. temperature, tensile force
ultimate torque
yield torque
thickness, time
strain energy
strain energy density (strain energy per unit volume)
modulus of resilience
modulus of toughness
ee
eecomplementary energy
complementary energy density (complementary energy per unit volume)
shear force, volume
deflection of a beam, velocity
dv/dx, d*v/dx?, etc.
weight, work
complementary work
statical redundant
rectangular coordinates, distances
coordinates of centroid
plastic modulus of the cross section of a beam
 List ot Symbols XV

angle, coefficient of thermal expansion, nondimensional

ratio, spring constant, stiffness
as shear coefficient
angle, nondimensional ratio, spring constant, stiffness
y shear strain, specific weight (weight per unit volume)
Yxys Yyzs Vex shear strains in the xy, yz, and zx planes
Ye shear strain for inclined axes
Yxays shear strain in the x, y, plane
6,A deflection, displacement, elongation
normal strain
normal strains in the x, y, and 7 directions
normal strain for inclined axes
normal strains in the x, and y, directions
principal normal strains
yield strain
angle, angle of twist per unit length angle of rotation of beam axis
angle to a principal plane or to a principal axis
angle to a plane of maximum shear stress
curvature (« = 1/p)
yield curvature
distance
radius, radius of curvature, radial distance in polar coordinates, mass
density (mass per unit volume, specific mass)
Poisson’s ratio
normal stress
normal stresses on planes perpendicular to the x, y, and z axes
normal stress on inclined plane
normal stresses on planes perpendicular to the rotated x, y, axes
principal stresses
allowable stress (or working stress)
critical stress for a column (¢,, = P,,/A)
proportional limit stress
residual stress
ultimate stress
yield stress
shear stress
Uxys Ty29 Tzx shear stresses on planes perpendicular to the x, y, and z axes and parallel
to the y, z, and x axes
T9 shear stress on inclined plane
Tx
shear stress on piane perpendicular to the rotated x, axis and parallel to
the y,; axis
XVi List of Symbols

Tallow allowable stress (or working stress) in shear

a ultimate stress in shear
t, yield stress in shear”
g angle, angle of twist
“yw nondimensional ratio
@ angular velocity, angular frequency (w = 2zf)

e *An asterisk denotes a difficult or advanced section, example, or

problem.

Greek Alphabet

A «a Alpha Ney Ng
B Bp Beta Si Go Xi
IT y Gamma O o Omicron
A 6 Delta Tis, - uel
E e€ Epsilon P p_ Rho
aC -Leta x oa Sigma
He’ 7" Eta Tt “lau
© @ Theta Y v_ Upsilon
I 1: Iota ® @¢ Phi
K « Kappa X x Chi
A A Lambda | a
~M yp Mu Q mw Omega
 CHAPTER 1

Tension, Compression,
and Shear

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals
with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of load-
ing. This field of study is known by several names, including “strength
of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies.” The solid bodies
considered in this book include axially loaded members, shafts in tor-
sion, thin shells, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are as-
semblies of these components. Usually the objectives of our analysis
will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deflections pro-
duced by the loads. If these quantities can be found for all values of
load up to the failure load, then we will have a complete picture of the
mechanical behavior of the body,
A thorough understanding of mechanical behavior is essential for
the safe design of all structures, whether buildings and bridges, machines
and motors, submarines and ships, or airplanes and antennas. Hence,
mechanics of materials is a basic subject in many engineering fields. Of
course, statics and dynamics are also essential, but they deal primarily
with the forces and motions associated with particles and rigid bodies.
In mechanics of materials, we go one step further by examining the
stresses and strains that occur inside real bodies that deform under
loads. We use the physical properties of the materials (obtained from
experiments) as well as numerous theoretical laws and Conorpts, which
are explained.in succeeding sections of this book.
Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally impor-
tant roles in the study of mechanics of materiafs. On many occasions, we
will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for pre-
dicting mechanical behavior, but_we must recognize that these formulas
cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the mate-
rials are known. These properties are available to us only after suitable
2 Chapter1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

experiments have been carried out in the laboratory. Also, because many
practical problems of great importance in engineering cannot be hanuled
efficiently by theoretical means, experimental measurements become a
necessity. :
The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fasci-
nating blend of both theory and experiment; experiments have pointed
the way to useful results in some instances, and theory has done so in
others. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Galileo
Galilei (1564-1642) performed experiments to determine the strength
of wires, bars, and beams, although they did not develop any adequate
theories (by today’s standards) to explain their test results. Such theories
came much later. By contrast, the famous mathematician Leonhard
Euler (1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory of columns and
calculated the theoretical critical load of a column in 1744, long before
any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results.
Thus, for want of appropriate tests, Euler’s results remained unused for
many years, although today they form the basis of column theory.*
When studying mechanics of materials from this book,. you will
find that your efforts are divided naturally into two parts: first, under-
standing the logical development of the concepts, and second, applying
those concepts to practical situations. The former is accomplished by
studying the derivations, discussions, and examples, and the latter by
solving problems. Some of the examples and rvc ‘lems are numerical
in character, and others are algebraic (or symbolic). An advantage of
numerical problems is that the magnitudes of all quantities are evident
at every stage of the calculations. Sometimes these values are needed to
ensure that practical limits (such as allowable stresses) are not exceeded.
Algebraic solutions have certain advantages, too. Because they lead to
formulas, algebraic solutions make clear the variables that affect-he
final result. For instance, a certain quantity may actually cancel out of
the solution, a fact that would not be evident from a numerical problem
Also apparent in algebraic solutions is the manner in which: variahies-
affect the results; such as the appearance of one variable in the numera-
tor and another in the denominator. Furthermore, a symbolicsolution
provides the opportunity to check the dimensions at any stage of. the
work.’ Finally, the most important reason for obtaining an algebraic
solution is to obtain a general formula that can be programmed on a
‘computer and used for many different problems. In contrast, a numeri-
cal solution applies to only one set of circumstances. Of course, you
must be adept at both kinds of solutions, hence you will find a mixture
of numerical and algebraic problems throvciivut the book.
Numerical problems require that you work with specific units of
‘measurements. This book utilizes both the International System of Units
(SI) and the U.S. Customary System (USCS). A discussion of both of
* The history of mechanics of materials, beginning with Leonardo and Galileo, is
given in Refs. 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3.
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youngster who had need to
reform. You find this variety in every village where half a dozen boys
can get together. He talks in a loud voice when any witnesses or a
stranger is about, is rude to his fellows, jostles them and orders
them about, cracks crude jokes, either exceedingly pointless, or else
of great age and worn threadbare, at which he himself has to do a
good share of the laughing. He is, in short, showing off, and the
show is a very poor one. He makes himself both disagreeable and
ridiculous to most, and can only win admiration from a few weak-
minded companions or overawed small boys. He is apt to grow into
something of a bully among those weaker than himself, and to
become, when older, a young man with a swagger.

It was October, the days were short, and I had early to seek a
stopping-place for the night. It still lacked something of supper-time
when I put my horse out at one of the farm-houses, and I took the
opportunity for a walk on the village street. The damp gloom of
evening had settled down. There were lights in the windows and
movements at the barns, and a team or two was jogging homeward
along the road. Westward, in plain sight across the river, was the
heavy spur of a mountain, dark against the evening sky. A single
little light was trembling on the summit of the crag. This came from
a building known as “the prospect house.” The proprietor lives there
the year around, and from Sunderland’s snug street, on cold winter
 nights, the light is still to
be seen sending out
shivering rays into the
frosty darkness.

A MEADOW STREAM

A HOME UNDER THE ELMS

I returned presently to the house and had supper. That finished, the
small boy of the family brought a cup of boiled chestnuts, and while
we munched them, explained how he had picked up eighty-one
quarts of nuts so far that year. In his pocket the boy had other
treasures. He pulled forth a handful of horse-chestnuts, and told me
they grew on a little tree down by the burying-ground.
“The boys up at our school make men of ’em,” he said. “They take
one chestnut and cut a face on it like you do on a pumpkin for a
jack-o’-lantern. That’s the head. Then they take a bigger one and cut
two or three places in front for buttons, and make holes to stick in
toothpicks for legs, and they stick in more for arms, and with a little
short piece fasten the head on the body. Then they put ’em up on
the stove-pipe where the teacher can’t get ’em, and they stay there
all day. Sometimes they make caps for ’em.” He got out his jack-
knife and spent the rest of the evening manufacturing these queer
little men for my benefit.

A DOOR-STEP GROUP

The next morning I turned eastward and went along the quiet,
pleasant roads, now in the woods, now among pastures where the
wayside had grown up to an everchanging hedge of bushes and
trees. Much of the way was uphill, and I sometimes came out on
open slopes which gave far-away glimpses over the valley I had left
behind.

About noon I stopped to sketch one of the picturesque watering-

troughs of the region. There was a house close by, and a motherly
looking old lady peeked out at me from the door to discover what I
was up to. I asked if I might stay to dinner. She said I might if I
would be content with their fare, and I drove around to the barn. An
old gentleman and his hired man were pounding and prying at a big
rock which protruded above the surface right before the wagon-
shed. They had blasted it, and were now getting out the fragments.
By the time I had my horse put out, dinner was ready, and we all
went into the house. We had “a boiled dinner,”—potatoes, fat pork,
cabbage, beets, and squash all cooked together. The dish was new
to me, but I found it quite eatable.

I was again on the road, jogging comfortably along, when I noticed

two little people coming across a field close by. They walked hand in
hand, and each carried a tin pail of apples. The boy was a stout little
fellow, and the girl, a few sizes smaller, very fat and pudgy and
much bundled up. I told them I’d like to take their pictures. They
didn’t know what to make of that; but I got to work, and they stood
by the fence looking at me very seriously. I was nearly ready when a
woman from the doorway of a house a little ways back called out,
“Go right along, Georgie! Don’t stop!” I told her I wanted to make
their photographs—it wouldn’t take but a minute. She said they
ought to be dressed up more for that. But I said they looked very
nice as they were, and hastened to get my picture. Then the two
went toddling on. The boy told me there was a big pile of apples
back there; also, as I was starting away, that his father had just
bought a horse.

I took the sandy long hill way toward Shutesbury, a place famous for
miles about for its huckleberry crops. It is jokingly said that this is its
chief source of wealth, and the story goes that “One year the
huckleberry crop failed up in Shutesbury, and the people had nothin’
to live on and were all comin’ on to the
town, and the selectmen were so scared
at the responsibility, they all run away.”

The scattered houses began to dot the

way as I proceeded, and after a time I
saw the landmarks of the town centre—
the two churches, perched on the
highest, barest hilltop eastward. The sun
was getting low, and chilly evening was
settling down. Children were coming
home from school; men, who had been A ROADSIDE FRIEND
away, were returning to do up their work
about the house and barn before supper,
and a boy was driving his cows down the street. I hurried on over
the hill and trotted briskly down into the valley beyond, but it was
not long before the road again turned upward. The woods were all
about. In the pine groves, which grew in patches along the way, the
ground was carpeted with needles, and the wheels and horse’s hoofs
became almost noiseless. There were openings now and then
through the trunks and leafage, and I could look far away to the
north-east, and see across a wide valley the tree-covered ridges
patched with evergreens, and the ruddy oak foliage rolling away into
ranges of distant blue, and, beyond all, Mount Monadnock’s heavy
pyramid. The sun was behind the hill I was climbing, and threw a
massive purple shadow over the valley. Beyond, the ridges were
flooded with clear autumn sunlight. Far off could be seen houses,
and a church now and then—bits of white, toy-like, in the distance.
The eastward shadows lengthened, the light in the woods grew
cooler and grayer, and just as I was fearing darkness would close
down on me in the woods, I turned a corner and the hill was at an
end. There were houses close ahead, and off to the left two church
steeples.
 BETTER THAN HOEING ON A HOT DAY

This was New Salem. The place had no tavern, but I was directed to
one of the farm-houses which was in the habit of keeping
“transients.” There was only a boy at home. His folks were away, and
he had built a fire in the kitchen and was fussing around, keeping an
eye on the window in expectation of the coming of the home team.
It arrived soon after, and in came his mother and sister, who had
been to one of the valley towns trading and visiting. The father was
over at “the other farm,” but he came in a little later. Mrs. Cogswell
told of the day’s happenings, and how she had found a knife by the
roadside. It was “kind of stuck up,” and she said she would bet some
old tobacco-chewer owned it. However, Mr. Cogswell, having smelt
of it, guessed not.
 JULY

His wife now brought in a blanket she had bought at the “Boston
Store,” and we all examined it, felt of it, and guessed what it was
worth. Then she told what she paid, and how cheap she could get
various other things, and what apples would bring.
 THE PET OF THE FARM

As we sat chatting after supper, Mr. Cogswell took out his watch and
began to wind it. It was of the Waterbury variety, and winding took a
long time, and gave him a chance to discourse of watches in
general, and of this kind in particular. Frank had such a watch, he
said, and he took it to pieces and it was about all spring.

“You never saw such a thing,” said Mrs. Cogswell. “Why, it sprung
out as long as this table.”

“Ho, as long as this table!” said Mr. Cogswell; “it would reach ’way
across the room.” He said his own watch kept very good time as a
general thing, only it needed winding twice a day.
 A RAINY DAY

I was out early the next morning. The east still held some soft rose
tints, streaks of fog lingered in the valley, and the frost still whitened
the grass. After breakfast I went northward, down through the
woods and pastures, into Miller’s valley. I followed a winding ravine
in which a mountain brook went roaring over its uneven bed toward
the lowland. I came into the open again at the little village of
Wendell Depot. It was a barren little clearing, I found, wooded hills
all about, a railroad running through, several bridges, and a dam
with its rush and roar of water; a broad pond lay above, and below,
the water foamed and struggled and slid away beneath the arches of
a mossy stone bridge, and hurried on to pursue its winding way to
the Connecticut. There was a wooden mill by the stream-side. It was
a big, square structure with dirty walls and staring rows of windows.
No trees were about, only the ruins of a burned paper-mill, whose
sentinel chimney still stood, a blackened monument of the fire.
There were a few of the plain houses built by the mill for its help, a
hotel, some sand-banks, a foreign population, a dark, hurrying river,
the roar of a dam, long lines of freight-cars moving through, and
grim hills reaching away toward the sky.

From here I went westward, and in the early afternoon crossed the
Connecticut River and began to follow up the valley of the Deerfield.
I had to go over a big mountain ridge, but after that had
comparatively level travelling. I went on till long after sunset, and
presently inquired of a man I met walking if there were houses on
ahead. He said Solomon Hobbs owned the nearest place, and lived
up a big hill a ways off the main road. A little after I met a team,
and concluded to make more definite inquiry. “Can you tell me
where Mr. Hobbs lives?” I asked.

“Who, John?” he questioned as he pulled in his horse.

“No, Solomon,” I replied.

“Oh, er, Solly! He lives right up the hill here. Turn off the next road
and go to the first house.”

A HAMLET AMONG THE HILLS

It was quite dark now, and when I came to the steep, rough rise of
the hill I got out and walked and led the horse. In time I saw a light
on ahead, and I drove into the steep yard. I had my doubts about
stopping there when I saw how small the house and barn were. A
man responded to my knock on the door and acknowledged to the
name of Solomon Hobbs. He was a tall, broad-shouldered, long-
bearded farmer, apparently about fifty years of age. He had on
heavy boots and was in his checked shirt-sleeves. He didn’t know
about keeping me overnight, but their supper was just ready, and I
might stay to that if I wanted to. He directed me to hitch my horse
to a post of the piazza and come in. On a low table was spread a
scanty meal. Codfish was the most prominent dish on the board.
After eating, I was ushered into the little parlor, for they had certain
pictures of the scenery thereabout they wished me to see. Mr. Hobbs
brought along his lantern and set it on the mantel-piece. It remained
there though Mrs. Hobbs came in and lit a gaudy hanging-lamp. She
was a straight little woman with short hair, rather curly and brushed
up, wore earrings, did not speak readily, and acted as if her head did
not work first-rate. The little boy, who was the third member of the
family, came in also. There was an iron, open fireplace with charred
sticks, ashes, and rubbish in it. The carpet on the floor seemed not
to be tacked down, and it gathered itself up in bunches and folds.
The sofa and marble-topped centre-table and many of the chairs
were filled with papers, books, boxes, and odds and ends.

SUMMER SUNLIGHT IN A “GORGE ROAD”

There was some doubt as to where the pictures were, and it
required considerable hunting in books and albums and cupboards
and boxes and top-shelves to produce them. I did not notice that
they put up any of the things they pulled down. Mr. Hobbs said of
his wife that she had been in poor health for a year past, and hadn’t
been able to keep things in order. When I had examined the pictures
I got ready to start on. Mr. Hobbs said there was a hotel a mile up
the road. I unhitched my horse, and the little boy, with a lantern, ran
before me and guided me through the gateway.

ONE OF THE LITTLE RIVERS

At the hotel, when I had made the horse comfortable in the barn I
betook myself to the bar-room, where a brisk open fire was burning.
A number of men were loafing there, most of them smoking. One
was a tall, stout-figured man who was always ready to back his
opinion with a bet of a certain number of dollars, and quoted
knowledge gained a year when he was selectman to prove
statements about the worth of farms.
The proprietor of the place was a young man, with small eyes rather
red with smoke or something else, a prominent beaklike nose, a
mustache, and receding chin. He had an old, straight, short coat on,
and he had thin legs, and looked very much like some sort of a large
bird. He had a very sure way of speaking, and emphasized this
sureness by the manner in which he would withdraw his cigar, half
close his little eyes, and puff forth a thin stream of tobacco smoke.

In the morning I was out just as the sun looked over some cloud
layers at the eastern horizon and brightened up the misty landscape.
I left the hotel, and soon was on my way up the Deerfield River into
the mountains. It was a fine day, clear at first, and with many gray
clouds sailing later. I jogged on up and down the little hills on the
road which kept along the winding course of the river. All the way
was hemmed in by great wooded ridges which kept falling behind,
their places to be filled by new ones at every turn. The stream made
its noisy way over its rough bed, and every now and then a freight
train would go panting up the grade toward the Hoosac Tunnel, or a
passenger train in swifter flight would sweep around the curve and
hurry away to the world beyond.

THE VILLAGE GROCERYMAN

A little off the road in one place was a log house, a sight so unusual
in old Massachusetts that such rare ones as one may come across
always have a special air of romance and interest about them. This
had a pleasant situation on a level, scooped out by nature from the
lofty ridge which over-shadowed it. It was made of straight, small
logs, laid up cob-fashion, chinked with pieces of boards and made
snugger with plaster on the inside. It had a steep roof of overlapping
boards, through which a length of rusty stove-pipe reached upwards
and smoked furiously. There was a spring before the door, which
sent quite a little stream of water through a V-shaped trough into an
old flour-barrel. There were some straggling apple-trees about, and
behind the house a little slab barn. Inside was a bare room, floored
with unplaned boards. There was a bed in one corner, a pine table in
another, and a rude ladder led to a hole in the upper flooring, where
was a second room. The only occupant then about was cooking
dinner on the rusty stove. Light found its way through two square
windows and through certain cracks and crevices in the wall.

I followed the rapid river, on, up among the wild tumble of

mountains which raised their gloomy rock-ribbed forms on every
side. The regions seemed made by Titans, and for the home of rude
giants, not of men. Presently a meadow opened before me, and
across it lay the little village of Hoosac. The great hills swept up
skyward from the level, and here and there in the cleared places you
could see bits of houses perched on the dizzy slope, and seeming as
if they might get loose and come sliding down into the valley almost
any day.
 AN OUTLYING VILLAGE

At the tunnel was a high railroad bridge spanning the river, a long
freight train waiting, a round signal station, a few houses, and the
lines of iron rails running into the gloomy aperture in the side of the
hill. This was in a sort of ravine, and so somewhat secluded and
holding little suggestion of its enormous length of over four miles.
Some sheep were feeding on a grassy hillside just across the track,
and looking back upon them they made a very pretty contrast to the
wild scenery. The hills mounded up all about; the sun in the west
silvered the water of the rapid river; a train waiting below the iron
span of the bridge sent up its wavering white plume of smoke; and
here on the near grassy slope were the sheep quietly feeding.

The road wound on through the same romantic wildness; now a

mountain would shoot up a peak steeper and higher than those
surrounding; but none of them seemed to have names. As one of
the inhabitants expressed it, “They are too common round here to
make any fuss over.”
 A VILLAGE VIEW IN A HALF-WOODED DELL

In the late afternoon, after a hard climb up the long hills, I passed
Monroe Bridge, where in the deep ravine was a large paper-mill. The
road beyond was muddy and badly cut up by teams, and progress
was slow. I expected to spend the night at Monroe Church, which I
understood was three miles farther up, but I got off the direct route
and on to one of the side roads. The sun had disappeared behind
the hills and a gray gloom was settling down. The road kept getting
worse. It was full of ruts and bog-holes. Like most of the roads of
the region, the way followed up a hollow, and had a brook by its
side choked up with great boulders. I came upon bits of snow, and
thought there were places where I could scrape up a very
respectable snowball.
 THE OLD WELL-SWEEP

After a time I met a team and stopped to inquire the way to the
church, and the distance. The fellow hailed had a grocery wagon,
and no doubt had been delivering goods. He seemed greatly pleased
by my question; in fact, was not a little overcome, showed a white
row of teeth beneath his mustache, and he quite doubled up in his
amusement. He said he did not know where the church was; and he
guessed I wasn’t much acquainted up in these parts; said he wasn’t
either. He stopped to laugh between every sentence. He apparently
thought he was the only man from the outside world who ever
visited these regions, and now was tickled to death to find another
fellow had blundered into his district. There was no church about
there, he said; I must be pretty badly mixed up; this was South
Readsboro’, Vermont. “This is the end of the earth,” he said. He kept
on laughing as he contemplated me, and I got away up the road as
soon as I could, while he, still chuckling to himself, drove down.

The snow patches become larger and more numerous, and soon I
came into an open and saw a village up the hill. This was October,
and the sight ahead was strange and weird. The roofs of the
buildings were white with snow; there were scattered patches of it
all about, and a high pasture southward was completely covered. It
seemed as if I had left realities behind; as if in some way I was an
explorer in the regions of the far north; as if here was a little town
taken complete possession of by the frost; as if no life could remain,
and I would find the houses deserted or the inhabitants all frozen
and dead. There was a little saw-mill here and some big piles of
boards; everywhere marks of former life; but the premature frost
seemed to have settled down like a shroud on all about. I entered
the village and found a man working beside a house, and learned
from him that I had still three miles to travel before I came to the
church.

IN HAYING TIME

I took a steep southward road and led the horse, with frequent
rests, up the hills. Darkness had been fast gathering, the sunset
colors had faded, one bright star glowed in the west, and at its right
a gloomy cloud mass reached up from the horizon. The neighboring
fields got more and more snow-covered, until the black ribbon of the
muddy road was about the only thing which marred their whiteness.
There were rocky pastures about, intermitting with patches of
woodland. Here and there were stiff dark lines of spruce along the
hilltops, and these, with the white pastures, made the country seem
like a bit of Norway. Snow clung to the evergreen arms of the
spruces and whitened the upper fence-rails, and the muddy trail of
the road ceased in the crisp whiteness.

I was going through a piece of woods when I saw a house ahead

with a glow of light in a window. I went past the friendly light. The
dreary road still stretched on. No church was in sight, and I drew up
and ran back to the house. A man came to the back door with a
lamp. He said it was still two miles to the church, and I asked if I
might stay overnight. Soon I had my horse in the yard and was
comfortably settled by the kitchen fire. The kitchen was large, but
the long table, the stove, a bed, and the other furniture made it
rather cramped when the whole family were indoors. There were
grandpa, and grandma, and “Hen” and his wife, and “Bucky,” and
“Sherm,” and “Sis,” and Dan, and little Harry, not to mention a big
dog and several cats. After supper, grandma fell to knitting with
some yarn of her own spinning; grandpa smoked his pipe and told
bear stories; “Hen” mended a broken ramrod so that his gun might
be ready for a coon hunt he was planning; Mrs. “Hen” sewed;
“Sherm” and “Bucky” were in a corner trying to swap hats, neckties,
etc., and “Sis” was helping them; Dan ran some bullets which he
made out of old lead-pipe melted in the kitchen fire; and Harry
circulated all about, and put the cats through a hole cut for them in
the cellar door, and climbed on the chairs along the walls, and picked
away the plastering at sundry places where the lath was beginning
to show through.
 THE STREAM AND THE ELMS IN THE MEADOW

Bedtime came at nine and I was given a little room partitioned off in
the unfinished second story. In the first gray of the next morning a
loud squawking commenced outside of so harsh and sudden a
nature as to be quite alarming to the unaccustomed ear. Later I
learned this was the flock of ducks and geese which had gathered
about the house to give a morning salute. The wind was whistling
about, and came in rather freely at the missing panes in my window.
As soon as I heard movements below I hastened downstairs. The
two fellows in the bed in the unfinished part adjoining my room were
still snoozing, and there were scattered heaps of clothing about the
floor.

There was no one in the kitchen, and though the stove lid was off,
no fire had yet been started. I heard old Mr. Yokes out in the back
room.

UNDER THE OLD SYCAMORE

“’Bout time ye was gettin’ up,” he called to me.

“Yes,” I said, “I heard you stirring, and thought it must be about

time to turn out.”

“Oh, it’s you, is it? I thought ’twas one of the boys. They didn’t bring
in no kindlings last night.”

AUGUST

He sat down by the stove and went to whittling some shavings. He

had not yet got on either shoes or stockings. One by one the rest of
the family straggled in, and the fire began to glow and the heat to
drive out the frostiness of the kitchen atmosphere. Outdoors the
weather was threatening, and there were little drives of sleet borne
down on the wings of the wind. After breakfast I concluded to leave
this land of winter and followed down one of the steep roads into
the autumn region of the Deerfield valley. By brisk travelling I
succeeded by close of day in getting to the quiet meadows along the
Connecticut. It had been a five days’ journey. I saw only a little
patch of New England, and the description is necessarily
fragmentary; but at least there is presented characteristic phases of
its nature and life as the traveller on a leisurely journey may see
them.

ONE OF THE OLD VILLAGE STREETS

 PART IV
CAMPING AMONG THE NEW ENGLAND HILLS

I T was a warm night of midsummer. In a secluded hollow of the

Green Mountain ranges of lower Vermont was pitched a small
white tent. A half-moon was shining softly through the light cloud-
hazes overhead, and had you been there, you could have made out
the near surroundings without much difficulty. Tall woods were all
about, but here was a little open where grasses and ferns and low
bushes grew in abundance, and on a chance level of the steep,
uneven hillside the campers had pitched their tent. In the deep,
tree-filled ravine close below was a stream, whence came the sound
of its fretting among the rocks, and from a little farther up the
solemn pounding of a waterfall. From the other direction came a
different sound. It was the gentle clinking of a hammer on an anvil.
On the farther side of the narrow strip of woods, which shut it from
sight, was a farmhouse, and it was thence came the sound of
hammering.
 THE HOUSE WITH THE BARN ACROSS THE ROAD

A WARM SUMMER DAY

The tent has two occupants. They are both young fellows, who had
on the day previous started from their Boston homes for a vacation
trip to the woods. In the city they were clerks,—one in a store, the
other in a bank. The chance that brought them to this particular spot
for their vacation was this: a school friend of theirs, who was
blessed (or perhaps otherwise) with more wealth than they, and who
was next year to be a senior in Harvard, had informed them a few
weeks previous that his folks were going to the Groveland House for
the summer. This, he said, was in the centre of one of the prettiest
and most delightful regions of all New England, and he urged his
friends, Clayton and Holmes, to by all means go along too. He
expatiated on the beauties of the place with such an eloquence
(whether natural or acquired at Harvard, I know not) that these two
gave up the idea of a trip they had been planning down the coast
and turned their thoughts inland.

But when they came to study the hotel circular that Alliston gave
them, and noted the cost of board per week, this ardor received a
dampener.

“Phew!” said Holmes, “we can’t stand that. I don’t own our bank
yet.”

“No, we can’t, that’s a fact,” said Clayton. “I’d want more of a raise
in my pay than I expect to get for years before I could afford that
sum. The dickens! I thought these country places were cheap always
—and here’s a little place we’ve never heard of that charges more
than half our big hotels here in Boston.”
 AT WORK IN HER OWN STRAWBERRY PATCH

“Well, we’ve got to give up that idea, then,” Holmes said. “I suppose,
though, we might find a place at some farmhouse that wouldn’t
charge too high.”

“The trouble is,” Clayton responded, “that I don’t like to go poking

off into a region where we don’t know a soul, and take our chances
of finding a comfortable stopping-place at the right price. Then, you
see, it’s going to cost like anything getting there—just the fare on
the railroad. I don’t know as we ought to have considered the thing
at all.”
 SEPTEMBER

“I hate to give it up,” said Holmes. “We’ve seen a good deal of the
shore, but have had hardly a sight of the country. It would be a
great thing, for a change, to take that trip to Vermont. Now, why
couldn’t we try camping out? That’s what the youngsters do in all
the small boys’ books I’ve ever read. We’re rather older than the
boys who were in the habit of doing that sort of thing in the books.
But then, you know, that may be a good thing. It may have given us
a chance to accumulate wisdom sufficient to avoid those hairbreadth
adventures the youngsters were always having. They are good
enough to read about, but deliver me from the experience.”

“Harry,” said Clayton, “I believe that’s a good idea.”

The conversation and thinkings necessary to settle the details were

many and lengthy, and I forbear repeating them. The long and short
of it is that on Monday, August 14, in the earliest gray of the
morning, they were on the train
that was to carry them to the
Vermont paradise they had in
mind.

John Clayton, as luck would

have it, worked in a dry-goods
EVENING
house, and therefore in planning
a tent he was enabled to get the
cloth for its makeup at a trifle above cost. He and Harry made
numerous visits to the public library on spare evenings and
consulted a variety of volumes devoted more or less directly to the
science of camping out. The amount of information they got on the
subject was rather bewildering, but they simplified it down to a few
things absolutely necessary to think of beforehand, and concluded to
trust to commonsense for solving further problems.

“Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof,” said Harry, who attended
Sunday-school regularly.

The cloth used for the tent was cotton drilling. John’s mother sewed
the strips together under his direction, and their landlady allowed
him to set it up in the little paved square of yard back of the block,
and there he and Harry gave it a coat of paint to make it waterproof.
The whole thing did not cost three dollars, and, as the boys said,
“It’ll last us a good many seasons.” Aside from their tent they
purchased a small hatchet, a ball of stout twine, a few nails, a
lantern, and some tin pails, cups, and plates, and several knives,
forks, and spoons.

It had been a question just where their camping-place should be.

“We can’t very well pitch our tent in the hotel yard,” said Harry.
“That high-priced proprietor wouldn’t allow it, I’m sure; and,
besides, we shouldn’t want to.”
 Another perusal of the
summering-place circular
disclosed the fact that it
gave a list of the
attractions of the region
about, with certain
comments thereon. Among
the rest was noted a
waterfall seventy feet high.
It was amid surroundings,
so the circular said,
exceedingly beautiful and
romantic (whatever that
A LOAD OF WOOD ON THE WAY UP TO THE VILLAGE may be). The boys thought
that style of place would
suit them to a T, and
Harry, who carried the circular about in his pocket, got it out at the
bank the next day after this decision was arrived at and underscored
this waterfall with red ink.

In the late afternoon of August 14th the two were set down, “bag
and baggage,” at the forlorn little station which was the railroad
terminus of their journey. To the left was a high sand bluff, half cut
away, crowned with a group of tall pines. A little up the tracks was a
deep, stony ravine where a little river sent up a low murmur from
the depths. This was spanned by a high railroad trestle, and when
the train rumbled away across it and disappeared around the curve
of a wooded slope, the boys watched the curls of smoke fade into
thin air and felt a bit homesick. Beyond was a small freight-house,
but no other buildings were in sight. It was a little clearing in the
midst of the woods. The only path leading away was the road, which
made a turn about the near sand bluff, and then was lost to sight. At
the rear of the depot was a smart stage-coach, into which a group of
people were being helped by a slick footman. This coach was an
attachment of the Groveland House. “Were the young gentlemen
bound for the hotel?”
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