MEDIA LAW & ETHICS – UNIT IV

MEDIA ORGANISATION AND CODES

` Media organizations play a crucial role in disseminating information to the public.

They operate based on specific codes, ethics, and guidelines that ensure the content
they produce is accurate, ethical, and fair. Here's an overview

Media Organizations

` Media organizations can be categorized into several types:

1. Broadcast Media

◦ Television (e.g., CNN, BBC, Al Jazeera)

◦ Radio (e.g., NPR, BBC Radio)

2. Print Media

` Newspapers (e.g., The New York Times, The Guardian)

` Magazines (e.g., Time, National Geographic)

3. Digital Media

` Online news platforms (e.g., HuffPost, Vox)

Social media channels (e.g., Instagram accounts dedicated to news)

4. News Agencies

` Organizations that supply news to other media outlets (e.g., Reuters, Associated
Press).

5. Community and Niche Media

` Local or community newspapers and radio stations

` Platforms focusing on specific topics or demographics

MEDIA CODES AND ETHICS

The Media Code of Ethics is a set of guidelines and principles designed to ensure
responsible and ethical behavior in the practice of journalism and media production. These
codes vary by country, organization, or association but generally share common principles
aimed at fostering trust, accountability, and integrity in reporting and media dissemination.
Below are key components of a Media Code of Ethics:
1. Truth and Accuracy

` Strive to provide accurate, fair, and comprehensive reporting of facts.

` Avoid deliberate misrepresentation or manipulation of information.

` Correct errors promptly when discovered.

2. Fairness and Impartiality

` Avoid bias and ensure balanced reporting by presenting all sides of an issue.

` Report without favoritism or prejudice, allowing readers to form their own opinions.

3. Independence

` Maintain editorial independence and avoid influence from advertisers, sponsors, or

external entities.

` Avoid conflicts of interest that could compromise journalistic integrity.

4. Accountability

` Be transparent about sources of information, except where anonymity is necessary to

protect whistleblowers or vulnerable individuals.

` Hold yourself accountable to the audience and accept responsibility for mistakes.

5. Privacy

` Respect the privacy of individuals and avoid unnecessary intrusion into personal lives.

` Balance the public’s right to know with an individual’s right to privacy.

6. Minimizing Harm

` Exercise sensitivity in reporting, particularly in stories involving grief, trauma, or

vulnerable populations.

` Avoid sensationalism or exploitation in coverage of tragedies or crimes.

7. Plagiarism

` Do not plagiarize or use someone else’s work without proper attribution.

` Credit all sources appropriately.

8. Diversity and Non-Discrimination

` Avoid stereotypes and discriminatory language in coverage.

` Promote inclusivity and respect for diverse perspectives and communities.

9. Protection of Sources

` Ensure confidentiality of sources when requested, particularly when disclosure could

result in harm or retaliation.

10. Transparency in Relationships

` Disclose any affiliations, sponsorships, or financial interests that may influence

content.

` Avoid hidden advertising or advertorials disguised as news.

PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU

’ The Press Information Bureau, commonly abbreviated as PIB, is a nodal agency of

the Government of India under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Based
in National Media Centre, New Delhi,

’ Press Information Bureau disseminates information to print, electronic and web

media on government plans, policies, programme initiatives and achievements. It is
available in 14 Indian official languages, which are Dogri, Punjabi, Bengali, Odia,
Gujarati, Marathi, Meitei (Manipuri), Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Konkani a
nd Urdu, in addition to Hindi and English, out of the 22 official languages of the
Indian Republic.

’ The head of PIB is also the Official Spokesperson of the Government of India and
holds the rank of Principal Director General (Special Secretary equivalent). The post
is currently headed by Rajesh Malhotra

’ The Press Information Bureau (PIB) is the central agency of the Government of India
responsible for disseminating information to the print, electronic, and digital media
about government policies, programs, initiatives, and achievements. Established in
June 1919, PIB operates under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and is
headquartered at the National Media Centre in New Delhi. en.wikipedia.org

’ PIB's primary functions include issuing press releases, features, photographs,

infographics, and videos to inform the media and public about government activities.
The bureau maintains a Press Facilitation unit that handles press accreditation and
organizes press conferences and events accessible to the media. Currently,
approximately 2,500 editors, correspondents, camerapersons, and technicians from
various media outlets are accredited with PIB. en.wikipedia.org

’ To enhance accessibility and outreach, PIB disseminates information in 14 Indian

official languages, including Hindi, English, Tamil, Bengali, and others. The bureau
maintains a comprehensive archive of press releases dating back to 1947 on its
official website and has launched a mobile version and a mobile app to cater to the
evolving digital landscape. en.wikipedia.org
 ’ In November 2019, PIB established a fact-checking unit to address misinformation
related to government policies and initiatives, reflecting its commitment to accurate
and transparent communication. en.wikipedia.org

’ For more information or to access PIB's resources, you can visit their official website:
pib.gov.in

’ . Additionally, PIB maintains active social media presence on platforms such as

Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram to engage with the public and disseminate
information effectively.

The Press Information Bureau (PIB) is the official communication arm of the
Government of India. It serves as a bridge between the government and the public by
disseminating official information, announcements, and policies to the media and
citizens. Here's an overview:

Functions of the PIB

Information Dissemination

◦ Releases press notes, bulletins, and updates about government decisions,

schemes, and initiatives.

◦ Ensures accurate and timely information reaches the media and public.

Media Facilitation

◦ Organizes press conferences and briefings with ministers, secretaries, and

government officials.

◦ Provides accreditation to journalists for access to government events and

facilities.

Fact-Checking

` Runs a dedicated fact-checking wing to combat misinformation and disinformation

about government policies and actions.

Public Awareness Campaigns

` Conducts campaigns on key issues like health, education, environment, and

governance.

` Utilizes multimedia platforms to reach diverse audiences.

Monitoring Media Coverage

` Tracks media reports on government-related issues to provide feedback to

policymakers.
Structure of the PIB

` Headquarters

◦ Based in New Delhi, under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

` Regional and Branch Offices

◦ Operates multiple regional offices across India to ensure localized

communication and outreach.

` Specialized Divisions

◦ Divisions focusing on specific ministries or sectors, such as health, defense,

agriculture, etc.

Key Services Offered

` Press Releases

◦ Provides daily updates to journalists and the public via its website and other
channels.

` Publications

◦ Publishes journals, newsletters, and brochures on various government

initiatives.

` PIB Accreditation

◦ Issues press accreditation to journalists, enabling them to cover government

events and access facilities.

` PIB Website

◦ The official website offers press releases, photographs, videos, and live
streaming of important government events.

` Social Media Outreach

◦ Active on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram to

engage with the public.

Fact Check Unit

In November 2019, the PIB set up a fact-checking unit[9] to check government related
news.

` PIB's Fact Check Unit (PIB Fact Check) verifies misinformation related to
government schemes, policies, and announcements. It provides clarifications through:
 ` Social media

` The official PIB website

Contact Information

` Website: pib.gov.in

` Social Media: Active on platforms like Twitter (@PIB_India) and Facebook.

DIRECTORATE OF ADVERTISING AND VISUAL PUBLICITY (DAVP)

⇒ The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) is a government agency

that handles advertising and publicity for the Government of India. It was established
on October 1, 1955.

⇒ The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) was the primary
advertising agency of the Government of India under the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting. It has since been merged with other government departments into a
single entity called the Bureau of Outreach and Communication (BOC) in 2017.

What does DAVP do?

` Creates and executes advertising campaigns for government ministries, public sector
undertakings, and autonomous bodies

` Uses a variety of media to reach the public, including print, audio-visual, outdoor, and
exhibitions

` Works to communicate government messages at the grassroots level

How did DAVP start?

` DAVP's origins can be traced back to World War II

` The Advertising Consultant Office was created in 1941 under the Chief Press
Advisor

` The Advertising Consultant Office became the Advertising Branch of the Department
of Information and Broadcasting in 1942

` In 1955, the Advertising Branch became the Directorate of Advertising and Visual
Publicity (DAVP)

` The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) aimed to effectively

communicate government policies, programs, and welfare schemes to the public
through various media.
Its key objectives were:

™ Dissemination of Government Policies – To ensure that government initiatives and

welfare schemes reach the masses in an informative and engaging manner.

™ Cost-Effective Publicity – To provide economical and efficient advertising solutions

for government departments by utilizing multiple media platforms.

™ Media Planning & Coordination – To strategize and execute advertising campaigns

across print, electronic, outdoor, and digital media.

™ Awareness and Social Messaging – To create public awareness on important social

issues like health, education, sanitation, environment, and national security.

™ Equitable Media Representation – To ensure fair distribution of government

advertisements across national, regional, and local media, including newspapers,
radio, and television.

™ Standardization & Policy Implementation – To formulate and implement

advertising policies that regulate government communication and maintain
transparency in media selection.

™ Production of Publicity Materials – To create posters, pamphlets, audiovisual

content, and exhibitions to support government campaigns.

™ Support for Smaller & Regional Media – To promote equitable growth of media,
particularly regional and small-scale publications, by allocating advertisements fairly.

™ After its merger into the Bureau of Outreach and Communication (BOC) in 2019,
these objectives were integrated into a broader framework to enhance government
outreach more effectively.

Transition to Bureau of Outreach and Communication (BOC)

` In 2017, DAVP was merged with the following organizations to form the Bureau of
Outreach and Communication (BOC):

` Directorate of Field Publicity (DFP)

◦ Focused on grassroots-level outreach activities.

` Song and Drama Division

◦ Promoted cultural and traditional art forms to disseminate government

messages.

Key Objectives of BOC:

` Integrate all government outreach and communication efforts.

 ` Improve synergy and efficiency in publicizing government programs and schemes.

Current Activities under BOC

1. Integrated Campaigns

Combines traditional and digital platforms for wider dissemination of government messages.

2. Media and Creative Services

Continues the DAVP's role of creating and managing advertisements for various government
initiatives.

3. Field-Level Outreach

Conducts exhibitions, road shows, and cultural programs to engage rural and semi-urban
populations.

4. Digital Focus

Expands outreach through social media and digital marketing.

Contact Information

Website: BOC Official Website

Social Media: Active on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube.

What are DAVP's channels of communication?

` DAVP uses a network of offices across India

` DAVP uses press advertisements, audio-visual media, printed material, outdoor

formats, exhibitions, and mass mailing

CENTRAL BOARD OF FILM CERTIFICATION (CBFC)

” The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) or Censor Board of Film

Certification is a statutory film-certification body in the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting of the Government of India. It is tasked with "regulating the public
exhibition of films under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act 1952.“

” The Cinematograph Act 1952 outlines a strict certification process for commercial
films shown in public venues. Films screened in cinemas and on television may only
be publicly exhibited in India after certification by the board and edited.

Functions of CBFC

` Film Certification – CBFC reviews films and assigns appropriate certification based
on content.
 ` Content Regulation – It ensures that films do not contain material that could be
offensive, defamatory, or a threat to national security.

` Public Interest Protection – It prevents the screening of content that may incite
violence, harm religious sentiments, or promote obscenity.

` Censorship & Cuts – The board can suggest or enforce modifications, including
edits or deletions, to align a film with certification guidelines.

` Appeals & Re-certification – Filmmakers can appeal against CBFC decisions, and
films can be re-certified for different formats (e.g., TV broadcast).

Guideline Enforcement

` Ensures films do not:

◦ Threaten public order, decency, or morality.

◦ Harm religious sentiments or promote hate speech.

◦ Contain content that could incite violence or discrimination.

` Suggests modifications or cuts if a film violates guidelines.

Categories of Certification

` U (Universal): Suitable for all age groups.

` U/A (Parental Guidance): Suitable for children above 12 years with parental
guidance.

` A (Adult): Restricted to adults aged 18 and above.

` S (Special): Restricted to specialized audiences (e.g., doctors, scientists).

Advisory Role

` Provides advisory support to filmmakers regarding content that may require

modifications for certification.

Composition of the CBFC

` Chairperson: Appointed by the Government of India, responsible for overseeing the

board's functions.

` Members: Includes representatives from various walks of life, such as artists,

scholars, and public figures, appointed by the government.

Film Certification Process

` Submission:
 ◦ Filmmakers submit their films, along with an application, to the CBFC for
certification.

` Examination:

◦ A panel watches the film and assesses it against the CBFC guidelines.

` Certification or Modifications:

◦ Based on the panel's decision, the film is either certified or sent back with
suggestions for cuts or changes.

` Appeals:

◦ If filmmakers disagree with the decision, they can appeal to the Film
Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT).

Modern Challenges

` OTT Platforms:

` With the rise of over-the-top (OTT) platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime, there is
ongoing discussion about regulating online content.

Evolving Standards:

` Adapting to changing societal norms and audience expectations remains a key

challenge.

Contact Information

` Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

` Website: CBFC Official Website

THE PROCEDURE TO GET FILM CERTIFICATION

` The procedure to obtain film certification involves submitting a film to the

appropriate film certification board, which evaluates and assigns it a category based
on its content. Below is a general outline of the process, using India's Central Board
of Film Certification (CBFC) as an example:

Steps to Get Film Certification

1. Submission of Application

` The producer or filmmaker submits an application to the certification board through

an online portal or offline (depending on the country).

` Required documents typically include:

 ◦ Application form.

◦ Script details (if applicable).

◦ A copy of the film in the prescribed format.

◦ Authorization letters, if submitted by an agent.

◦ Posters and publicity material.

◦ Proof of copyright ownership or agreements.

2. Payment of Fees

` The applicant pays a certification fee based on the length of the film. Fees vary for
different types of films (feature films, short films, or trailers).

3. Appointment of Examining Committee

` After receiving the application, the certification board appoints an Examining

Committee comprising officials and advisory members.

` For short films, the committee generally consists of 2 members, while for feature
films, it usually includes 4 members.

4. Screening of the Film

` The applicant must arrange for the film to be screened for the Examining Committee
at a venue approved by the board.

` The committee watches the film in its entirety and evaluates it based on:

◦ Content (violence, obscenity, nudity, etc.).

◦ Adherence to the country's laws.

◦ Suitability for the intended audience.

5. Decision by the Examining Committee

` The Examining Committee decides the category of certification and communicates its
decision to the applicant. Categories may include:

◦ U (Universal): Suitable for all age groups.

◦ UA (Parental Guidance): Suitable for children with parental guidance.

◦ A (Adults Only): Restricted to adults.

◦ S (Special Audience): Restricted to specific professional groups, like doctors

or scientists.
6. Suggestions or Modifications (if required)

` If the committee suggests changes or deletions to make the film suitable for a
particular category, the filmmaker must:

◦ Implement the changes.

◦ Submit the revised version for re-evaluation.

` The applicant can contest the decision by appealing to the Revising Committee or a
tribunal.

7. Issuance of Certificate

` Once approved, the certification board issues a Film Certificate specifying the
category and validity.

` The certificate is usually valid for 10 years.

FILM DIVISIONS

The Films Division of India (FDI), commonly referred as Films Division, was
established in 1948 following the independence of India. It was the first state film
production and distribution unit, under the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting, Government of India, with its main intent being to "produce
documentaries and news magazines for publicity of Government programmes"
and the cinematic record of Indian history

FDI was divided into four wings; these are Production, Distribution, International
Documentary and Short Film Festival. The Division produces
documentaries/news magazines from its headquarters in Mumbai, films on
defence and family welfare from New Delhi and featurettes focussing on rural
India from the regional centres at Calcutta now (Kolkata) and Bangalore. In 1990,
it was started at the annual Mumbai International Film Festival, for documentary,
short and animation films at Mumbai.

It housed a museum of cinema, the National Museum of Indian Cinema (NMIC),

inaugurated on 19 January 2019.

In March 2022, it was merged with National Film Development Corporation.

Objectives of Films Division

` Documenting India’s Progress – To record and showcase the country’s

development, culture, and achievements through films.

` Public Awareness & Education – To produce films on social, political, and

economic issues, including health, environment, and governance.
 ` Promoting Indian Cinema – To support independent and documentary filmmakers
by funding and distributing their work.

` National Integration & Cultural Preservation – To highlight India's heritage,

traditions, and unity in diversity.

` Archiving Historical Events – To maintain a visual record of significant national and

global events.

Functions of Films Division

` Production of Documentaries & Short Films – Creates films on national issues,

history, and social topics.

` Film Archiving & Preservation – Maintains historical footage and documentary

archives.

` Film Festivals & Screenings – Organizes the Mumbai International Film Festival
(MIFF) for documentaries and short films.

` Distribution & Broadcasting – Provides films to television channels, educational

institutions, and theaters.

Merger with NFDC

` In 2022, Films Division was merged with the National Film Development
Corporation (NFDC) along with three other film bodies—National Film Archive of
India (NFAI), Children's Film Society India (CFSI), and Directorate of Film
Festivals (DFF)—to streamline film-related activities under one umbrella.

NATIONAL FILM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (NFDC)

History

” The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) was established in

1975.Over the years, NFDC has provided a wide range of services essential to the
growth of Indian cinema especially Indian parallel cinema in the 1970s and
1980s. The NFDC (and its predecessor the Film Finance Corporation) has so far
funded or produced over 300 films. These films, in various Indian languages, have
been widely acclaimed and have won many national and international awards. An
example from the early 2000s is the third ever Kashmiri feature film, Bub ('father' in
English), which was directed by Jyoti Sarup.

” In 1982, NFDC, chaired by D. V. S. Raju, was also one of the production companies
for Gandhi, which won eight Academy Awards.

” Film journalist and former editor of Filmfare, B. K. Karanjia remained the chairman
of the NFDC for several years. He had been instrumental in the establishment of its
predecessor, Film Finance Corporation.Director, Ramesh Sippy took over the position
 of chairman of NFDC in 2012.He replaced actor Om Puri who was appointed in 2008.
In 2015, Suresh Gopi was appointed as the new chairman.

Notable Films Funded by NFDC

` Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (1983)

` Gandhi (1982) – An international co-production

` Mirch Masala (1987)

` Salaam Bombay! (1988)

` Mammo (1994)

` The Lunchbox (2013) (Through its Film Bazaar initiative)

NFDC's Film Bazaar

` It is an annual event held during the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa.
It serves as a networking platform for filmmakers, producers, and investors to
collaborate on projects.

Objectives of NFDC

` Promotion of Indian Cinema – Encourages the production of quality films,

particularly in regional and independent cinema.

` Financial Assistance – Provides funding, co-production, and low-interest loans to

filmmakers.

` Global Film Marketing – Helps Indian films gain international recognition by

promoting them at global film festivals.

` Film Distribution & Exhibition – Ensures that meaningful and offbeat cinema
reaches wider audiences.

` Infrastructure Development – Provides technical and financial support for film

production and distribution.

` Archiving & Preservation – Helps maintain and restore important Indian films.

Functions of NFDC

` Film Production & Co-Production – Has supported films like Gandhi (1982),
Salaam Bombay! (1988), and The Lunchbox (2013).

` Organizing Film Festivals – Promotes Indian films at international festivals like

Cannes, Berlin, and Toronto.
 ` Screenwriting & Filmmaking Support – Provides training, workshops, and funding
for new filmmakers.

` Managing Film Institutions – After the 2022 merger, NFDC now oversees the
Films Division, National Film Archive of India (NFAI), Children's Film Society
India (CFSI), and Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF).

NFDC's Role after 2022 Merger

` Became the single organization handling all government-related film activities.

` Responsible for film production, archiving, certification, and festival

organization.

` Strengthened the promotion of Indian cinema at global film markets.

` Parallel Cinema refers to a movement in Indian cinema that emerged in the 1950s as
an alternative to mainstream commercial Bollywood films. It focused on realistic
storytelling, social issues, and artistic expression rather than entertainment-driven
narratives.

ALL INDIA RADIO

All India Radio (AIR), also known as Akashvani (lit. 'Voice from the sky' or 'Oracle'),
is India's state-owned public radio broadcaster. Founded in 1936, it operates under
the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and is one of the two divisions of Prasar
Bharati.Headquartered at the Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi, it houses the Drama
Section, FM Section, and National Service. It also serves as the home of the Indian
television station Doordarshan Kendra.

All India Radio is the largest radio network in the world in terms of the number of
languages broadcast, the socioeconomic diversity it serves, and the scale of its
broadcasting organization.

History of All India Radio (AIR)

` All India Radio (AIR), also known as Akashvani, is India’s national public radio
broadcaster. It has played a crucial role in India's media landscape, evolving from a
colonial-era service to a major platform for information, education, and entertainment.

Early Beginnings (1920s - 1935)

` 1923 – The first radio broadcast in India was made by the Radio Club of Bombay.

` 1927 – The Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was established in Bombay and
Calcutta, but it shut down in 1930 due to financial difficulties.

` 1930 – The British government took over radio broadcasting and set up the Indian
State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) under the Department of Industries and Labour.
 ` 1935 – The Indian government renamed ISBS as All India Radio (AIR).

Colonial & Pre-Independence Era (1936 - 1947)

` 1936 – AIR was officially launched under the control of the Department of
Communications, with Lionel Fielden as its first Controller.

` 1939 - 1945 – During World War II, AIR played a key role in war propaganda and
information dissemination.

` 1940 – Started news bulletins in English and Hindi.

` 1942 – The External Services Division was introduced to broadcast in foreign

languages, particularly for Indian soldiers abroad.

` 1947 – During India’s independence, AIR had six radio stations (Delhi, Bombay,
Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow, and Tiruchirapalli).

Post-Independence Growth (1947 - 1990s)

` 1956 – The name "Akashvani" was adopted as AIR’s official identity in India.

` 1957 – The Vividh Bharati Service was introduced for entertainment, including film
music and drama.

` 1967 – AIR launched Yuva Vani, a youth-oriented service.

` 1974 – First FM (Frequency Modulation) station was set up in Madras (now

Chennai).

` 1977 – The News Services Division (NSD) was formed to strengthen news
broadcasting.

` 1980s – Expansion of FM broadcasting began in major cities.

Liberalization & Modernization (1990s - Present)

` 1997 – Prasar Bharati was established as an autonomous body, taking control of

AIR and Doordarshan.

` 2001 – AIR launched 24-hour FM channels (FM Rainbow & FM Gold).

` 2004 – Started online streaming of programs.

` 2014 – Launched mobile applications & digital platforms for global access.

` 2020s – AIR expanded its digital services, introduced Akashvani AIR Live, and
enhanced its global outreach.
Current Status & Reach

` AIR operates over 470 broadcasting centers across India.

` Covers 99% of India’s population.

` Broadcasts in 23 languages and 179 dialects.

` Provides news, cultural programs, entertainment, and educational content via

FM, AM, and digital platforms.

` Provides services through Medium Wave (MW), Short Wave (SW), FM, and
online streaming.

Objectives of All India Radio

` Public Service Broadcasting – To provide impartial news, education, and

entertainment to all sections of society.

` Cultural Promotion – To preserve and promote India's diverse cultural heritage

through music, drama, and literature programs.

` National Integration & Awareness – To strengthen national unity by broadcasting

programs in various Indian languages and dialects.

` Dissemination of Government Policies – To inform the public about government

initiatives, welfare schemes, and national issues.

` Rural Development & Education – To support agricultural, health, and educational

awareness programs, particularly for rural audiences.

Functions of AIR

` News Broadcasting – Provides daily news bulletins in multiple languages.

` Entertainment & Music – Features classical, folk, and contemporary music, along
with radio dramas and storytelling.

` Educational Programs – Conducts school and university broadcasts, health

awareness, and science education programs.

` Community Radio Services – Runs local radio stations that focus on regional issues
and community development.

` External Services – Broadcasts Indian news and culture to international audiences in

over 15 languages.

All India Radio & Digital Expansion

` AIR now operates Akashvani AIR Live on digital platforms and mobile apps.
 ` Offers podcasts, YouTube streaming, and digital radio services to reach urban and
younger audiences.

DOORDHARSHAN

¾ Doordarshan (lit. 'distant vision, television'), abbreviated as DD, is India's state-

owned public television broadcaster. Established by the Government of India on 15
September 1959, it is owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and
constitutes one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions.

¾ Doordarshan, one of India's largest broadcasting organisations in terms of studio

and transmitter infrastructure, delivers television, radio, online, and mobile services
across metropolitan and regional India, as well as internationally. It also broadcasts
via digital terrestrial transmitters.

History of Doordarshan

` 1959 – Doordarshan was launched as an experimental television service in Delhi.

` 1965 – Started regular daily broadcasts, initially limited to Delhi.

` 1972 – Expanded to Mumbai, Srinagar, and Amritsar.

` 1975 – Extended to seven more cities (Calcutta, Chennai, Lucknow, etc.), making it a
national service.

` 1982 –Doordarshan introduced color television in India.

◦ The Asian Games in New Delhi were the first color broadcast.

◦ Renamed Doordarshan (DD) from “Doordarshan Kendra.”

` 1984 – Launch of DD-2, later known as DD Metro, to offer alternative entertainment.

` 1997 – Became part of Prasar Bharati, making it an autonomous entity.

` 2003 – Launched DD Direct+ (Now DD Free Dish), India’s first free-to-air DTH
service.

` 2014 – Launched DD Kisan, a dedicated channel for farmers.

Doordarshan’s Objectives

` Public Service Broadcasting – Providing informative, educational, and entertaining

content.

` Nationwide Coverage – Reaching rural and remote areas with news and programs.

` Promotion of Indian Culture – Showcasing Indian heritage, arts, and languages.

 ` Educational Content – Offering school and university programs, agricultural
guidance, and skill development shows.

` Emergency Broadcasting – Broadcasting government policies, disaster alerts, and

crisis management messages.

Doordarshan’s Major Channels

` DD National – The primary channel for entertainment, news, and government

programs.

` DD News – A dedicated 24-hour news channel.

` DD Bharati – Focuses on culture, arts, and heritage.

` DD Sports – Covers live and recorded sports events.

` DD Kisan – Agricultural and rural development programs.

` DD India – International broadcast service of India.

` DD Regional Channels – Over 30 regional channels catering to different states and

languages.

Technological Growth & Digital Expansion

` DD Free Dish – India’s only free Direct-To-Home (DTH) service with 100+
channels.

` High-Definition (HD) Channels – DD National, DD News, and DD Sports now have

HD versions.

` Online Streaming & Mobile Apps – Available on YouTube, social media, and
digital platforms.

Current Reach & Influence

` Covers 92% of India's population with its terrestrial network.

` Available in 190+ countries through DD India.

` Over 100+ channels, including regional and thematic channels.

PRESS COUNCIL OF INDIA & GUIDELINES FOR THE PRESS

Press Council of India (PCI)

Introduction

` The Press Council of India (PCI) is a statutory, quasi-judicial body established to

uphold the freedom of the press and maintain high standards of journalism in
 India. It acts as a watchdog to ensure that the press operates ethically and responsibly
while also protecting it from external interference.

1. Establishment and Legal Framework

` The Press Council of India was established under the Press Council Act of 1978.

` It came into existence on 4 July 1979 as a self-regulatory body.

` It is an autonomous and statutory body, meaning it functions independently but has

legal backing.

2. Objectives and Purpose

` The main objectives of the Press Council of India are:

` Protecting the Freedom of the Press

◦ Ensures that journalists and media houses operate without undue influence or
suppression.

◦ Acts as a guardian of press freedom in the country.

` Maintaining Journalistic Ethics and Standards

◦ Ensures that the press follows ethical guidelines and does not publish
misleading or defamatory content.

◦ Encourages responsible journalism.

` Preventing Government and External Interference

◦ Ensures that neither the government nor private entities interfere with the
functioning of the press.

` Investigating Complaints Against the Press

◦ Addresses grievances from the public, government, or media organizations

about the conduct of journalists and newspapers.

` Promoting a Free and Responsible Press

◦ Encourages transparency and accountability in journalism.

3. Composition of the Press Council

` The Press Council of India consists of 28 members, including:

` Chairperson: A retired Supreme Court Judge, appointed by the President of India.

 ` 20 Members: Represent the press and media industry, including editors, journalists,
and news agencies.

` 5 Members: Represent both houses of Parliament.

` 3 Members: Represent cultural, legal, and educational fields.

` The members are appointed for a tenure of three years.

4. Powers and Functions

` The PCI has significant powers to regulate the press but does not have punitive
(punishment) powers. Its main functions include:

A. Regulatory Powers

` Setting ethical standards for journalism in India.

` Monitoring press conduct and ensuring fair reporting.

` Issuing warnings or censures to publications and journalists who violate ethical

norms.

B. Adjudicatory (Judicial) Powers

` Investigating complaints from the public about press misconduct.

` Hearing cases of defamation, biased reporting, or unethical journalism.

` Issuing warnings, censures, or advising media houses to correct their reporting.

C. Advisory Functions

` Advises the government on media policies.

` Helps in the framing of laws related to press freedom.

D. No Punitive Powers

` The PCI cannot impose fines, suspend, or shut down media outlets.

` It can only issue warnings, reprimands, or advisories.

5. Jurisdiction and Limitations

A. Jurisdiction

` PCI governs print media (newspapers, magazines, and journals).

` It does NOT regulate electronic media (TV, radio) or digital and social media.

B. Limitations
 ` No Enforcement Power:

◦ It cannot impose penalties or legally enforce its decisions.

` Limited Scope:

◦ It does not cover TV, radio, or online media, which have different
regulatory bodies like:

x News Broadcasters & Digital Association (NBDA) for TV.

x IT Rules, 2021 for digital and social media.

` Criticism of Bias:

◦ Some critics argue that PCI does not always act independently and may be
influenced by political or corporate interests.

6. Important Cases and Decisions

` Some notable cases handled by PCI include:

` Censure of newspapers for spreading misinformation.

` Action against paid news during elections.

` Advisories against communal and hate speech reporting.

7. Significance of the Press Council of India

` Acts as the guardian of press freedom in India.

` Helps in maintaining journalistic ethics and professionalism.

` Serves as a bridge between the government, public, and media.

8. Comparison with Other Countries

Country Regulatory Body Scope

1. India Press Council of India (PCI) Print media

2. USA Federal Communications Print, TV, and digital media

Commission (FCC)
3. UK Independent Press Standards Print and online news
Organization (IPSO)
4. Australia Australian Press Council Print and digital media
Unlike India’s PCI, many global regulatory bodies have enforcement powers, including
fines and legal actions.

9. Future of the Press Council of India

` Need for Digital Media Regulation:

The rise of digital journalism raises the need for PCI’s role to expand to online news
portals.

` Stronger Punitive Powers:

Some experts suggest giving PCI more legal authority to enforce decisions.

` Independent Functioning:
There are debates on making PCI more autonomous and free from government
influence.

GUIDELINES FOR THE PRESS BY THE PRESS COUNCIL OF INDIA

` The Press Council of India issues several guidelines and a Code of Ethics to
promote responsible journalism. These guidelines serve as a framework for ethical
practices, and they aim to ensure that the media maintains integrity and does not harm
public interest. Key guidelines include:

1. Accuracy and Fairness

` Ensure factual correctness – Journalists should report accurately and refrain from
publishing unverified or false information.

` Avoid misrepresentation – The press must avoid distorting facts and presenting
misleading information.

2. Privacy and Defamation

` Respect privacy – The press should respect an individual’s privacy unless the matter
is of public interest or importance.

` Avoid defamation – Refrain from publishing content that could harm someone’s
reputation without valid evidence or justification.

3. Sensationalism

` Avoid sensationalizing issues – The press should refrain from sensationalizing news
or creating unwarranted fear, particularly in matters like crime, accidents, and
disasters.

4. Fair and Objective Reporting

` Balanced representation – The media should provide a balanced representation of

various perspectives, especially in political, social, and cultural matters.
 ` Avoid bias – Journalists must avoid reporting with bias or favoring a particular side
in an issue.

5. Responsibility to Society

` Promote public welfare – The press should contribute positively to society by

highlighting important issues such as education, health, environment, and human
rights.

` Avoid content harmful to public peace – Content that could incite violence, hatred,
or discrimination should be avoided.

6. Plagiarism and Fabrication

` No plagiarism – Journalists must ensure that they do not plagiarize content from
other sources.

` No fabrication – News should not be fabricated or invented, as it undermines the

credibility of journalism.

7. Ethical Advertising

` Separate advertising from editorial content – Advertisements should not be

disguised as editorial content, and the distinction should be clear to avoid misleading
the public.

Role in Promoting Press Freedom

` Advisory Role – PCI advises the government on issues related to press freedom and
the protection of journalists' rights.

` Grievance Redressal Mechanism – It serves as a platform for resolving complaints

related to unethical practices in journalism.

` Promoting Dialogue – PCI often engages in discussions with government agencies

and media organizations to maintain a healthy press environment.

CODE OF ETHICS FOR THE PRESS SUGGESTED BY THE PRESS

COUNCIL OF INDIA

` The Press Council of India (PCI) has laid down a Code of Ethics that provides
guidelines for journalists and media organizations to ensure responsible and ethical
journalism. This Code emphasizes accuracy, fairness, accountability, and
professionalism in reporting, aiming to maintain the credibility of the press and
protect public interest.

` Below are some key aspects of the Code of Ethics for the Press:
1. Accuracy and Impartiality

` Factual accuracy – Journalists must verify the facts before publishing or

broadcasting any news. Any error or inaccuracy must be corrected promptly.

` Impartiality – Journalists should present facts fairly, without favoritism or bias. They
should not allow personal views to interfere with objective reporting.

` Balance – In issues of public importance, all relevant viewpoints should be

represented, and reporting should not unduly favor any particular group, party, or
individual.

2. Objectivity and Fairness

` Objectivity in reporting – Journalists should avoid subjective interpretations and

base their reports on facts and evidence. They should also avoid inserting personal
opinion unless clearly stated as commentary.

` Fairness in covering sensitive topics – Media should take care when reporting on
sensitive matters (e.g., personal tragedies, legal cases, and political situations) to
avoid sensationalism or unfair representation.

3. Privacy and Respect for Individuals

` Respect for privacy – Journalists should respect the privacy of individuals unless the
information is of public interest, such as details of a crime, corruption, or government
action.

` Avoiding harm – In reporting personal matters, journalists should avoid causing

unnecessary harm or distress, particularly to vulnerable groups like minors or victims
of crime.

4. No Plagiarism or Fabrication

` No plagiarism – Journalists should ensure that they do not copy content from other
sources without proper attribution.

` No fabrication – Information should not be fabricated or invented. Journalists are

responsible for ensuring that their stories are based on authentic sources and evidence.

5. Sensationalism

` Avoiding sensationalism – Media outlets must avoid exaggerated or sensational

headlines, stories, or images designed to attract attention at the cost of truth and
accuracy.

` Responsible use of images – Graphic images, especially those related to violence or

distressing situations, should be used judiciously and with due sensitivity.
6. Accountability and Responsibility

` Accountability for content – Editors and journalists are accountable for the content
published, and should stand by their work. They should be ready to correct errors
when identified.

` Accepting criticism – Media outlets should be open to constructive criticism and

provide mechanisms for grievance redressal.

7. Avoiding Conflict of Interest

` Transparency of interests – Journalists should disclose any potential conflicts of

interest (e.g., financial or personal ties to the subject of a story). They should not
cover topics that might personally benefit them.

` Avoiding bias – Media professionals must ensure their work is free from external
influence, especially from advertisers, politicians, or other powerful entities.

8. Ethical Advertising

` Distinguishing advertising from editorial content – Advertisements should be

clearly marked, and the audience should not be misled into thinking an advertisement
is an editorial piece.

` No deceptive advertisements – Advertising content should not deceive or mislead

the public, especially in areas like health, safety, or financial products.

9. Protection of Sources

` Confidentiality of sources – Journalists must respect the confidentiality of their

sources, unless there is an overriding public interest in revealing them.

` Protection of whistleblowers – Those who provide important information for the

public interest should be protected from retaliation or harm.

10. Reporting on Sensitive Issues

` Discrimination and hate speech – Journalists should avoid spreading discriminatory

content based on caste, religion, gender, or ethnicity. Hate speech, inflammatory
language, or incitement to violence should be avoided.

` Reporting on crimes and legal cases – When reporting on crimes or ongoing legal
proceedings, journalists should avoid making statements that could prejudice the
investigation or trial. They should respect the presumption of innocence until proven
guilty.

11. Social Responsibility

` Promoting social welfare – Journalists should strive to cover issues that promote
public welfare, such as education, health, environment, and human rights.
 ` Serving public interest – Reporting should aim to inform the public and contribute
positively to society, by shedding light on important issues and fostering dialogue.

12. Press and Political Influence

` Independence of the press – The press must remain free from political or
governmental influence. Journalists should avoid biased reporting, especially in
politically sensitive situations.

` Avoiding government interference – Media should maintain its autonomy and

should not be influenced by government censorship, political pressures, or
commercial interests.

PRESS COMMISSIONS

’ The "Press Commission of India" is officially called the Press Council of India (PCI),
which is a statutory body established by the Indian Parliament to regulate the print
media and ensure the freedom of the press while maintaining high journalistic
standards in the country; it acts as a self-regulatory body for newspapers and news
agencies in India.

’ A Press Commission is a government-appointed body responsible for studying and

recommending policies to improve the functioning of the press in a country. In India,
two Press Commissions have been established to address issues related to press
freedom, regulation, and development.

’ A Press Commission is a committee or body appointed by the government to

examine the state of the press and recommend measures to ensure its freedom,
accountability, and ethical conduct. These commissions analyze issues related to
media regulation, press laws, and journalistic ethics, aiming to improve the
functioning of the press in a democratic society.

’ The Press Commission, established by the Government of India in 1952, aimed to

look into the various aspects of the press industry and media regulations. It had a
significant role in shaping the Indian media landscape. The main objectives and
functions of the Press Commission were as follows:

Objectives of the Press Commission:

` The primary objectives of a Press Commission include:

` Examining the Role of the Press – Evaluating the press’s contribution to democracy,
governance, and social development.

` Ensuring Press Freedom – Recommending legal and institutional frameworks to

protect press freedom from government interference or corporate influence.
 ` Regulating Media Ethics – Proposing ethical guidelines to prevent sensationalism,
misinformation, and biased reporting.

` Studying Media Ownership – Investigating monopolies, cross-media ownership, and

their impact on diversity and freedom.

` Reviewing Press Laws – Assessing outdated press laws and suggesting necessary
reforms.

` Addressing Press Accountability – Ensuring that the media remains responsible and
accountable while maintaining journalistic integrity.

Functions of the Press Commission:

` Assessment of Press Conditions: It conducted an in-depth analysis of the

functioning and condition of the press in India at the time.

` Recommendations on Media Regulations: Based on its research, the Commission

made recommendations on how the government should regulate the press while
maintaining its autonomy.

` Focus on Media Ownership and Control: It recommended measures to ensure that

media ownership did not become too concentrated in the hands of a few, thus limiting
monopolistic practices.

` Protection of Journalists’ Rights: The Commission looked into the welfare of

journalists and suggested improvements in their working conditions, pay, and
recognition of their professional rights.

` Recommendations on Press Laws: It made suggestions for the betterment of

existing media laws and regulations to improve transparency and accountability.

FIRST PRESS COMMISSION (1952–1954)

` The First Press Commission was set up by the Government of India in 1952 under
the chairmanship of Justice S. R. Das. The Commission's task was to examine and
make recommendations regarding the status and functioning of the press in India.

` Chairman: Justice J.S. Rajadhyaksha Objective: To study the press industry in

independent India and recommend improvements for its growth and regulation.

Objectives:

` Review the State of the Press: It aimed to understand the state of the press in the
country post-independence and how it was serving the interests of the Indian public.

` Press Freedom and Responsibility: To explore ways to ensure that the press could
function independently without undue government interference, while also fulfilling
its responsibilities.
 ` Improvement of the Press Industry: The Commission sought to improve the
conditions of the press, ensuring its economic viability and enhancing its professional
standards.

` Media Ethics and Regulation: To focus on ethical standards in journalism, ensuring

truthfulness, impartiality, and fairness in reporting.

Recommendations:

` Protection of Press Freedom: The Commission recommended that press freedom

should be safeguarded by laws that would prevent any undue government
interference.

` Regulation of Advertising: It suggested that the advertising market should not be

monopolized and that there should be regulations for fair practices.

` Improved Working Conditions for Journalists: The Commission emphasized the

need for better working conditions, better pay, and recognition of journalists' rights.

` Press Ownership and Control: It expressed concern about the concentration of

media ownership and its potential negative impact on the diversity of opinions and
information. It recommended that ownership of the press be diversified to ensure a
pluralistic media environment.

Key Recommendations:

` Strengthening the Press Council of India to regulate journalistic conduct.

` Promotion of regional and small newspapers to reduce dominance by large media

houses.

` Need for a balance between press freedom and accountability.

` Government support for the newspaper industry without interfering in editorial

freedom.

SECOND PRESS COMMISSION (1978–1982)

` The Second Press Commission was established in 1978 under the chairmanship of
Justice P. N. Bhagwati, who was later the Chief Justice of India. The primary focus
of the Second Press Commission was to review the functioning of the press in post-
Independence India, taking into account the changes that had occurred since the First
Press Commission.

` Chairman: Justice K.K. Mathew Objective: To revisit the press laws and make
recommendations for a more responsible and free press in the changing media
landscape
Objectives:

` Examine the Press Post-Emergency: Given that the Indian press had undergone
significant pressures during the Emergency (1975-1977), the Commission sought to
assess the impact of the Emergency on the press and suggest ways to strengthen its
independence.

` Regulation of Media Ownership: Similar to the First Commission, the Second Press
Commission also focused on how the concentration of media ownership could
influence public opinion and the dissemination of information.

` Technological and Economic Changes: It sought to evaluate the effect of

technological advances in printing, publishing, and media distribution on the press.

` Press Laws and Ethical Practices: To address the need for updated media laws that
could protect the press from external pressures and promote ethical journalism.

Recommendations:

` Press Freedom and Independence: It recommended that the press should be given
constitutional protection to preserve its freedom, especially after the Emergency
period where press freedoms had been severely curtailed.

` New Laws for Media Ownership: The Commission recommended reforms to

prevent the monopolization of the press by large corporations, suggesting limits on
the number of newspapers or media outlets that could be owned by one entity.

` Technological and Organizational Reforms: The Commission highlighted the

importance of adapting to technological changes in the media industry, suggesting
that the press should modernize to remain competitive and relevant.

` Self-Regulation: It emphasized the importance of self-regulation by the press,

recommending the establishment of a press council that would maintain ethical
standards and serve as a body for resolving disputes.

` Public Responsibility of the Press: The Commission stressed that the press must be
conscious of its responsibility to society, including ensuring that it served as a forum
for public opinion and a check on the government.

Key Recommendations:

` Establishment of the Press Council of India to uphold journalistic ethics.

` Formation of the Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI) to regulate newspaper

registration.

` Setting up a Price-Page Schedule to prevent unfair trade practices.

` Need for a professional code of ethics for journalists.

Key Differences between the First and Second Press Commissions:

” Context: The First Press Commission dealt with post-independence media conditions,
while the Second Press Commission came after a period of political unrest (the
Emergency) and thus focused on restoring press freedoms and addressing
monopolization in media ownership.

” Technological Considerations: The Second Press Commission paid more attention

to the technological changes in media production and distribution, which had greatly
evolved by the late 1970s.

” Media Ownership and Monopolization: Both Commissions were concerned with

the concentration of media ownership, but the Second Press Commission took a
stronger stance on regulating monopolies in media.

” Press Freedom: The Second Press Commission focused heavily on the restoration
and protection of press freedoms after the censorship imposed during the Emergency,
whereas the First Commission focused on broader concerns about media ethics and
regulation.

Role of Press Commissions in Modern Journalism

` Press Commissions have played a critical role in shaping press policies worldwide.
Some of their contributions include:

` Establishing Press Councils in various countries.

` Influencing press freedom laws and media ethics codes.

` Encouraging self-regulation rather than direct government control.

` Advocating for journalists' rights and fair working conditions.

UNIT IV COMPLETED