MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II)

Gaurav Dwivedi
Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus.
 Module 10-11
Complex Integration
 Chapter 4
Integrals

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The derivative of a complex
valued function

Let w(t) = u(t) + iv(t) be a complex valued function of

a real variable t, where u(t) and v(t) are real-valued
functions of t. Then

w′ (t) = u′ (t) + iv ′ (t),

provided each of the derivatives u′ (t) and v ′ (t) exists at

t.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 4 / 68

Recall: Mean Value Theorem for
Real Valued Functions

If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b],

and differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there
exists a point c ∈ (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f ′ (c) = .
b−a
Note: The mean value theorem does not hold for
complex-valued functions.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 5 / 68

Example
Let w(t) = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then w′ (t) = ieit and so
|w′ (t)| = 1 for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Now
f (b) − f (a) e2πi − e0
= = 0.
b−a 2π − 0
Hence LHS ̸= RHS.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 6 / 68

Definite Integral of w(t)
Let w(t) = u(t) + iv(t) be a complex valued function of
a real variable t. Then the definite integral of w(t) over
[a, b] is defined as
Z b Z b Z b
w(t) dt = u(t) dt + i v(t) dt,
a a a
where the individual integrals on the right exist.
Thus Z b Z b
Re w(t) dt = u(t) dt,
a a
and Z b Z b
Im w(t) dt = v(t) dt.
a a
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 7 / 68
Example
Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it) dt = (1 − t2 + 2it) dt
0
Z0 1 Z 1
2
= (1 − t ) dt + 2i t dt
0 0
= 2/3 + i.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 8 / 68

Some Definitions

1. Curve. A set of points

z(t) = x(t) + iy(t),

where x(t) and y(t) are continuous functions of a real

variable t is called a curve in the complex plane.
We write

C : z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) or x = x(t), y = y(t).

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2. Arc. The portion between any two points of a curve
is called an arc of the curve, i.e.,

C : z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), a ≤ t ≤ b,

is an arc.

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3. Simple Arc or Jordan Arc. An arc C is said to be
simple (Jordan) if it does not cross itself i.e.,

C : z(t) = x(t) + iy(t),

is simple if z(t1 ) ̸= z(t2 ) whenever t1 ̸= t2 .

4. Simple Closed Curve or Jordan Curve. When the
arc C is simple except for the fact that z(a) = z(b), then
is said to be a simple closed curve or a Jordan curve.
5. Positively Oriented Curve. A curve is positively
oriented when it is in the counterclockwise direction.
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6. Differentiable Arc. An arc

z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), a ≤ t ≤ b,

is said to be differentiable if x′ (t) and y ′ (t) exist and

continuous in [a, b].
We write z ′ (t) = x′ (t) + iy ′ (t), a ≤ t ≤ b.
A differentiable arc is said to be smooth if
z ′ (t) ̸= 0, a < t < b.

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7. Piecewise Smooth Arc or Contour. An arc
consisting of a finite number of smooth arcs joined end
to end is called a piecewise smooth arc or a contour.
When only the initial and final values of z(t) are the
same, a contour C is called a simple closed contour.

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8. Length of a differentiable curve. Let

C : z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), a ≤ t ≤ b,

be a differentiable curve (arc). Then the length L of the

curve C is given by
Z b
L= |z ′ (t)| dt.
a

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Contour Integrals
Let f (z) be piecewise continuous function on the curve
C : z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Then, the integral
Z
f (z) dz,
C

is called the counter integral (or line integral) of f along

C (or over C). The integral can be calculated in terms
of the parameter t as
Z Z b
f (z) dz = f (z(t))z ′ (t) dt.
C a

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 15 / 68

Properties of Contour Integrals

1. For a constant z0
Z Z
z0 f (z) dz = z0 f (z) dz.
C C

R R R
2. C [f (z) ± g(z)] dz = C f (z) dz ± C g(z) dz.

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Properties of Contour Integrals
3. If a contour C is given by z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, then
traversing it in the opposite direction gives
−C : z = z(−t), −b ≤ t ≤ −a, leading to
Z Z
f (z) dz = − f (z) dz.
−C C

4. Let C : z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Then For

C = C1 ∪ C2 with
C1 : z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ c,
Z C2 : z Z= z(t), c ≤ Zt ≤ b,
we have, f (z) dz = f (z) dz + f (z) dz.
C C1 C2
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 17 / 68
Question

Evaluate C z+2
R
z dz, where C is the semicircle
iθ
z = 2e , (0 ≤ θ ≤ π).
Sol. We have (by converting into parametric form)
Z Z π iθ
z+2 2e + 2
dz = iθ
2ieiθ dθ
C z 0 Z 2e
π
= 2i (eiθ + 1) dθ
0
= −4 + 2πi.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 18 / 68

Question
R
Evaluate C f (z) dz, where
(
1 when y < 0,
f (z) =
4y when y > 0,

and C is the arc from z = −1 − i to z = 1 + i along the

curve y = x3 .
Sol. Take C = C1 ∪ C2 where C1 is the arc from
z = −1 − i to z = 0 along the curve y = x3 and C2 is
the arc from z = 0 to z = 1 + i along the curve y = x3 .

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Then, we have (by converting into parametric form)
Z Z Z
f (z) dz = f (z) dz + f (z) dz
C C1 C2
Z 0 Z 1
2
= 1(1 + 3ix ) dx + 4x3 (1 + 3ix2 ) dx
−1 0
= 2 + 3i.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 20 / 68

Lemma
If w(t) is a piecewise continuous complex-valued function
defined on interval a ≤ t ≤ b, then
Z b Z b
w(t)dt ≤ |w(t)|dt.
a a

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 21 / 68

 Z b
Proof. If w(t)dt = 0, the inequality is trivial.
a
(Why?)
Z b Z b
If w(t)dt ̸= 0, then assume that w(t)dt = r0 eiθ0 .
a a
This gives
Z b
r0 = e−iθ0 w(t)dt
a
Z b Z b
−iθ0
= Re e w(t)dt = Re[e−iθ0 w(t)]dt
a a

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 22 / 68

Observe that

Re[e−iθ0 w(t)] ≤ |e−iθ0 w(t)| = |e−iθ0 ||w(t)| = |w(t)|

Thus Z b
r0 ≤ |w(t)|dt.
a
This completes the proof.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 23 / 68

M L-inequality
Let C be a contour of length L and f (z) be piecewise
continuous on C. If
|f (z)| ≤ M,
for all points z on C. Then
Z
f (z) dz ≤ M L.
C

Recall: Triangle Inequalities

|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
|z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |
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Proof
Let z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b be the parametric representation
of C, then
Z Z b
f (z) dz = f (z(t))z ′ (t) dt,
C a
which gives
Z Z b
f (z) dz = f (z(t))z ′ (t) dt
C a
Z b
≤ |f (z(t))||z ′ (t)| dt
a
Z b
≤M |z ′ (t)| dt = M L.
a
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 25 / 68
Question
Without evaluating the integral, show that
Z
dz π
2
≤ ,
C z −1 3
where C is the arc of the circle |z| = 2 from z = 2 to
z = 2i that lies in the first quadrant.
Sol. We have
|z 2 − 1| ≥ |z|2 − 1 = 3,
and so
1 1 1
|f (z)| =
= ≤ .
z2 − 1 |z 2 − 1| 3
Also L = π. Hence, by M L-inequality, we get the result.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 26 / 68
Question

1 Let C be the arc of the circle |z| = 2 from z = 2 to

z = 2i that lies in the first quadrant. Then show
that
z−2
Z
4π
4
dz ≤ .
C z +1 15
2 Let CR denote the semicircle z = Reiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
from z = R to z = −R, where R > 3. Then show
that Z
(z + 1)dz
lim = 0.
R→∞ C (z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 9)
R

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 27 / 68

Question
Let C be the boundary of the triangle with vertices
0, 3i, −4 oriented with counterclockwise direction. Show
that Z
(ez − z̄) dz ≤ 60.
C

Sol. We have

L = Perimeter of the triangle = 12.

Also
|f (z)| = |ez − z̄| ≤ |ez | + |z̄| ≤ 1 + 4 = 5.
Hence, by M L-inequality, we get the result.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 28 / 68
Question

Without evaluating the integral, show that

Z √
z+5 10 13 + 26
2
dz ≤ ,
C z +4 39
where C is the straight line from z = 3 to z = 3 + 2i.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 29 / 68

Antiderivative

Let f (z) be a continuous function in a domain D. If

there exists a function F (z) such that

F ′ (z) = f (z) for all z ∈ D,

then F (z) is called an antiderivative of f (z) in D.

Example
3
F (z) = z3 is antiderivative of f (z) = z 2 .
F (z) = sin z is antiderivative of f (z) = cos z.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 30 / 68

Remark
An antiderivative of a given function f is an analytic
function.
An antiderivative of a given function is unique
except for an additive constant.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 31 / 68

Theorem
Suppose that a function f (z) is continuous on a domain
D. If any one of the following statements is true, then so
are the others:
f (z) has an antiderivative F (z) throughout D.
The integrals of f (z) along contours lying entirely
in D and expanding from any fixed point z1 to
another fixed point z2 all have same value i.e.,
Z z2
f (z) dz = F (z2 ) − F (z1 ).
z1
The integral of f (z) around closed contours lying
entirely in D all have value zero.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 32 / 68
Question
R i/2
Evaluate i eπz dz.
Sol. Note that f (z) = eπz has an antiderivative
πz
F (z) = eπ . Therefore,
i/2 i/2
eπz
Z 
πz
e dz =
i π i
1 iπ/2
h
iπ
i
= e −e
π
1+i
= .
π

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 33 / 68

Simply and multiply Connected
Simply Connected Domain
A domain D is said to be simply connected if every
simple closed contour within it encloses only points of D.

Example
The disk |z − z0 | ≤ R.
The interior of a rectangle.

Multiply Connected Domain

A domain which is not simply connected is called
multiply connected.
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Multiply Connected Domain

Example
The annular domain between two concentric circles.

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Examples

Figure: Domain 1 Figure: Domain 2

Figure: Domain 3 Figure: Domain 4

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Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
Theorem
If a function f is analytic at all points interior to and on
a simple closed contour C, then
Z
f (z) dz = 0.
C

Theorem
If f is analytic throughout a simply connected domain
D, then Z
f (z) dz = 0,
C
for every closed contour C in D.
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Corollary
A function f that is analytic throughout a simply
connected domain D must have an antiderivative
everywhere in D.

Corollary
Entire functions always possess antiderivatives.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 38 / 68

Example
If C is any simple closed contour, in either direction, then
Z
2
ez dz = 0,
C
2
because the function ez is analytic everywhere (in
particular analytic in and on C).

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 39 / 68

Questions

2
Evaluate C f (z) dz, where f (z) = ze−z and
R
1

C : |z| = 1.
2
Evaluate C f (z) dz, where f (z) = z z−3
sin z
R
2 and
C : |z| = 2.
R
3 Evaluate C sech z dz, where C : |z| = 1.
R
4 Evaluate C Log(z + 2) dz, where C : |z| = 1.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 40 / 68

Converse of CGT
The converse of Cauchy-Goursat theorem is not
true, i.e., if for a closed contour C
Z
f (z) dz = 0,
C

then f (z) may not necessarily be analytic in C.

Example
Z
1
2
dz = 0,
|z|=1 z
1
but z2 is not analytic in C.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 41 / 68
Morera’s Theorem

Morera’s Theorem
If a function f is continuous in a domain D and if for
every closed contour C lying in D,
Z
f (z) dz = 0,
C

then f is analytic in D.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 42 / 68

Cauchy-Goursat theorem
for multiply connected domain

1 C is a simple closed contour, oriented in the counterclockwise

direction.
2 Ck for k = 1, 2, . . . , n, are a finite collection of simple closed
contours lying entirely within the interior of C. Each Ck is
also oriented counterclockwise. The contours Ck are disjoint,
and their interiors have no points in common.
If a function f is analytic on C, each Ck , and throughout the
multiply connected domain consisting of the points inside C and
exterior to each Ck , then
Z n Z
X
f (z) dz = f (z) dz.
C k=1 Ck

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 43 / 68

 C1 C
C2

Cn

Figure: Cauchy-Goursat theorem for multiply connected domain

Corollary
Let C1 and C2 denote positively oriented simple closed
contours, where C1 is interior to C2 . If a function f is
analytic in the closed region consisting of those contours
and all points between them, then
Z Z
f (z) dz = f (z) dz.
C1 C2

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 45 / 68

Cauchy-Integral Formula
Let f be analytic everywhere in and on a simple closed
contour C, taken in the positive sense. If z0 be any point
interior to C, then
Z
1 f (z)dz
f (z0 ) = .
2πi C z − z0

An extension of the Cauchy’s integral formula is

Z
n! f (z)dz
f (n) (z0 ) = (n = 1, 2, . . .)
2πi C (z − z0 )n+1

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 46 / 68

Some Consequences

Theorem
If a function f is analytic at a given point, then its
derivatives of all orders are analytic there, too.

Corollary
If a function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic at a
point z = (x, y), then the component functions u and v
have continuous partial derivatives of all orders at that
point.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 47 / 68

Question

Let C denote the positively oriented boundary of the

square whose sides lie along the lines x = ±1 and
y = ±1. Evaluate the following integral:
Z
cos z
2
dz.
C z(z + 8)

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 48 / 68

Sol. We have
cos z/(z 2 + 8)
Z Z
cos z
dz = dz.
C z(z 2 + 8) C z

Here f (z) = cos z/(z 2 + 8) is analytic in and on C,

therefore by using Cauchy-integral formula

cos z/(z 2 + 8)
Z
dz = 2πif (0) = πi/4.
C z

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 49 / 68

Question

Evaluate C z 2dz+4 where C : |z − i| = 2.

R
Sol. We have
Z Z
dz 1/(z + 2i)
2
= dz·
C z +4 C z − 2i

Here f (z) = 1/(z + 2i) is analytic in and on C, therefore

by using Cauchy-integral formula
Z
1/(z + 2i)
dz = 2πif (2i) = π/2.
C z − 2i

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 50 / 68

Question
Evaluate C (z 2dz
R
+4)2 where C : |z − i| = 2.
Sol. We have
1/(z + 2i)2
Z Z
dz
2 2
= 2
dz·
C (z + 4) C (z − 2i)

Here f (z) = 1/(z + 2i)2 is analytic in and on C,

therefore by using Cauchy-integral formula

1/(z + 2i)2
Z
2
dz = 2πif ′ (2i) = π/16.
C (z − 2i)

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 51 / 68

Question
Let C be any simple closed contour, described the
positive sense in the z-plane and write

z 3 + 2z
Z
g(z0 ) = 3
dz·
C (z − z0 )
Show that
g(z0 ) = 6πiz0 ,
when z0 is inside C and that

g(z0 ) = 0,

when z0 is outside C.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 52 / 68
Sol. When z0 is inside C, the given integral is of the form
Z
f (z)
g(z0 ) = 3
dz,
C (z − z0 )

where f (z) = z 3 + 2z is analytic in and on C.

Therefore, the Cauchy-integral formula gives

z 3 + 2z
Z
2πi ′′
g(z0 ) = 3
dz = f (z0 ) = 6πiz0 .
C (z − z0 ) 2!

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 53 / 68

 3
z +2z
When z0 is outside C, the integrand (z−z 0)
3 is analytic in

and on C and therefore, the Cauchy-Goursat theorem

gives
z 3 + 2z
Z
g(z0 ) = 3
dz = 0.
C (z − z0 )

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 54 / 68

Question
Show that if f is analytic within and on a simple closed
contour C and z0 is not on C, then
f ′ (z)
Z Z
f (z)
dz = 2
dz·
C z − z0 C (z − z0 )

Sol. Consider two cases:

Case I. z0 lies inside C. In this case evaluate both sides
(which will be equal to 2πif ′ (z0 )) using Cauchy-integral
formula.
Case II. z0 lies outside C. In this case, both sides are
zero using the Cauchy-Goursat theorem.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 55 / 68
Cauchy’s Inequality

Cauchy’s Inequality
If f is analytic in and on CR : |z − z0 | = R and
|f (z)| ≤ MR on CR , then
n!MR
|f (n) (z0 )| ≤ , n = 1, 2, . . . .
Rn
Proof. Use Cauchy’s integral formula.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 56 / 68

Question
Let f be an entire function such that |f (z)| ≤ A|z| for
all z, where A is a fixed positive number. Show that
f (z) = a1 z, where a1 is a complex constant.
Sol. Let CR be the circle |z − z0 | = R, then we have
Z
2! f (z)
f ′′ (z0 ) = dz,
2πi CR (z − z0 )3
which gives
Z
1 f (z)
|f ′′ (z0 )| = dz
πi CR (z − z0 )3
Z
1 f (z)
= dz
π CR (z − z0 )3
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 57 / 68
Now we try to apply M L inequality to estimate the
integral on the right. Let z be a point on CR ,

|f (z)| ≤ A|z| = A|z − z0 + z0 |

≤ A(|z − z0 | + |z0 |) = A(R + |z0 |)

Thus for all z on CR ,

f (z) A(R + |z0 |)

≤ .
(z − z0 )3 R3

The length of CR , L = 2πR.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 58 / 68

Therefore by M L inequality:

2A(R + |z0 |)
Z
′′ 1 f (z)
|f (z0 )| ≤ dz ≤ .
π CR (z − z0 )3 R2

Since f is entire so we can take the circle of large radius

(R → ∞) which gives f ′′ (z0 ) = 0. Since z0 is an
arbitrary point, so we must have f ′′ (z) = 0 for all z and
hence f (z) = a1 z + b. Now |f (z)| ≤ A|z| gives f (0) = 0
and so b = 0. Hence f (z) = a1 z.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 59 / 68

Liouville’s Theorem

Liouville’s Theorem
A bounded entire function is a constant.
Proof. Take n = 1 in Cauchy’s inequality.

Example
Show that sin z is unbounded.
Sol. We know that sin z is entire. If it is bounded then
by Liouville’s theorem it must be a constant. Thus, we
get a contradiction and hence sin z is unbounded.

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Question

Suppose f (z) is entire and u(x, y) ≤ u0 for all points

(x, y) in xy-plane. Show that u(x, y) must be a constant
throughout the xy-plane.
Sol. Since f is entire so ef is also entire. Now

|ef | = |eu+iv | = |eu | ≤ eu0 .

Therefore using Liouville’s theorem ef is a constant

throughout the plane and so f is a constant throughout
the plane. Hence, u is a constant throughout the plane.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 61 / 68

Question

Suppose f (z) is entire and that v(x, y) = Im[f (z)] > 0.

Show that f (z) must be a constant throughout the
plane.
Sol. Since f is entire so eif is also entire. Now

|eif | = |eiu−v | = |e−v | ≤ 1.

Therefore using Liouville’s theorem eif is a constant

throughout the plane and so f is a constant throughout
the plane.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 62 / 68

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Any polynomial

P (z) = a0 + a1 z + · · · + an z n , (1)

of degree n ≥ 1 has at least one zero. That is, there

exists at least one point z0 such that P (z0 ) = 0.
Corollary: P (z) given by Equation of (1) can be written
as
P (z) = c(z − z1 )(z − z2 ) . . . (z − zn ),
where c and zk (k = 1, 2, . . .) are complex constants.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 63 / 68
Exercise I
Z
z+1 π π
1 Show that 4 3
dz = − + i, where C is
C z + 2iz 4 2
the circle |z| = 1, in a positive direction.
Z
2 Use Cauchy’s integral formula to evaluate (z)2 dz,
C
where C is the circle with center at z = 1 and
radius 1 in positive direction.
3 Without using Cauchy-GoursatZ theorem for multiply
1
connected domain, show that 2
dz = πi,
C z(z + 1)
where C : |z + i| = 23 .

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 64 / 68

Exercise II
4 Show that if f is entire and |f (z)| ≤ A + B|z|α for
all z, for some fixed constants A, B and
0 ≤ α < 1, then f (z) is a constant.
5 Show that if f is entire and |f ′ (z)| ≤ |z| for all z,
then f is of the form a + bz 2 with |b| ≤ 1/2.
6 Show that if c is a complex number and f is entire
function such that |f (z) − c| > M > 0 for all z,
then f (z) is a constant.
7 Let f be an entire function and suppose that there
is constant M, and R > 0, and an integer n ≥ 1
such that |f (z)| ≤ M |z|n for |z| > R. Show that f
is a polynomial of degree at most n.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 65 / 68
Exercise III
8 Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be an entire function
such that au + bv ≥ ln(ab), a > 1, b > 1. Then
Z
f (z)
evaluate 2021
dz, where C is an equilateral
C (z − 1)
triangle of side 1 with centroid at z = 1.
9 Use Cauchy integral formula and (or)
Cauchy-Goursat theorem to evaluate
Z
ez (z − 1)n dz,
|z−1|=1

where n is an integer.
Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 66 / 68
Exercise IV
10 Use Liouville’s theorem to find all entire functions
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) such that uy − vx = −2
for all z ∈ C.
11 Without evaluating the integral, either prove or
disprove that
Z √
z+5 10 13 + 26
2+4
dz ≤ ,
C z 39

where C is the straight line segment from z = 3 to

z = 3 + 2i.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 67 / 68

Exercise V

12 Without evaluating the integral, either prove or

disprove that

π  2 √3
Z
4z 3

1 
2e − (z) dz ≤ + 1 + (2e + 1),
C 2 6

where C consists√ of the straight line segment from

z = 0 to z√= 23 + i 12 , section of
√
the circle |z| = 1
from z = 23 + i 12 to z = 12 + √i 23 , and then
√
the
1 3 3
straight line joining z = 2 + i 2 to z = 2 i.

Gaurav Dwivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F112 (MATHEMATICS-II) April 8, 2025 68 / 68