1.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

DEFINITION OF RESOURCES

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it
is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable is known as a
resource.

RESOURCES ARE FUNCTION OF HUMAN ACTIVITY

OR

INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE, TECHNOLOGY AND

INSTITUTION

 Human beings are the essential components of resources.

 They transform materials available in the environment into resources and use them.
 They interact with nature through technology and create institutions and helps in the
economic development of a region.

TYPES OF RESOURCES

 On the basis of origin: a) Biotic. b) Abiotic

 On the basis of exhaustibility: a) Renewable b) Non Renewable
 On the basis of ownership: a) individual b) community owned resources c) national d)
international resources.
 On the basis of status of development: a) Potential resources b) developed resources
c) stock d) reserves.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

RENEWABLE RESOURCE NON RENEWABLE RESOURCE

 These resources can be used again  These resources cannot be renewed or

and again and can be reproduced by reproduced.
physical, chemical and mechanical
processes.

 They take a short time for renewal.  They take millions of years to
regenerate.

 They are eco-friendly and do not  They cause pollution and

cause pollution. environmental degradation.

 They do not require conservation.  They need to be conserved.

  Also known as inexhaustible or  Also known as exhaustible or non-
replenish able resource. replenish able resource

Example: solar rays, wind, forest Example: Minerals and fossil fuels

IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITION

 Potential resource: Resources found in a region but have not been utilized. Example
solar energy in Rajasthan.
 Developed Resource: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity
have been determined for utilization. The development of resources depends on
technology and level of their feasibility.
 Stock: The materials present in the environment which has the potential to satisfy
human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access
these.
 Reserve: The subset of stock, which can be put to use with the existing technology
but their use, has not been started.
 National resource: The resources that belong to the nation. All the minerals water
resources, forest wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto
12 nautical miles from the coast and resources therein belong to the nation.
 International Resource: The resources that do not belong to any individual country.
There are international institutions to regulate these resources.
 Territorial water: The oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (22.2km) from the
coastline of a nation is termed as territorial water and the resources therein belong to
the nation.
 Exclusive Economic Zone: A sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention,
over which a nation has special rights of exploration. It stretches from the coastline
upto 200 nautical miles.

INDISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCES AND THE CONSEQUENCES

 Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

 Accumulation of resources in few hands dividing the society between the rich and
poor or have and have-nots.
 Severe ecological and global crisis like ozone layer depletion, global warming, land
degradation and environmental pollution.

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT means development should take place

without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise
with the needs of the future generations.
ENORMOUS DIVERSITY IN THE AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES IN INDIA

 Some resources are self-sufficient in the availability of resources and some regions
have acute shortage of resources.
 The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and
coal deposits.
 Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural
development.
 The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in
water resources.
 The cold desert of Ladakh is isolated from the rest of the country but very rich in
cultural heritage but lacks in water, infrastructure and other vital minerals.
 This calls for resource planning at national, state, regional and local levels.

STAGES OF RESOURCE PLANNING

 Identification and inventory of resources which involves surveying, mapping,

qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of resources.
 Developing a planned structure with proper technology, skill and institutional setup
for resource development plans.
 Matching resource development plans with national development plans.

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

 Some of the resources are limited in nature so conservation is essential.

 Proper planning and judicious use of resources is essential.
 Resources are vital for any developmental activity, its conservation at various levels is
important.

LAND RESOURCE – ITS SIGNIFICANCE

 We live on land and perform various economic activities on land.

 Land supports natural vegetation, animal life and human life.
 Various economic activities, transport and communication are all developed on land.
 It is limited in nature so proper planning is essential.

TYPES OF RELIEF FEATURES ON LAND AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

1, PLAINS

 43% of Land areas in India are plains.

 Provides facilities for industries and agriculture.

2. PLATEAU
  27% of the area of the country is a plateau region.
 They have rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

MOUNTAINS

 Mountains cover 30% of the total area of the country.

 They ensure perennial flow of rivers and facilities for tourism.

LAND UTILIZATION

 Land resources comprises of forests, land not available for cultivation, other
uncultivated land, fallow land and net sown area.
 Land not available for cultivation includes – a) barren and waste land b) land put to
non-agricultural use.
 Other uncultivated lands are a) Permanent pastures b) Land under miscellaneous tree
grooves c) Cultruable waste lands ( when land left uncultivated for more than 5
agricultural years)
 Fallow land – a) Current fallow – land left uncultivated for one or less than one
agricultural year. b) Other than current fallow – when land left uncultivated for 1 to 5
agricultural year.

LANDUSE PATTERN IN INDIA

 It is determined by a) physical factors – topography, climate and soil types. b) human

factors – population density, technological capability, culture and tradition.
 Geographical area of the country – 3.28 million sq. km
 Forest far below the scientific norm(33%) -22.78%
 Net sown area – 46.24% highest in the world

LAND DEGRADATION

 Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate
measures to conserve and manage it results in land degradation.
 Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining are responsible for land
degradation.

CONSERVATION MEASURES

 Afforestation, controlled grazing, planting of shelter belts, stabilizing dand dunes by

planting thorny bushes in the deserts , control of mining activities, proper discharge
and disposal of industrial effluents are some of the methods to check land
degradation.

Soil Erosion and Conservation

1. Define soil.
 It is the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust which is loose, fragmented and is useful
for plants is called soil. It consists of organic and inorganic materials.
2. Explain the various factors responsible for soil formation.

The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth. The various
factors responsible for soil formation are as follows.
 Relief: Altitude and slope determine accumulation of soil. A flat plain has
thick layer of soil whereas mountain slope has thin or incomplete soil profile.
 Parent Rock:- Parent rock determines colour, texture, chemical properties,
mineral content and permeability of soil. Eg: Shale- clayey, Sandstone-loamy.
 Climate:-Frequent change in temperature will accelerate the soil formation.
The amount of rainfall determines the amount of humus present in the soil.
 Vegetation and other form of life also affect the rate of humus formation and
soil fertility.
 Time:- Time determines the thickness of the soil profile. If more time is given
for soil formation a complete soil profile will be formed.
3. Classify the various types of soil found in India.

Soil Type and Rich/ Characteristics And Colour Fertility and Crops
Areas Deficient Origin Texture
1. Alluvial Soil Rich: 2 types- Bangar- old Banger- Banger less Rice, Jute,
Areas:Nn. Potash, soil, found away from light in fertile, not Wheat, Maize
Plains, Phosphoric the rivers. colour. renewed. and Sugarcane.
Coastal acid and Khaddar- new soil Khadar very
strips of the lime. found close to the Khadar- fertile enriched
Mahanadi, Deficient: rivers in the flood dark in every year.
Godavari Nitrogenous plains. colour. Texture:
Krishna and and organic Mixture of sand and Banger- is sandy
Kaveri delta nutrients. clay is called with higher
and DUMAT Soil. concentration of
Chhattisgarh Origin: Formed by kankar modules.
basin. the deposition of the Khadar- is
rivers. (silt or clayey with fine
alluvium) particles.
2. Black Soil Rich: In  Black soil is Black in  In the Cotton is the
or Regur soil clayey in colour. valleys main crop.
Soil. nutrients nature. the soil Sugarcane rice
Areas: such as  Have the is fertile. and soyabean
Found in ability to  In the
calcium also grown
Deccan Trap retain uplands
carbonate, moisture and the soil
region
magnesium, becomes in poor
covering the
potash and sticky when in
plateaus of wet. fertility.
lime.
 Maharashtra, Deficient:  On drying Texture:
Saurashtra, In develops deep Clayey
Malwa, phosphoric cracks. and
Madhya content  They are sticky
usually
Pradesh and when
shallow in
Chattisgarh. depth. wet.
Origin:
Formed due to
weathering of
extrusive
igneous rocks.

3. Red and Rich: In  It is red or It is red in When it is Suitable for the

Yellow Iron, potash yellow in colour highly porous it growth of millets
Soils. and lime colour. during the is less fertile. and for the
Areas:
Deficient:  It is highly dry season plantations of
Red soil porous.
It is a less when iron When it is fine cashew and
found in  It is fertile
fertile soil. oxides grained and eucalyptus.
areas of low when it is fine
grained and appear on deep it is highly
rainfall in
deep. the fertile.
En and Sn
 It is less surface.
parts of fertile when it It looks
Deccan is full of yellow in
Plateau. pebbles and a hydrated
Yellow and gravel.
form.
Red Soils are Origin: It is
also found in formed due to
parts of the
Orissa, weathering of
Chhattisgarh, Igneous
Sn parts of (granite) and
the middle Metamorphic
Ganga Plain, Rocks.
and along the
piedmont
zone of the
Wn Ghats.

4.Laterite Soil: Rich: In  They lack Reddish They are less Potatoes,
Areas: Iron, elements of in colour. fertile and are Groundnuts,
These soils are Aluminium, fertility and made suitable Mustard, Rice,
found in Karnataka, Manganese normally of for cultivation Wheat, tea coffee
low value for
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and with adequate and cashew nuts.
Madhya Pradesh and Titanium. doses of
hilly areas of Orissa, crop manures and
Assam. Deficient: production. fertilizers.
These soils  They are
are intensively Texture: They
leached soil.
deficient in are composed of
humus little clay and
Origin: They
much of gravel
develop in
of red
areas of high
sandstones.
temperature
and heavy
rainfall. This
soil is the
result of
intense
leaching due
to heavy
rainfall.

5. Arid Soils. Rich:  These soils The Less fertile and Main……………
These soils are dry and colour saline in nature.
Areas: are rich in saline in ranges With the help of
soluable nature. from red irrigation the
Found in arid  Less fertile
areas of salts. to brown soil become
when dry.
Rajasthan, Origin: They and cultivable.
Punjab and Deficient: are partly of sometimes
Haryana Lack local origin they are Texture:
organic because of the pale Sandy
matter and weathering of yellow.
moisture. rocks.
And are also
formed by the
action of the
wind because
they have
been blown in
from the Indus
valley.

6. Forest/Mountain Rich: Iron  They are Dark They are also Fruit orchards,
Soils. heterogeneous Colour known as the mosses and
Deficient: in nature. ‘Soil in the lichens.
Areas: Found in the Lime making.’ They
mountainous regions are less fertile in
of Meghalaya,  They are the mountainous
Arunachal Pradesh, shallow and region because
Purvanchal, immature soil. they are acidic
Uttaranchal, in nature with
Himachal Pradesh, Origin: They low humus
Jammu and Kashmir are formed by content. In the
the river terraces
decomposition and alluvial fans
of the organic they are fertile.
materials Texture: They
derived from are sandy soil
vegetative with gravel.
cover.

QUESTION BANK

1. Very Short questions (1mark)

1. Give one difference between renewable and non-renewable resources. (2016,

2017)
2. Give one example of nonrenewable resource. (2016,
2017)
3. What do you mean by resources?
(2009)
4. Suggest any two ways to check land degradation. (2013,
2014)
5. Which soil is ideal for growing cotton?
(2014)
6. What is net sown area?
(2014)
7. What does the cold desert of Ladakh lack in?
8. What are the physical and human factors that determine the use of land?
9. What is the cause of land degradation in Punjab, Haryana and Western UP/
10. What are Gullies?

II. Short Questions (3 marks)

1. What is Agenda 21? List two important principles.

(2016,2017)
2. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources. (2012)
3. Distinguish between Stock and Potential resource and give one example of each.
(2012)
4. Why is it essential to have resource planning? Give three reasons. (2016,2017)
5. What are the three stages of resource planning in India? (2011,12)
 6. “India is a region which is rich in certain types of resources and deficient in other
resources” Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with reasons.
(2016,17)
7. What is the role of Humans in resource development? (2014)
8. What are the various forces of nature that contribute to the formation of soil?
(2009)
9. Why is soil considered as a resource? Give three arguments. (2015)
10. Write an account on alluvial soil

III. Long Questions (5 marks)

1. Explain the type of resources on the basis of origin and exhaustibility. (2010,11)
2. Describe five characteristics of Arid soil.
(2015)
3. How is land a natural resource of utmost importance? (2012,13)
4. Which is the most widely spread soil of India? Write an account on it. (2008,10)
5. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of the state of development.
(2008,09)
6. Explain the formation and features of laterite soil. (2013,14)
7. What is soil erosion? Explain the major types of soil erosion prevailing in
India.(2010)
8. What is land use? Mention two positive and two negative land use patterns that
prevails in India.
9. What is soil conservation and suggest the proper methods to conserve soil.
10. What are the various ways of land utilization?

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