Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI)

INTRODUCTION

Human–computer interaction (HCI), alternatively man–machine interaction (MMI) or computer– human

interaction (CHI) is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers.

 With today's technology and tools, and our motivation to create really effective and usable
interfaces and screens.

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the study of how humans interact with computers and other
technology. It focuses on designing technology that is usable, efficient, and enjoyable for people to use.
HCI is the study, planning, and design of how people and computer work together to satisfies person’s
needs in an effective way.

HCI designers must consider a variety of factors:

 What people want and expect, physical limitations and abilities people possess,
 How information processing systems work
 What people fine enjoyable and attractive
 Technical characteristics and limitation of the computer hardware and software must also be
considered.

HCI encompasses a wide range of topics, including:

 User experience (UX): The overall experience a user has when interacting with a product or
system.
 User interface (UI): The visual elements and layout of a product or system.
 Usability: How easy a product or system is to use.
 Accessibility: How well a product or system can be used by people with disabilities.
 Cognitive psychology: The study of how people think and learn.
 Ergonomics: The study of how people interact with physical objects.

HCI professionals work to create technology that is intuitive, efficient, and enjoyable for users. They use
a variety of methods to gather user feedback and improve the design of products and systems.

GOALS

A basic goal of HCI is

 To improve the interactions between users and computers

 By making computers more useable and receptive to the user’s needs

A long term goal of HCI is

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

- To design systems that minimize the barrier between the human’s cognitive model of what they
want to accomplish and the computer’s understanding of the user’s task.

Some Definitions:

User Interface (UI) refers to the visual elements and layout of a product or system that users interact
with. It's the tangible part of a product that users see and touch. A well-designed UI makes it easy for
users to navigate, find information, and accomplish their goals.

Key components of UI design:

 Visual elements: These include colors, fonts, icons, images, and other graphic elements that
make up the product's appearance.
 Layout: The arrangement of elements on the screen, including spacing, alignment, and hierarchy.
 Interaction design: How users interact with the product, such as buttons, menus, and gestures.
 Accessibility: Ensuring that the UI is usable by people with disabilities.

Principles of good UI design:

 Consistency: Using consistent design elements and patterns throughout the product.
 Clarity: Making sure that elements are clear, understandable, and easy to interpret.
 Efficiency: Designing the UI to be efficient for users to accomplish their tasks.
 Aesthetics: Creating a visually appealing and enjoyable experience.
 Accessibility: Ensuring that the UI is usable by people with disabilities.

Examples of UI elements:

 Buttons: Clickable elements that trigger actions.

 Menus: Lists of options that can be selected.
 Input fields: Fields where users can enter text or other data.
 Sliders: Controls that allow users to adjust values.
 Icons: Small images that represent actions or objects.

A well-designed UI is essential for creating a positive user experience. A poorly designed UI can
frustrate users and make it difficult for them to accomplish their goals.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

User Experience (UX) is the overall experience a user has when interacting with a product or system. It
encompasses how a user feels, thinks, and behaves while using a product. UX design focuses on creating
products that are easy to use, enjoyable, and meet the user's needs and goals.

Key components of UX design:

 Usability: How easy a product is to use. This includes factors like learnability, efficiency,
memorability, error prevention, and satisfaction.
 Accessibility: How well a product can be used by people with disabilities.
 Utility: How well a product fulfills the user's needs and goals.
 Desirability: How appealing and enjoyable a product is to use.

UX professionals use a variety of methods to improve the user experience, including:

 User research: Gathering information about users and their needs.

 User testing: Observing users as they interact with a product to identify usability issues.
 Prototyping: Creating low-fidelity or high-fidelity models of a product to test different design
concepts.
 Iterative design: Continuously improving a product based on user feedback.

Good UX design can lead to:

 Increased customer satisfaction: Users who have a positive experience are more likely to be
satisfied with a product.

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 Improved product adoption: Products that are easy to use are more likely to be adopted by
users.
 Higher customer loyalty: Users who have a positive experience are more likely to be loyal to a
brand.

Usability is a measure of how easy it is for users to achieve their goals when using a product or system.
It encompasses factors such as learnability, efficiency, memorability, error prevention, and satisfaction.

Key components of usability:

 Learnability: How easy it is for users to learn how to use the product.
 Efficiency: How quickly and accurately users can accomplish their tasks.
 Memorability: How easy it is for users to remember how to use the product after a period of
absence.
 Error prevention: How well the product helps users avoid errors.
 Satisfaction: How enjoyable and satisfying the product is to use.

Usability testing methods:

 Heuristic evaluation – problem-solving technique: Experts evaluate a product against a set of

usability heuristics.
 Usability testing: Observing users as they interact with a product to identify usability issues.
 A/B testing: Comparing two versions of a product to determine which one is more usable.

Importance of usability:

 Increased user satisfaction: Products that are easy to use are more likely to be satisfying for
users.
 Improved product adoption: Products that are easy to use are more likely to be adopted by
users.
 Reduced support costs: Products that are easy to use require less support from customer
service.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

 Enhanced brand reputation: Products with good usability can help to improve a brand's
reputation.

By focusing on usability, designers can create products that are more effective, efficient, and
enjoyable for users.

Accessibility refers to the design and development of products or systems that can be used by people
with disabilities. It ensures that everyone, regardless of their abilities, can access and use information
and technology.

Key aspects of accessibility:

 Perceivable: Information and user interface components must be presented in a way that can be
perceived by people with sensory impairments (e.g., vision, hearing).
 Operable: User interface components must be operable in a way that is understandable,
predictable, and repetitive.
 Understandable: Information and user interface components must be understandable, including
the use of clear language and simple navigation.
 Robust: The product or system must be robust enough to be compatible with various assistive
technologies and user agents.

Examples of accessibility features:

 Alternative text for images: Provides a textual description of an image for visually impaired
users.
 Captioning for videos: Provides text transcripts for audio content, making it accessible to deaf
and hard-of-hearing users.
 Keyboard navigation: Allowing users to navigate and interact with a product using only a
keyboard.
 Color contrast: Ensuring sufficient color contrast between text and background to make it
readable for people with visual impairments.
 Screen reader compatibility: Ensuring that the product can be used with screen readers, which
convert visual information into audio.

Accessibility is important because it:

 Increases inclusivity: Allows people with disabilities to participate fully in society.

 Improves user experience: Makes products easier to use for everyone.
 Complies with legal requirements: Many countries have laws that mandate accessibility in digital
products.

Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, including attention, perception, memory,
thinking, language, and problem-solving. It explores how people acquire, process, and store information.

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Key areas of cognitive psychology:

 Perception: How we interpret sensory information.

 Attention: How we focus our mental resources on specific stimuli.
 Memory: How we encode, store, and retrieve information.
 Thinking: How we reason, problem-solve, and make decisions.
 Language: How we acquire, produce, and understand language.

Cognitive psychology has applications in various fields, including:

 Education: Understanding how students learn and developing effective teaching methods.
 Psychology: Diagnosing and treating cognitive disorders.
 Artificial intelligence: Developing intelligent systems that can mimic human cognition.
 Human-computer interaction: Designing technology that is easy and intuitive to use.

Ergonomics is the study of how people interact with physical objects and environments. It focuses on
designing products and systems that are efficient, comfortable, and safe for users.

Key areas of ergonomics:

 Physical ergonomics: Designing products and workplaces to minimize physical discomfort and
strain.
 Cognitive ergonomics: Considering mental workload and cognitive demands when designing
products.
 Organizational ergonomics: Optimizing the organization of work and the environment to
improve efficiency and productivity.

Ergonomic principles:

 Fit: Products should be designed to fit the user's physical dimensions and capabilities.
 Comfort: Products should be comfortable to use and avoid causing discomfort or pain.
 Efficiency: Products should be designed to be efficient and easy to use.
 Safety: Products should be designed to minimize the risk of injury or accidents.
 Accessibility: Products should be accessible to people with disabilities.

Ergonomics is important for:

 Improving productivity: By reducing fatigue and discomfort, ergonomic design can improve
productivity.
 Preventing injuries: Ergonomics can help to prevent musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as
carpal tunnel syndrome and back pain.
 Enhancing user satisfaction: Products that are ergonomic and comfortable to use are more likely
to be satisfying for users.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

Ergonomic Elements in Product Design

Ergonomic elements are essential for creating products that are comfortable, efficient, and safe to use.
Here are some key ergonomic elements to consider in product design:

Physical ergonomics:

 Size and shape: Products should be sized and shaped to fit the user's body and hand.
 Weight: Products should be lightweight to reduce strain on the user.
 Grip: Handles and grips should be comfortable and easy to hold.
 Force: The amount of force required to operate a product should be minimal.
 Reach: The distance required to reach controls or features should be within the user's comfortable reach.
 Posture: The product should encourage good posture and avoid awkward positions.

Cognitive ergonomics:

 Complexity: The product should be easy to understand and use.

 Mental workload: The cognitive demands of the product should be appropriate for the user's abilities.
 Feedback: The product should provide clear feedback to the user about their actions.

Organizational ergonomics:

 Workplace layout: The layout of the workplace should be designed to minimize physical strain and
promote efficiency.
 Task design: Tasks should be designed to be efficient and reduce stress.
 Environmental factors: Factors such as lighting, temperature, and noise should be optimized for comfort
and productivity.

Office Ergonomics

Office ergonomics refers to the science of designing and arranging office environments in a way that
optimizes the well-being, comfort, and productivity or individuals. It involves creating a workspace that
promotes proper posture, reduces the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, and minimizes the physical
strain caused by prolonged office work.

Office ergonomics focuses on the overall design of the room and the design of equipment and objects.
By choosing ergonomic furniture and accessories, you limit pain and discomfort derived from working
with ill-befit objects and furniture. Giving your office an ergonomic update leads to increased
productivity and employee attendance.

Implementing ergonomics in your office space is easy, once you have the checklist. Luckily, we’ve set up
the list for you. Be sure to tick off the items you already have and focus on those you still need to take
your office to the next, health-supporting, level.

8 key Elements for Efficiency in Ergonomic Workspaces

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

1. Proper Desk and Chair alignment: The Foundation of Ergonomics

Proper desk and chair alignment serves as the foundation of ergonomics in creating a
comfortable and efficient workspace. When the desk and chair are aligned correctly, it
promotes optimal posture and reduces the risk of developing musculoskeletal issues.

2. Invest in a Quality Ergonomic Chari that Supports Your lower Back

Choosing the right chair is crucial for maintaining a healthy and comfortable workspace.
Investing in a quality ergonomic chair that provides adequate support for your lower back can
significantly enhance your overall well-being and productivity.

3. Include a Footrest to Keep your Feet Elevated and Comfortable

Including a footrest in your ergonomic workspace setup is a simple yet effective way to keep
your feet elevated and comfortable throughout the day. A footrest provides support and helps
improve blood circulation, reducing the strain on your legs and feet caused by prolonged sitting.
By elevating your feet, a footrest helps maintain proper posture and takes the pressure off your
lower back. It also encourages dynamic sitting allowing you to shift positions and engage your
leg muscles.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

4. Adjustable Monitor and Proper viewing Distance

Having an adjusting monitor and maintaining a proper viewing distance is essential for creating
an ergonomic workspace. An adjustable monitor stand allows you to customize the height and
tilt, enabling you to find the most comfortable position for your neck and eyes.

5. Ensure Adequate Lighting for better Visibility

Ensuring adequate lighting in your workspace is essential in an ergonomic workspace to reduce

eye strain and promote overall well-being. Natural lighting is ideal, so try to position your
workspace near a window. If that’s not possible, invest in adjustable desk lamps that provide
sufficient illumination without causing glare or shadows on your work surface.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

6. Organized and Cluster-Free workspace

Maintaining an organized and clutter-free workspace is crucial for optimal productivity

and a clear state of mind. A cluttered workspace can lead to distractions, hinder
efficiency, and create unnecessary stress. By keeping your workspace organized, you can
easily locate and access the tools and materials you need, saving valuable time and
energy. Utilize storage solutions such as filing cabinets, shelves and bookcases and desk
organizers to keep documents, supplies and personal items neatly arranged.

7. Incorporate movement and breaks

Incorporating movement and taking regular breaks is vital for maintaining a healthy and
productive work routine. Prolonged periods of sitting can lead to various health issues, including
back pain, muscle stiffness, and reduced circulation.

8. Personalized Ergonomic Accessories

To further enhance your ergonomic workspace, consider personalized ergonomic accessories.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

By incorporating ergonomic elements into product design, you can create products that are more
comfortable, efficient, and safe to use.

Data Organization

Data organization refers to the systematic arrangement of data to facilitate efficient

storage, retrieval, and management. It involves structuring data in a way that makes
sense and is easily understandable to both humans and computers.

Key principles of data organization:

 Consistency: Data should be organized in a consistent manner, using standardized formats and
naming conventions.
 Clarity: The organization should be clear and easy to understand, avoiding ambiguity or
complexity.
 Efficiency: Data should be organized in a way that allows for efficient access and retrieval.
 Scalability: The organization should be able to accommodate growth and changes in data
volume.
 Security: Data should be organized in a way that protects it from unauthorized access or
corruption.

Common data organization techniques:

 Hierarchical structure: Arranging data in a tree-like structure, with parent and child elements.
 Relational database: Organizing data into tables, rows, and columns, with relationships between
tables.
 NoSQL databases: Using flexible data models that can handle unstructured or semi-structured
data.
 Object-oriented data modeling: Representing data as objects with properties and methods.
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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

 Metadata: Adding descriptive information about data to facilitate its organization and retrieval.

Benefits of effective data organization:

 Improved data quality: Well-organized data is more accurate and reliable.

 Enhanced decision-making: Organized data can be easily analyzed and used to make informed
decisions.
 Increased efficiency: Efficient data organization can improve workflows and reduce the time
required to access and process data.
 Better security: Organized data is easier to protect from unauthorized access or corruption.

File Data Structures are specific ways to organize and store data within a file on a computer system.
They define the arrangement and relationships between data elements, allowing for efficient access,
manipulation, and storage.

Common File Data Structures:

1. Text Files:
o Structure: Data is stored as a sequence of characters, often separated by delimiters (e.g.,
spaces, commas, tabs).
o Applications: Storing plain text documents, configuration files, log files.
o Advantages: Simple to create and read, human-readable.
o Disadvantages: Less efficient for large datasets, limited data types.
2. Binary Files:
o Structure: Data is stored in binary format, directly representing the underlying data types.
o Applications: Storing images, audio, video, and other complex data.
o Advantages: Efficient storage and retrieval, can support a wider range of data types.
o Disadvantages: Not human-readable, requires specific software to interpret.
3. Database Files:
o Structure: Organized into tables, rows, and columns, using a relational database model.
o Applications: Storing structured data, such as customer information, inventory, and
financial records.
o Advantages: Efficient data management, powerful query capabilities, data integrity.
o Disadvantages: Can be complex to set up and manage.
4. Hierarchical Files:
o Structure: Organized in a tree-like structure, with parent-child relationships.
o Applications: Storing hierarchical data, such as directory structures or XML files.
o Advantages: Efficient for hierarchical data, easy to navigate.
o Disadvantages: Can be less flexible for complex relationships.
5. Network Files:
o Structure: Represents connections between nodes (data elements).
o Applications: Storing graph-based data, such as social networks or geographical maps.

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 Information System II – Merise – Year II Software Engineering

o Advantages: Efficient for representing relationships between data elements.

o Disadvantages: Can be complex to manage for large datasets.

Coding is the process of writing instructions that a computer can understand and execute. It involves
using a programming language to create software, applications, or websites.

Key components of coding:

 Programming language: A set of rules and syntax used to write instructions. Popular languages
include Python, Java, C++, JavaScript, and C#.
 Algorithms: A set of instructions or steps to solve a problem.
 Data structures: Ways to organize and store data within a program.
 Syntax: The specific rules and structure of a programming language.
 Logic: The ability to reason and solve problems using code.

Coding is a creative and challenging process that requires:

 Problem-solving skills: The ability to break down complex problems into smaller, solvable steps.
 Logical thinking: The ability to think systematically and reason through code.
 Attention to detail: Careful attention to syntax, spelling, and punctuation.
 Persistence: Coding can be frustrating at times, but perseverance is key to success.

Coding has become an essential skill in many fields, including:

 Software development: Creating applications and software tools.

 Data science: Analyzing and processing data.
 Web development: Building websites and web applications.
 Game development: Creating video games and other interactive experiences.
 Automation: Automating tasks and processes.

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