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Kiao Inthavong
School of Aerospace Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering
RMIT University
Bundoora
Victoria
Australia
v
vi Preface
Jiyuan Tu
Kiao Inthavong
Kelvin Kian Loong Wong
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Springer, particularly Thijs van Vlijmen for reviewing,
endorsing, and supporting the idea of publishing this book, and to Sara Germans
for assisting in a smooth completion of our project. The authors like to thank re-
search students and colleagues working in the CFD Group at RMIT University for
their hard work and contribution. Special thanks are given to Pongpat Thavornpat-
tanapong and Jingliang Dong who have provided worked examples in geometric
modelling, meshing and simulations for this book. We would like to thank Dr Sher-
man Cheung, Prof David Reutens, Prof Thanh Phan, Dr Songlin Ding, Dr Huafeng
Li and Mr Nelson Choi for their early contribution of patient-specific geometric
reconstruction and CFD simulation, and are grateful to Dr William Yang for his
experimental validation of our simulations.
Prof Tu wants to dedicate this book to the memory of his former supervisors, Prof
Zhong-Yi Hua, former President of Fudan University, who died in a heart attack,
and Prof Shi-Jin Pang who died in a stroke. He would like to express his gratitude to
his wife, Xue, and his son, Tian for their understanding and support. Dr Inthavong
wishes to acknowledge the immense support, contributions, and fruitful discussions
from Laura Frances Portaro; and the constant challenges posed by Antonino Intha-
vong. He would like to dedicate this book to Samuel August Schmidt for the many
nights of online discussions on research, science, and all things academic—until
our next discussion. Dr Wong would like to thank his life mentors—Prof Dhanjoo
N. Ghista, Prof Jagannath Mazumdar and Prof Derek Abbott for their advice and
guidance in his research of computational hemodynamics. He expresses thanks to
his wife, Xindan for her understanding and support during the course of his career
when this book is being written.
Finally, to those that the authors have failed to mention but have been involved
in one way or another, the authors would like to take this opportunity of expressing
their deepest appreciation.
Jiyuan Tu
Kiao Inthavong
Kelvin Kian Loong Wong
ix
Contents
2.3.3 Aneurysm���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38
2.3.4 Thrombosis�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
2.3.5 Stroke���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
2.4 Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
2.5 Review Questions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42
4 Fundamentals of Haemodynamics������������������������������������������������������������� 67
4.1 Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
4.2 Fluid Properties of Blood���������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
4.3 Viscosity of Blood��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
4.4 Clinical Relevance of Blood Viscosity������������������������������������������������� 71
4.5 Blood Flow Properties�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
4.5.1 Shear Force������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
4.5.2 Pressure Force��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
4.5.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow����������������������������������������������������� 75
4.6 Introduction to Internal Pipe Flow�������������������������������������������������������� 76
4.6.1 Developing and Fully Developed Regions������������������������������� 76
4.6.2 Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Profiles in a Pipe������������������� 78
4.6.3 Poiseulle’s Law������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
4.6.4 Bernoulli’s Equation����������������������������������������������������������������� 83
4.6.5 Pressure Drop Estimates����������������������������������������������������������� 85
4.7 Fluid Dynamics of Blood Flow Examples�������������������������������������������� 86
4.7.1 Carotid Artery Bifurcation�������������������������������������������������������� 86
4.7.2 Carotid Artery Bifurcation with Stenosis���������������������������������� 88
4.7.3 Curved Flow in Aortic Arch������������������������������������������������������ 89
4.7.4 Aneursym in Abdominal Aorta������������������������������������������������� 91
4.8 Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93
4.9 Review Questions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94
Contents xiii
Appendix����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 327
Bibliography����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 331
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 347
Chapter 1
Computational Haemodynamics—An
Introduction
Cardiac diseases remain a major cause of ill health and death in our society and thus
advancements in current clinical therapies are of significant importance. Our age-
ing population and the obesity epidemic, have increased incidences of heart disease
giving rise to a new market for therapeutic systems that are computationally based
and exclusively dedicated to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This coin-
cides with recent advancements in computing and flow visualisation technology,
giving greater ease for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (Banerjee et al. 2000).
As such, there will be an increasing demand for Computational Haemodynamic
analysis techniques to further facilitate the prognosis and diagnosis of a failing
heart. Haemodynamic parametrical studies have the potential for clinical study of
cardiac patients (Tu et al. 2011). The framework can be used to diagnose pre- and
post- surgical treatments. In particular, fluid mechanical flow quantification can
be adequately documented from simulated cardiovascular flow to aid diagnoses of
cardiovascular diseases and to assess cardiac flow analysis. These new approaches
to medical imaging provide an alternative to traditional invasive methods of diag-
noses such as surgical visualisation, and post-surgical evaluations, to characterise
cardiac abnormalities.
Computational Haemodynamics (CHD) is the computer simulation of blood flow
in the cardiovascular system. The motion of blood flow can be modelled by using
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and its interaction with blood vessel struc-
tures can be studied by combination with the use of Finite Element Method (FEM).
This is becoming an emerging research field that may lead to the everyday use of
computer modelling techniques for many biomedical engineering applications. The
biomedical engineering industry comprises the health, pharmaceutical and medical
research fields, whereby interest is increasing in the use of CHD modelling for car-
diac flow analysis, effectiveness of stents, and discovery of new phenomena related
to physiological flows.
The term “Computational” of the CFD terminology refers to the study of the “flu-
id dynamics” represented by the Navier-Stokes equations, which are solved using
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 1
J. Tu et al., Computational Hemodynamics—Theory, Modelling and Applications,
Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9594-4_1
2 1 Computational Haemodynamics—An Introduction
Fig. 1.1 The different disciplines contained within the CHD architecture. The state-of-the-art
research CHD architecture involving medical imaging (MI), computer aided design (CAD), com-
putational fluid dynamics (CFD), and finite element method (FEM) components for haemody-
namic modelling
1.2 Advantages of CHD 3
1.2 Advantages of CHD
CHD is an emerging field for virtual surgical planning, clinical assessment of vas-
cular diseases and the development of medical devices. The exponential growth in
computing power, advancements in technology, and materialisation of interdisci-
plinary research has seen CFD emerge within the last few decades as a practical tool
in modern engineering practice. As such, CHD benefits medical experts in provid-
ing support for their diagnosis and clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Computational modelling is also becoming a staple in research and develop-
ment (R&D) in practical engineering and product design. The computational results
complement experimental and analytical approaches by providing a cost-effective
alternative to simulate realistic fluid flows. For example, the visualisation capabili-
ties are highly detailed which can provide vector, contour, and flow streamline plots
that describe the physics. Furthermore CHD is a tool that offers the ability to solve
a range of complicated flow problems where analytical approaches do not exist.
Finally, another major advantage of CHD is the ability to simulate biofluid flows
that are not reproducible in experiments. This is significant in the medical and phar-
maceutical fields where invasive methods dealing with human subjects are difficult
to undertake. For example, evaluation of performance for medical devices such as
heart stent and heart pump. The analysis of cardiac diseases such as atherosclerosis
(Fig. 1.2), can also be simulated using CHD, which is indeed much safer and easier
to perform than experimenting on a live human subject.
Nevertheless, the suggestion here is that CHD will not replace experimental test-
ing but rather, it will serve as a viable alternative that complements experimental
methods. Newly developed models still rely on experimental data as validation for
such topics as cardiovascular flows including flow in atherosclerotic arteries and
aneurysm, heart stent and ventricular assist devices, and Low-density Lipoprotein
Fig. 1.2 Streamline visualisation in virtual stenting and simulation treatment for diseased artery,
as well as haemodynamics modeling of stenosed carotid arteries
4 1 Computational Haemodynamics—An Introduction
One of the many uses of CHD is to reveal the physical nature of the interactions
of fluid around and within objects. Fluid is transported through a domain by many
physical processes including dissipation, diffusion, convection, boundary layers
and turbulence. CHD can be employed as a research tool to perform numerical
experiments in order to better understand the physical nature of the fluid dynamics
of blood flow. For example it can be used to better understand blood flow within a
ventricular assist heart device. Fig. 1.3 shows a snapshot in time of the flow through
such a device which reveals the recirculating flow and high wall shear stresses
which can result in thrombosis. This example illustrates how CHD can provide
detailed visualisation to better understand the observed flow structures and some
Fig. 1.3 Three dimensional streamline flow and near-wall velocity profile. Streamline traces of
flow in a ventricular assist device depicting spiralling flow within a ventricular chamber. Swirling
is observed about the centreline of the conical housing. The speed of rotation varies non-linearly
from the housing to the centre of the vortex