Impedance Matching

Techniques
Dr Mohamed Farhat

Acknowledgements:
1. Some Smith Chart figures were taken from the textbook “ELEMENTS OF
ELECTROMAGNETICS” by MATTHEW N. O. SADIKU
2. ECE 4380/5390 Spring 2013 Instructor: Office: E-Mail: Dr. Raymond Rumpf A-337
[email protected]
3. https://studyres.com/doc/12602419/microwaves_elec401_lec_smithchart1

4. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Prof. Girish Kumar, Department of Electrical

Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
 Outlines
 Impedance Matching by Quarter-Wave Transformer

 Impedance Matching by Series Elements

 Impedance Matching by Single Series stub

 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub

 Some Applications of Transmission Lines
Transmission lines are used to serve different purposes. Here we
consider how transmission lines are used for load matching and
impedance measurements.
If a transmission line is connected to a load of different impedance
to the T.L., reflection occurs.
For maximum power transfer from source to load, a matching
network is used.
 Matching Networks
Lumped element networks.

Distributed networks

(λ/4) transformer
 Matching Networks
Distributed networks

Single Stub Tuner Double Stub Tuner.

 Impedance Matching by
Quarter-Wave Transformer
 A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)
 Transmission lines are used to serve different purposes. Here we
consider how transmission lines are used for load matching and
impedance measurements.

 When 𝑍𝑜 ≠ 𝑍𝐿 , we say that the load is mismatched and a reflected

wave exists on the line. However, for maximum power transfer, it is
desired that the load be matched to the transmission line 𝑍𝑜 = 𝑍𝐿 , so
that there is no reflection .

 The mismatched load 𝑍𝐿 can be

properly matched to a line (with
characteristic impedance 𝑍𝑜 ) by
inserting prior to the load a λ/4
transmission line (with characteristic
impedance 𝑍𝑜 )
 A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)
 The λ/4 section of the
transmission line is called a
quarter-wave transformer
because it is used for
impedance matching like
an ordinary transformer.

This means the signal

accumulates 90𝑜 of
phase.
 A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)
 The λ/4 section of the
transmission line is called a
quarter-wave transformer
because it is used for
impedance matching like
an ordinary transformer.

This means the signal

accumulates 90𝑜 of
phase.
 A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)
For a matched system, 𝑍𝑖𝑛
must equal 𝑍𝑜 , Hence

where 𝑍ሖ𝑜 , 𝑍𝑜 and 𝑍𝐿 are all real

 This matching only can be applied to real load impedances.

 Complex load impedance can be converted to real load impedance

by introduction of a transmission line of suitable length or a reactive
stub between the load and the quarter wave transformer.
Impedance Inversion

𝟐
𝒁𝒐
=
𝒋𝝎𝑳

𝟏
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒋𝝎𝑪
Impedance Inversion

𝟐
𝒁𝒐
=
𝟏/𝒋𝝎𝑪

𝟐
𝒋𝝎𝑪𝒁𝒐
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝟏
Impedance Inversion
Impedance Inversion
Impedance Inversion
 A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)
Example
A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)
 A. Quarter-Wave Transformer (Matching)

There is no standing wave to

the left of the transformer
due to the matching.

The reflected wave (or standing wave) is eliminated only at

the desired wavelength (or frequency f ); there will be
reflection at a slightly different wavelength.

Thus, the main disadvantage of the quarter-wave

transformer is that it is a narrow-band or frequency-
sensitive device.
Impedance Matching by
Series Elements
 Impedance Matching by Series Elements
Example
Construct a matching network by inserting a reactive element
at the appropriate distance into a 50 Ω TL terminated by
11+J25 Ω load

Step 1 Normalize the load impedance

11+𝐽25
𝑧𝐿 = =0.22+J0.5Ω
50

Locate the
Step 2 impedance on
Smith Chart
 Impedance Matching by Series Elements
Step 3 Plot the constant VSWR circle and locate
the intersection points with r=1 circle

We have
got two
possible
points:
1+J2
1-J2
 Impedance Matching by Series Elements
Step 4 To calculate the distance from the load
impedance to one of these points to add the
reactive element
The location of
the load
impedance is
at 0.076λ

The location of
the 1+J2 on
the TL is at
0.188 λ
The distance is equal
to
0.188 λ- 0.076λ
=0.112 λ
 Impedance Matching by Series Elements
After moving a distance of 0.112 λ, the impedance will be
equal to 1+j2

Step 5 In order to remove the j2 part from the impedance,

we can add a capacitor of impedance –j2

𝑍𝐶 = 𝑍𝑜 (−𝑗2) =-j100 Ω

𝑪 0.112 λ

𝟏𝟏 Ω

𝒋 𝟐𝟓 Ω

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝒐
Impedance Matching by
Stub Technique
 Impedance Matching by Stub Technique
 The reactive elements (inductor/capacitor) have
parasitic effect and they have low performance at high
frequency

 The short circuit has an impedance of 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan(𝛽𝐿)

 The open circuit has an impedance of −𝑗𝑍𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝛽𝐿)

 So the short/open circuits can be used in series with

the load impedance to achieve the matching condition
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑜 .
Impedance Matching by Stub Technique
Impedance Matching by Stub Technique
Impedance Matching by Single
Series Stub
 Impedance Matching by Series Stub
The same solution steps will be
performed as follows.

After calculating the distance

d along the TL:

 Then, calculate the value of 𝒁𝑳 = ሖ𝒓ƴ + 𝒋 𝒙ƴ at this new

location.
 A match will be achieved when the reactance 𝒙ƴ is
illuminated by either of:
 Adding a shorten stub of length L measured from the
short circuit point moving toward the generator
 Adding an open stub of length L measured from the
open circuit point moving toward the generator
 Impedance Matching by Series Stub
Example
Match 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝒋 𝟓𝟎 Ω with 𝒁𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Ω using a
shortened stub or open stub

Solution
Step 1 Normalize the load impedance
30−𝐽50
𝑧𝐿 = =0.3- j 0.5Ω
100

Step 2 Locate the impedance on Smith Chart

Plot the constant VSWR circle and locate

Step 3
the intersection points with r=1 circle
 Impedance Matching by Series Stub

We have
got two
possible
points:
1+j1.6 Ω
1-j1.6 Ω
 Impedance Matching by Series Stub
The location of
the 1+j1.6 Ω
on the TL is at
0.1775 λ

The distance d
is equal to
(0.5 λ-
0.4212λ)+
0.1775 λ
=0.2563 λ

The location of
the load
impedance is
at 0.4212λ
 Impedance Matching by Series Stub
After moving a distance d of 0.2563 λ, the
impedance will be equal to 1+j1.6 Ω
In order to remove the j1.6 Ω part from
the impedance as follows:
The location of the -j1.6 Ω on the TL is at 0.341 λ

To match with short

circuit stub, a length
of 0.341 λ-0= 0.341 λ
is needed
 Impedance Matching by Series Stub
0.2563 λ

𝒁𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝒋 𝟓𝟎 Ω

0.25 λ

To match with open

circuit stub, a length
of 0.341 λ-0.25 λ =
0.091 λ is needed
Impedance Matching by Single
Shunt Stub
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
 The major drawback of using a quarter-wave transformer as a
line-matching device is eliminated by using a single-stub tuner.
 The tuner consists of an open or shorted section of transmission
line of length d connected in parallel with the main line at some
distance L from the load
 The stub has the same characteristic impedance as the main
line
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub

Input admittance of the terminated T-line section 𝑌𝑡𝑙 = 𝑌𝑜 +jB

Input admittance of the stub (short or open circuit) 𝑌𝑠 = −jB

Overall input admittance 𝑌𝑡𝑙 = 𝑌𝑡𝑙 + 𝑌𝑠 = 𝑌𝑜

 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 1

Step 2
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 3
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 4
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 5

To realize this shunt susceptance with a short‐circuit stub, we back

off some distance 𝐿𝐴 from a short circuit load until the input
admittance is −𝑗𝐵𝐴
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 6

Last, we add the stub at position 𝑑𝐴 from the load to cancel the
susceptance of the load.
The load is matched and we have zero reflection!
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Voltage on Transmission Line Before and After Stub Tuning
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Rightmost Smith chart point is the admittance of a short-
circuit.
Leftmost Smith chart point is the admittance of an open-
circuit.

Impedance at SC Impedance at OC
Admittance at OC Admittance at SC

There are usually two possible solutions, we normally choose

the shorter stub or one at a position closer to the load.
We may have two stubs arrangement, this is called double-stub
matching, allows for adjustment of the load impedance.
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Example 1

Solution

Step 1 Normalize impedance and calculate λ

 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 2 Plot impedance and invert to find admittance.
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 3
Walk CW around the constant VSWR circle until
the R=G=1 circle intersects it.
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 4 Pick A or B.

We will pick A because it leads to the shortest stub.

 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 5 How far CW did we traverse to get to A?
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 6 𝒚𝑨 is the admittance where the stub is about to
be placed. We chose point A.

We need to cancel the

reactive component 𝒙𝑨

𝒚𝑺𝑨 = −𝒋𝟏. 𝟏
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 7 Find the −𝒋𝒙𝑨 circle on the chart and follow it to
the outside of the chart.
𝒚𝑺𝑨 = −𝒋𝟏. 𝟏

We are setting up to do an
admittance transformation
in the stub to realize a
–j1.1 input admittance.
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 8 Start at the far right side of the chart and move
CW to the point above (move away from short).

Here we are doing an admittance

transformation to realize –j1.1.

The far right side of the Smith

chart is a short circuit for
admittances.
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Step 9 Determine the distance (in wavelengths) this
represents 𝒍𝑨

𝟎. 𝟐𝟓λ

𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕λ
Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Summary
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Example 2
Design single-stub shunt tuning network to match
Z L  (15  j10) to a 50  line.

Solution:
There are two approach es to solve such a problem; using Smith Chart
and using analytical expressions of TL.

- Solution with Smith Chart is more intuitive, and easier than solving the
problem analytically.
Yin d

Y0 Ys Y0 ZL

Y
Y0
Open Circuit
or l
Short Circuit
55/28
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Solution via Smith Chart:

i) Z L  Z L  (15  j10)  0.3  j 0.2

Z0 50
ii) Draw the corresponding SWR
circle or constant G circle. Y2

iii) YL  2.2  j1.5

ZL
Note that the SWR circle intersects
the 1+jb circle at two points.
YL
d1  0.042 d2  0.385

Yin
Y1
d

Y0 Ys Y0 ZL

Y
Y0
Open Circuit
or l
Short Circuit
56/28
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
iv) Y1  1.0  j1.33 Y2  1.0  j1.33

v) The first tuning solution

requires a stub with Ys  j1.33 Ys  j1.33

vi) The length of an open-

circuited stub that gives this
susceptance can be found on
the SC by starting at
Y 0
Y  0 (open  circuit )

l1  0.147 l2  0.353

Yin d

Y0 Ys Y0 ZL
Ys   j1.33

Y
Y0
Open Circuit l
57/28
Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub

Shorted Stub
Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub

Open Stub
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Example
An antenna with an impedance of 40+j30 Ω is to be
matched to a 100 Ω lossless line with a shorted stub.
Determine
(a) The required stub admittance
(b) The distance between the stub and the antenna.
(c) the stub length
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Solution
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
Solution Locate points A and B (where s-circle
intersects 1+ jb circle)

The required stub

admittance
 Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub
The distance
between 𝒚𝑳 and
stub
Impedance Matching by Single Shunt Stub