PRASHANT KIRAD1

By: Simple Bajaj

 DEVELOPMENT

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want a good education and health facilities in the

local area.

● Different People have different developmental goals.

● For Example: the developmental goal of a boy from a rich urban family would be
to get admission to a reputed college, whereas the developmental goal of a girl
from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.
● What may be development for one may not be development for another.
 INCOME AND OTHER GOALS:

Material Things - money, car, house, etc.

Non-material Things - freedom, friends, equality, respect, etc.

Comparing the Development of Different Countries/States:

Countries are compared based on average income, also known as per capita
income, rather than total income, as the latter varies with population size among
different nations.
 Comparison through Per capita Income:

Although 'averages' serve as a useful tool for comparison, they can mask disparities. For
instance, if a small segment of the population has a significantly high income, the
average income may also appear elevated, obscuring the true nature of the overall
economic situation.

Assuming both countries have only 5 people each, despite both having an average
income or per capita income of ₹ 9000/-, it's evident that country X is superior to
country Y.

The World Bank assesses countries by comparing them based on their per capita
income.

Other Criteria:

● Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the ratio of the number of children who perish
before reaching one year of age to every 1,000 live births in a given year.
● Literacy Rate is the percentage of the population aged five years and above
that is literate.
● Net Attendance Ratio is the percentage of children in the age group of 14 and 15
years who are attending school out of the total number of children in the same age
group.
● Life Expectancy is the mean anticipated duration of an individual's life at the
time of birth.
● Internationally, the Body Mass Index (BMI) serves as a universal standard for
assessing whether an adult is undernourished or not.

A BMI less than 18.5 is considered undernourished, while a BMI of 25

or lower is considered normal.

Public Facilities:

The money you have may not be enough to buy everything you need for a good
life. For example, money can't get you clean air or make sure the medicines
you buy are safe unless you can move to a place that already has these things.
Government-provided public facilities are the most cost-effective and efficient means
to collectively offer these goods and services.

The state's effective public distribution system ensures that everyone has
access to healthy food.
Adequate provision of basic health facilities in Kerala ensures proper
medical treatment for residents.
Kerala's proper education facilities contribute to raising awareness among the
population.
Human Development Report:

The Human Development Report, published by the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), stands out as one of the premier methods for assessing
development.

Despite being affluent, some countries in the Middle East lack adequate education
and health standards, which disqualifies them from being classified as developed
nations. In the Human Development Report (HDR), India holds the 130th rank, while
Sri Lanka secures the 76th position.

Sustainability of Development:

● Development should occur without causing harm to the environment.

● Groundwater is at risk of overuse,
posing a serious threat to its
sustainability.
● Excessive mining of resources like iron,
gold, silver, and coal, along with crude
oil extraction, depletes these valuable
stocks.
● Factories emitting smoke and harmful
gases contribute to environmental
pollution.
● Water and air pollution issues
impact the current living conditions and have implications for future
generations.
 Top Seven Questions:

Short Answer Type Questions (1 - 3 Marks)

“ What may be development for one may not be development for the
other.” Explain with suitable examples. {2019}
Ans: Different persons have different notions of development because
life situations of persons are different. For example, Construction of
dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus development.
However many people have been displaced from their villages, hence it
may not be development for them.
Define Infant mortality rate. {CBSE 2020}
Ans: Infant mortality rate It indicates the number of children that die
before the age year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that
particular year.
Which countries are known as rich countries on the basis of per
capita income? {CBSE 2012, 2010}
Ans: Countries with PCI more than US$ 12,236 per annum are known as
rich countries on the basis of per capita income.
What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying
different countries as rich and poor countries? What are the restrictions
of such norms? {CBSE 2015}
Ans: The main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries as rich and poor countries is per capita income.
a. Average income hides the disparity.
b. Average income does not tell us the distribution of income
among the people.
c. It is just a material criteria for the comparison.
 Describe any three possible development goals of landless rural
laborers. {CBSE 2016}
Ans: The three possible development goals of landless rural laborers are:
a. Have basic facilities and more days of work.
b. Better wages.
c. Quality education to their children in the nearby government
school.
Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
"Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live
well" Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any
three suitable arguments. {CBSE 2021}
Ans. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and
material goods alone are not an adequate indicator of a good quality
of life. Money cannot buy all the goods services
one needs to live well.
● Money cannot buy a pollution free and clean environment with
fresh air.
● It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee
good health for us.
● Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are
not adulterated.
● To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal
treatment, freedom, security, equal opportunity to learn etc.
“ Though the level of income is important, it is not an inadequate
measure of development.” Justify the statement. {CBSE 2015} Ans. It
is true to say that the level of income is also an important criterion for
comparing the countries because it helps in fulfilling
the greater demands of the people. Higher income countries are more
developed than the lower income countries.
a. But just the level of income is not a useful criterion. Along with it the
other non¬material criteria should be used.
b. UNDP’ s criteria is the best criteria for comparing the countries with
respect to the other criteria because the other criteria like total income
and per capita income are the material criteria whereas the UNDP uses
both the material and non-material criteria for the comparison. It gives
the real picture of the development of a country.

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