MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION (MUMBAI)
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“CROP SUGGESTION’’
SUBMITTED BY,

Sr.
Name of Student Enrollment No. Seat No.
No.

1 Bhosle sandiksha 2209930163 236247

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF,

Prof. Yalgonde O. K.

BRAHMDEVDADA MANE POLYTECHNIC ,

BELATI, SOLAPUR
(2024-2025)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With deep sense of gratitude we would like to thanks all the people who
have lit our path with their kind guidance. We are very grateful to these
intellectuals who did their best to help during our project work. It is our proud
privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to,
Dr. Joshi S. B., Principal of Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
for his comments and kind permission to complete this project. We remain
indebted to Prof. Pawar R. R. H.O.D. of Computer Technology (CM)
Department for their timely suggestion and valuable guidance.
The special gratitude goes to our guide Prof. Yalgonde O. K. and staff
members, technical staff members of Computer Technology Department for
their expensive, excellent and precious guidance in completion of this work.
We thank to all the colleagues for their appreciable help for our working
project.
With various industry owners or lab technicians to help, it has been our
endeavor to throughout our work to cover the entire project work.
We are also thankful to our parents who providing their wishful support
for our project completion successfully.
And lastly we thanks to our all friends and the people who are directly
or indirectly related to our project work.

Om Santosh Jadhav
 INDEX
Chapter No. Particulars Page
No.

Abstract 1

1 Preamble 2

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Review of Literature 2

1.3 Problem Statement 5

1.5 Proposed System 6

1.5.1 Feasibility Study

6

2 System Architecture 8
2.1 Methodology 8

2.2 Modules 11

3 Software Requirement Specification 12

3.1 Requirements of System 12

3.1.1 Hardware Requirement 12

3.1.2 Software Requirement 12

3.2 Data Requirement 12

3.3 Functional Requirement 12

3.4 External Requirement 12

4 System Modelling 13

4.1 Dataflow Diagrams 13

4.2 UML Diagram 14

5 Implementation Details 18
5.1 Implementation 18

5.1.2 Platform Used 18

5.2 Modules and Language Used 22

5.3 Cost 22
6 Coding 23
6.1 Output 28
7 Testing 33
7.1 Unit Testing 33
7.2 System / Integration Testing 33
7.3 Test Cases and Results 34

8 Conclusion 37
8.1 Advantages & Disadvantages 38
9 Future Scope 39
10 References 40
 FIGURE INDEX

Figure No. Particular Page

No.

2.1 Waterfall Model of Software Development 8

4.1.1 Data Flow Diagram - Level 0 13

4.1.2 Data Flow Diagram - Level 1 13

4.2.1 Structural Diagram for system 14

4.2.2 Component Diagram for system 15

4.2.3 Use Case Diagram for system 16

4.2.4 Activity Diagram for system 17

TABLE INDEX

Table No. Particular Page

No.

7.3.1 Test case for sign up 34

7.3.2 Test case for login valid user 34

7.3.3 Test case for user form submission 35

7.3.4 Test case for shortest route generation 35

7.3.5 Test case for crop detection 36

7.3.6 Test case for crop recommendation 36
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 Abstract

The crop suggestion system aims to provide tailored recommendations for

farmers based on environmental, soil, and climatic conditions. By analyzing
factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil pH, and crop rotation, the system
helps optimize yield and sustainability. Using data-driven models, it
suggests the most suitable crops for a given region, improving resource
utilization and reducing risks of crop failure.
Additionally, it supports farmers in selecting crops that are economically
viable and environmentally appropriate, promoting agricultural productivity
while enhancing food security. This system ultimately bridges the gap
between traditional farming knowledge and modern technology for smarter
agriculture.
This project explores innovative crop selection strategies to enhance
agricultural productivity and sustainability. By analyzing environmental
conditions, soil health, and market demand, we propose a data-driven
techniques, the study aims to recommend crops that can thrive under
changing climate conditions while maximizing yield and minimizing
resource use. The findings intend to support farmers in making informed
decisions that align with ecological preservation and economic viability.
approach to identify optimal crop varieties for specific regions. Utilizing
predictive modeling and climate adaptation

Keywords - Crop Releted Information.

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 CHAPTER NO:1
PREAMBLE

1. INTRODUCTION

Crop suggestion is an intelligent approach to modern agriculture that helps farmers

choose the most suitable crops based on various environmental and soil factors.
With the rise of climate variability and soil degradation, traditional farming
decisions often lead to poor yields. Crop suggestion systems use data such as soil
type, temperature, rainfall, humidity, and pH levels to recommend crops that are
best suited for a specific region. These systems aim to increase productivity,
reduce losses, and promote sustainable farming. By combining agricultural
knowledge with technology, crop suggestion tools support informed decision-
making and help farmers achieve better economic and environmental outcomes.

1.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

We have gone through some agriculteral sites systems the overview of them are as bellows:
1. Several studies have explored crop recommendation systems using machine
learning and data analysis techniques. Research by Patil et al. (2020) utilized
decision tree and random forest algorithms to suggest suitable crops based on soil
and climatic conditions, showing improved accuracy in predictions. Similarly,
Kumar and Sharma (2019) developed a system integrating real-time weather
data.

2. Other works have emphasized the importance of user-friendly interfaces and

local language support for effective implementation. Studies also highlight the
integration of geographic information systems (GIS) to provide region-specific
suggestions, improving the relevance and usability for farmers.

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 1. Review on Crop Suggestion System
A crop suggestion system is a smart agricultural tool that uses data such
as soil type, temperature, rainfall, and previous crop patterns to recommend the
most suitable crops for cultivation. This system helps farmers make informed
decisions, increasing productivity and sustainability. By integrating
technologies like machine learning and data analytics, it enhances accuracy and
supports precision farming. It not only boosts crop yield but also reduces
resource wastage and financial risk. Such systems are especially beneficial in
regions facing climate change challenges. Overall, a crop suggestion system is a
valuable innovation promoting efficient farming and better land utilization for
improved livelihoods.

2. A Survey on Crop Detection

A survey on crop suggestion systems explores the effectiveness of tools

and technologies that help farmers choose the most suitable crops based on
various factors such as soil type, weather conditions, market demand, and
resource availability. These systems often integrate data from geographic
information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and machine learning models to
provide accurate, data-driven recommendations. The survey highlights current
trends, challenges, and the impact of these systems on agricultural productivity
and sustainability. By analyzing different approaches, the study aims to identify
key features, limitations, and areas for improvement in crop recommendation
technologies to better support modern precision farming.

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 3. A Literature Survey On Micro controller

A literature survey on microcontroller-based crop detection systems

reveals a growing integration of embedded technologies in precision
agriculture. Researchers have utilized microcontrollers like Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, and ESP32 to interface with various sensors such as
temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and camera modules for real-time
crop monitoring and disease detection. Studies highlight their
costeffectiveness, energy efficiency, and adaptability in rural settings.
Machine learning algorithms combined with sensor data enhance crop
classification and health diagnostics. Wireless connectivity enables remote
monitoring, contributing to smart farming initiatives. Overall,
microcontroller-based systems show promising potential in improving
crop yield and sustainability in agricultural practices.

4. A Survey on GPS system for Crop suggestion system

A survey on GPS-based crop suggestion systems highlights the role of

geolocation in enhancing precision agriculture. GPS technology enables accurate
mapping of farmland, helping to assess soil types, weather patterns, and past crop
performance based on specific coordinates. By integrating GPS with data
analytics and machine learning, these systems provide farmers with location-
based crop recommendations tailored to their field conditions. Studies show
improved decision-making, optimized resource use, and increased yields. The
combination of GPS with mobile and cloud platforms ensures real-time access
and scalability. Overall, GPS-based systems support smarter, data-driven farming
practices and sustainable agricultural development.

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a. PROBLEM STATEMENT

A crop suggestion system is an intelligent tool designed to assist farmers in

selecting the most suitable crops to cultivate based on various environmental and
economic factors. It analyzes data such as soil type, pH level, weather conditions,
temperature, rainfall, and historical yield patterns to recommend the best crop for
a specific location. By integrating modern technologies like machine learning and
data analytics, the system enhances decision-making, promotes sustainable
agriculture, and increases productivity. The crop suggestion system also helps
reduce crop failure risks and optimizes land use, ensuring better profitability for
farmers and supporting food security in the face of climate change.

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 1.5 PROPOSED
Department SYSTEM
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 A Crop Suggestion System uses data-driven algorithms to recommend the most suitable
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 crops for specific regions based on factors like climate, soil type, water availability, and
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 market demand. By analyzing historical data, satellite imagery, and real-time
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 environmental inputs, the system can suggest optimal crops for farmers to grow,
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 improving yield, reducing risk, and maximizing profitability. It also takes into account
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 factors such as seasonal patterns and pest management, ensuring sustainable farming
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 practices. This system can be accessed via a user-friendly interface, offering farmers
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 tailored guidance to enhance agricultural productivity and support food security.
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 1.5.1 Feasibility Study:
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 1. Technical Feasibility:
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 A Crop Suggestion System leverages machine learning, GIS, and big data to
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 recommend optimal crops based on environmental factors like climate, soil, and water
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 availability. Using real-time data and advanced algorithms, the system provides tailored
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 recommendations, improving crop yield, sustainability, and farmer profitability with
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 accessible technology.
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 2. Financial Feasibility:
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 The Project needs open source software’s and some hardware part like
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 fingerprint sensor which is easily available. Also, it is available at moderate cost and can
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 be purchased easily.
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 3. Time Feasibility:
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 The time feasibility of implementing a crop suggestion system is high, with machine
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 learning models demonstrating quick training times. For instance, Random Forest achieved a
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 training time of approximately 138 milliseconds, while Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest
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 Neighbors models had training times of around 218 milliseconds each . These rapid processing
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 times enable the system to provide timely and accurate crop recommendations, making it a
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 practical tool for farmers seeking to optimize their agricultural practices.
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 4. Operational Feasibility:
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 Operational feasibility of a crop suggestion system hinges on its integration with existing farming
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 practices, infrastructure, and user capabilities.
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CHAPTER NO: 2
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 In this we used following steps

A. Communication

The software development process starts with communication between customer

and developer. In this phase we communicated with the user with following principles of
communication phase.
We prepared before the communication i.e. we decide agenda of the meeting for
concentrating on the features and services provided by other similar applications.
Our leader leads our team and drawn out all the requirement of from the user i.e.
what they actually needed, what is input, output format of system.

B. Planning

It includes complete estimation, scheduling and risk analysis.

In this phase we planned about when to release the software, cost estimation, risk in The
project regarding messenger application and transfer of files in that. Finally, in this phase
we estimated the cost of the project including all expenditure of software, releasing
software according to user deadline.

C. Modelling
It includes detail requirement analysis and project design. Flowchart shows
complete pictorial flow of program whereas algorithm is step by step solution of
problem.
We analyze the requirement of the user according to that we draw the block
diagrams of the system.
That is nothing but behavioral structure of the system using UML i.e. Class
Diagram, use case Diagram, Components Diagram etc.

D. Construction
It includes coding and testing steps:

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 1) Coding
Develop a crop suggestion system, machine learning models analyze environmental and
soil data to recommend suitable crops. For instance, a TensorFlow-based system processes
inputs like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium levels, temperature, humidity, pH, and rainfall
to predict optimal crops..

2) Testing
Testing a crop suggestion system involves evaluating its performance using metrics like
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. These metrics assess the model's ability to make
correct predictions, minimize false positives and negatives, and balance between precision
and recall. Additionally, techniques like K-fold cross-validation are employed to assess the
model's robustness and generalizability across different datasets.
E. Deployment
A crop detection system uses AI and image processing to monitor plant health,
detect diseases, and optimize resource usage, enhancing agricultural efficiency and
productivity.

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 2.2 MODULES
There are two modules in our web application that are as follows:
1. Crop Selection Module:
2. User

1. Crop Selection Module :

This module assesses local soil conditions, climate, and water availability to recommend the
best-suited crops for maximum productivity and sustainability.

2. User :
Collects data from farmers, such as soil type, climate, and location, to personalize
crop recommendations.Analyzes environmental factors, weather patterns, and soil
conditions to suggest the most suitable crops for the area.

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 CHAPTER NO: 3
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

3.1 REQUIREMENTS OF SYSTEM

3.1.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
• Processor: Any type
• Main Memory: 2 GB
• Hard disk / SSD
• Arduino
• Sensor

3.1.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

• Platform: Windows 10
• IDE: Eclipse
• Programming language: HTML, CSS, MySQL, JavaScript Server:
Apache Server

3.2 DATA REQUIREMENT

To run this application we need Eclipse, XAMPP Server, MySQL, Arduino, PHP,
HTML, CSS installed in laptop.

3.3 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

The system web app requires internet as well as sensor to perform its functionality.

3.4 EXTERNAL REQUIREMENT

We required High quality camera and sensor as a hardware with internetconnection.

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 CHAPTER NO:4
SYSTEM MODELLING

4.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Data flow diagram(DFD) shows logical flow of system. Data flow diagrams
are more disciplined and structured. Data flow diagrams are quite readable
independentof complexity of system. The DFDs of the project as shown below:
Level 0 – Data Flow Diagram

Farmer Login

Figure 4.1.1: DFD Level-0 of System

Level 1 – Data Flow Diagram

Figure 4.1.2: DFD Level-1 of System

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 4.2 UML DIAGRAM
Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a standardized modelling language usedto
design a software -based system model. UML includes a set of graphical diagrams.
There are two broad categories of diagrams as-
1. Structural diagram
2. Behavioral diagram

1. Structural Diagram:
The structural diagrams illustrate the static structure of the entire system.
These Static structures represent the aspects of a diagram shows the main structure of
system. These static structures are represented in the form of classes, objects,
interfaces,
Nodes, components etc. The four structural diagrams are-

Figure 4.2.1: Structural diagram of System

I. Component Diagram:
A Component diagram illustrates the pieces of software, embedded
controllers, etc. that will make up a system. A Component diagram hides the system
behavior at higher level. The abstraction level of component diagram is more as

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 compare to class diagram. Component is composed by one or more classes.
Component diagram of proposed system is as shown in Figure 4.2.2.

Figure 4.2.2: Component Diagram of System

2. Behavioral Diagram:
These diagrams are used to represent dynamic aspects of the system. UML has
The following five types of behavioral diagrams-
I. Use case diagram
II. Activity diagram

I. Use Case Diagram:

A use case diagram in the type of behavioral diagram. It is defined by as well
as created from a use -case analysis. The main goal is to constitute the graphical
structure of the overall functionality provided by a system in terms of actors

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 and dependencies between the use cases. Use case diagram of Universal Voting
System shown in Figure 4.2.3.

Fig4.2.3: Use Case Diagram for System

II. Activity Diagram:

An activity diagram is a type of interaction diagram. Activity diagram is same
as flow chart diagram that represents flow of one activity to another activity.It
maintains the order of processes operate with one to another. Activity diagramof
proposed system is as shown in Figure 4.2.4.

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 \

Fig 4.2.4: Activity Diagram for Sensor

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 CHAPTER NO: 5
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

5.1 IMPLEMENTATION
One of the most critical decisions to be made was the LANGUAGE. The project deals
with user application so it required a language that provides all the required features as
well as it should be easy to use. So finally we arrived at conclusion to use python as
implementation language.

5.2 PLATFORM USED

1. Programming Language: Python
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum,
and released in 1991. Python is a widely used general-purpose, high- level
programming language. It was initially designed by Guido van Rossum in 1991
and developed by Python Software Foundation. It was mainly developed for
emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express
concepts in fewer lines of code. In the late 1980s, history was about to be written.
It was that time when working on Python started. Soon after that, Guido Van
Rossum began doing its application-based work in December of 1989 at Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatics (CWI) which is situated in the Netherlands. It was
started as a hobby project because he was looking for an interesting project to
keep him occupied during Christmas. Python is −
1. Easy to Code

Python is a very high-level programming language, yet it is effortless to learn.

Anyone can learn to code in Python in just a few hours or a few days. Mastering
Python and all its advanced concepts, packages and modules might take some
more time. However, learning the basic Python syntax is very easy, as compared
to other popular languages like C, C++, and Java.

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 2. Easy to Read
code looks like simple English words. There is no use of semicolons or brackets, and the
indentations define the code block. You can tell what the code is supposed to do
simply by looking at it.

3. Free and Open-Source

Python is developed under an OSI-approved open source license. Hence, it is
completely free to use, even for commercial purposes. It doesn’t cost anything to
download Python or to include it in your application. It can also be freely modified
and re-distributed.
4. Robust Standard Library
Python has an extensive standard library available for anyone to use. This means that
programmers don’t have to write their code for every single thing unlike other
programming languages. There are libraries for image manipulation, databases, unit-
testing, expressions and a lot of other functionalities. In addition to the standard
library, there is also a growing collection of thousands of components, which are all
available in the
5. Portable
Python is portable in the sense that the same code can be used on different machines.
Suppose you write a Python code on a Mac. If you want to run it on
Windows or Linux later, you don’t have to make any changes to it. As such, there is
no need to write a program multiple times for several platforms.
6. Object-Oriented and Procedure-Oriented
A programming language is object-oriented if it focuses design around data and
objects, rather than functions and logic. On the contrary, a programming language is
procedure-oriented if it focuses more on functions (code that can be reused). One of
the critical Python features is that it supports both object-oriented and procedure-
oriented programming.
7. Extensible
A programming language is said to be extensible if it can be extended to other
languages. Python code can also be written in other languages like C++, making it a
highly extensible language.

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Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 127
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 128
 9. Expressive
Python needs to use only a few lines of code to perform complex tasks. For example,
to display Hello World, you simply need to type one line – print(“Hello World”).
Other languages like Java or C would take up multiple lines to execute this.
10. Support for GUI
One of the key aspects of any programming language is support for GUI or
Graphical User Interface. A user can easily interact with the software using a GUI.
Python offers various toolkits, such as Tkinter, wxPython and JPython, which allows
for GUI’s easy and fast development.

2. Data base : MYSQL

MySQL is an Oracle-backed open source relational database management system
(RDBMS) based on Structured Query Language (SQL). MySQL runs on virtually
all platforms, including Linux, UNIX and Windows. Although it can be used in a
wide range of applications, MySQL is most often associated with web
applications and online publishing.
MySQL is an important component of an open source enterprise stack called
LAMP. LAMP is a web development platform that uses Linux as the operating
system, Apache as the web server, MySQL as the relational database management
system and PHP as the object-oriented scripting language. (Sometimes Perl or
Python is used instead of PHP.)
Originally conceived by the Swedish company MySQL AB, MySQL was acquired
by Sun Microsystems in 2008 and then by Oracle when it bought
Sun in 2010. Developers can use MySQL under the GNU General Public License
(GPL), but enterprises must obtain a commercial license from Oracle. Today,
MySQL is the RDBMS behind many of the top websites in the world and
countless corporate and consumer-facing web-based applications, including
Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.

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Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 130
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 131
 3. GUI: HTML,CSS
First developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is short for Hypertext Mark-
up Language. HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that
are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections
to other pages called hyperlinks. Every web page you see on the Internet is written
using one version of HTML code or another. HTML code ensures the proper
formatting of text and images so that your Internet browser may display them as
they are intended to look. Without HTML, a browser would not know how to
display text as elements or load images or other elements. HTML also provides a
basic structure of the page, upon which Cascading Style Sheets are overlaid to
change its appearance. One could think of HTML as the bones (structure) of a
web page, and CSS as its skin (appearance). Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a
style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in
a markup language like HTML. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World
Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content, including
layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility,
provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation
characteristics, enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the
relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the
structural content.
Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same
markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-
screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on
Braille-based tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the
content is accessed on a mobile device.

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Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 133
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 134
 5.3 MODULES & LANGUAGE USED
For every module in the software we have used HTML Language

5.4 COST
5.4.1 Time Estimation
The working days: 25 days * 8 months = 200 days
The working hours per day: 6 hours
Total time spend for development: 1200 hours 5.4.2
Cost Estimation
Arduino cost: 5000 Rs. sensor cost = 800 Rs/-
Installation of packages cost =1000Rs/-
So the total cost for the project will be approximately = 6800 Rs./-

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Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 136
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 137
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 138
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 139
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 140
CHAPTER NO: 6
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 141
CODING
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 142
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 143
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 144
6.1. CODING
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 145
Login page
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 146
<!DOCTYPE html>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 147
<html lang="en">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 148
<head>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 149
<meta charset="UTF-8">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 150
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 151
<title>Soil Type Classifier</title>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 152
<link rel="stylesheet" href="static/styles.css">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 153
<link rel="stylesheet" href="static/navbar.css">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 154
</head>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 155
<body>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 156
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 157
<!-- Navbar -->
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 158
<nav class="navbar">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 159
<div class="nav-container">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 160
<h1>Soil Type Classifier</h1>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 161
<ul class="nav-links">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 162
<li><a href="{{ url_for('home') }}">Home</a></li>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 163
<li><a href="{{ url_for('upload_predict') }}">Predict</a></li>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 164
<li><a href="{{ url_for('logout') }}" class="logout-btn">Logout</a></li>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 165
</ul>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 166
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 167
</nav>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 168
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 169
<!-- Main Content -->
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 170
<div class="main-container">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 171
<div class="input-container">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 172
<form action="{{ url_for('upload_predict') }}" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 173
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 174
<label for="state">State:</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 175
<input id="state" type="text" name="state" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 176
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 177
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 178
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 179
<label for="rainfall">Rainfall (in mm):</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 180
<input id="rainfall" type="number" name="rainfall" step="0.01" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 181
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 182
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 183
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 184
<label for="ground_water">Ground Water Level:</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 185
<input id="ground_water" type="number" name="ground_water" step="0.01" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 186
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 187
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 188
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 189
<label for="temperature">Temperature (°C):</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 190
<input id="temperature" type="number" name="temperature" step="0.1" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 191
</div>”>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 192
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 193
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 194
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 195
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 196
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 197
<label for="soil_type">Soil Type:</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 198
<select id="soil_type" name="soil_type" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 199
<option value="1">Sandy</option>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 200
<option value="2">Red</option>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 201
<option value="3">Laterite</option>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 202
<option value="4">Clayey</option>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 203
<option value="5">Black</option>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 204
<option value="6">Alluvial</option>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 205
</select>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 206
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 207
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 208
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 209
<label for="season">Season:</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 210
<input id="season" type="text" name="season" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 211
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 212
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 213
<div class="form-group">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 214
<label for="file">Upload Soil Image:</label>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 215
<input id="file" type="file" name="file" accept="image/*" required>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 216
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 217
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 218
<button type="submit" class="submit-btn">Upload & Predict</button>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 219
</form>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 220
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 221
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 222
{% if filename %}
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 223
<div class="output-container">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 224
<h2>Uploaded Image:</h2>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 225
<img src="{{ uploaded_image }}" alt="Uploaded Image" width="300px">
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 226
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 227
<h2>Input Details:</h2>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 228
<p><strong>State:</strong> {{ state }}</p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 229
<p><strong>Rainfall:</strong> {{ rainfall }} mm</p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 230
<p><strong>Ground Water Level:</strong> {{ ground_water }} meters</p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 231
<p><strong>Temperature:</strong> {{ temperature }} °C</p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 232
<p><strong>Soil Type:</strong>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 233
{% if soil_type == 1 %} Sandy
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 234
{% elif soil_type == 2 %} Red
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 235
{% elif soil_type == 3 %} Laterite
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 236
{% elif soil_type == 4 %} Clayey
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 237
{% elif soil_type == 5 %} Black
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 238
{% elif soil_type == 6 %} Alluvial
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 239
{% else %} Unknown
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 240
{% endif %}
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 241
</p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 242
<p><strong>Season:</strong> {{ season }}</p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 243
<p>”<h2>Recommended Crop:</h2>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 244
<p><strong>{{ crop_name }}</strong></p>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 245
</div>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 246
{% endif %} </body>
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 247
</html>
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 248
We are a team of dedicated and experienced professionals who are committed to providing the highest quality of cropy
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 249
suggetion services to our community. We are here to help you in your time of need, and
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 250
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 251
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 252
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 253
Department ofeverything
we will do Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
we can to ensure Mane Polytechnic,
that you receive Solapur
the best possible care. </p> Page 254
Department of<!DOCTYPE
Computer Technology,
html> Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 255
Department of<html
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
lang="en"> Page 256
Department of<head>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 257
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<meta charset="UTF-8"> Page 258
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
<meta name="viewport" Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> Page 259
Department of Computer Technology,
<title>Home Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
- Soil Classifier</title> Page 260
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
<link rel="stylesheet" Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
href="home_styles.css"> Page 261
Department of</head>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 262
Department of<body>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 263
Department of Computer Technology,
<!-- Navbar --> Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 264
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<nav class="home-navbar"> Page 265
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<div class="home-container"> Page 266
Department of Computer Technology,
<a href="#" Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic,
class="home-logo">Soil Solapur
Classifier</a> Page 267
Department of Computer
<ul Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
class="home-nav-links"> Page 268
Department of Computer<li><a
Technology, Brahmdevdada
href="{{ Mane
url_for('home') Polytechnic, Solapur
}}">Home</a></li> Page 269
Department of Computer<li><a
Technology, Brahmdevdada
href="{{ Mane Polytechnic,
url_for('upload_predict') Solapur
}}">Predict</a></li> Page 270
Department of<li><a
Computer Technology,
href="{{ Brahmdevdada
url_for('logout') Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
}}">Logout</a></li> Page 271
Department of Computer
</ul>Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 272
Department of Computer
</div>Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 273
Department of Computer
</nav> Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 274
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 275
Department of Computer
<!-- MainTechnology,
Content -->Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 276
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<main class="home-main-content"> Page 277
Department of Computer Technology,
<h1>Welcome Brahmdevdada
to Soil Mane
Classification Polytechnic, Solapur
System</h1> Page 278
Department of Computer Technology,
<p>Upload Brahmdevdada
a soil image Mane
and get an Polytechnic,
AI-based Solapur
classification.</p> Page 279
Department of Computer Technology,
<a href="{{ Brahmdevdada Mane
url_for('upload_predict') Polytechnic,
}}" Solapur
class="home-predict-btn">Go Page 280
to Prediction</a>
Department of</main>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 281
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 282
Department of Computer Technology,
<!-- Footer --> Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 283
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<footer class="home-footer"> Page 284
Department of Computer Technology,
<p>&copy; Brahmdevdada
2025 Soil Mane
Classifier. All Polytechnic,
rights Solapur
reserved.</p> Page 285
Department of</footer>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 286
Department of</body>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 287
Department of</html><!DOCTYPE
Computer Technology,html>
Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 288
Department of<html
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
lang="en"> Page 289
Department of<head>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 290
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<meta charset="UTF-8"> Page 291
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
<meta name="viewport" Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> Page 292
Department of<title>Login</title>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 293
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
<link rel="stylesheet" Mane Polytechnic,
href="{{ url_for('static', Solapur
filename='login_styles.css') Page 294
}}"> </head>
Department of<body>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 295
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
<div class="login-container"> Page 296
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
<h1 class="login-title">User Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
Login</h1> Page 297
Department of Computer
<form Technology, Brahmdevdada class="login-form">
action="/" method="post" Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 298
Department of Computer Technology,
<label Brahmdevdada
for="username" Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
class="login-label">Username:</label> Page 299
Department of Computer Technology,
<input Brahmdevdada
type="text" Mane
id="username" Polytechnic, Solapur
name="username" Page 300
class="login-input" required> <label
Department offor="password"
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
class="login-label">Password:</label> Page 301
Department of Computer Technology,
<input Brahmdevdada
type="password" Mane Polytechnic,
id="password" Solapur
name="password" Page 302
class="login-input" required>
Department oferror
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada
<p class="login-error">{{ error Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
}}</p> Page 303
Department of Computer Technology,
{% endif %} Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 304
Department of Computer
</div> Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 305
Department of</body></html>
Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 306
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 307
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 308
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 309
Image Processing : import
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 310
tensorflow as tf
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 311
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 312
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, Dense, Dropout, Activation
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 313
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing import image import numpy as np
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 314
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify import
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 315
os
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 316
app = Flask(_name_)
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 317
# Define the path to your model
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 318
MODEL_PATH = 'soil_classification_model.h5' def
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 319
create_model():
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 320
model = Sequential([
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 321
# Input layer is implicitly defined by the first Conv2D layer
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 322
Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', input_shape=(224, 224, 3), use_bias=True),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 323
Activation('relu'),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 324
MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 325
Dropout(0.25),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 326
Conv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same', use_bias=True),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 327
Activation('relu'),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 328
MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 329
Dropout(0.25),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 330
Conv2D(128, (3, 3), padding='same', use_bias=True),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 331
Activation('relu'),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 332
MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 333
Dropout(0.25),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 334
Flatten(),Dense(512, use_bias=True),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 335
Activation('relu'),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 336
Dropout(0.5),
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 337
Dense(6, use_bias=True),
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 338
Activation('softmax') ])
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 339
return model try
 Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 340
# Create the model with exact architecture
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 341
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 342
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 343
 model = create_model()

# Load weights
model.load_weights(MODEL_PATH)
print("Model loaded successfully!")
except Exception as e: print(f"Error
loading model: {e}") raise

@app.route('/predict', methods=['POST'])
def predict(): if 'file' not in request.files:
return jsonify({'error': 'No file provided'}), 400

file = request.files['file'] if file.filename == '':

return jsonify({'error': 'No file selected'}), 400

# Save the uploaded file temporarily

temp_path = 'temp.jpg'
file.save(temp_path)

try:
# Load and preprocess the image
img = image.load_img(temp_path, target_size=(224, 224))
img_array = image.img_to_array(img) img_array =
np.expand_dims(img_array, axis=0) img_array = img_array
/ 255.0 # Normalize

# Make prediction prediction =

model.predict(img_array) predicted_class =
np.argmax(prediction[0])

# Clean up
os.remove(temp_path)

return jsonify({
'prediction': int(predicted_class),
'confidence': float(prediction[0][predicted_class])
})

except Exception as e:
# Clean up in case of error
if os.path.exists(temp_path):
os.remove(temp_path)
return jsonify({'error': str(e)}), 500

if _name_ == '_main_':
app.run(debug=True)

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 344

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 345
 LOGIN PAGE :

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 346

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 347

 SOIL TYPE CLASSIFIER PAGE :

 PREDICTED CROP INPUTS :
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 349

 PREDICTED CROP INPUTS :

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 350
 CHAPTER NO: 7
TESTING

7.1 UNIT TESTING

Unit testing will be done by the developer and will be approved by the
development team leader. Proof of unit testing (test case list, sample output, data Print
outs, and defect information) must be provided by the programmer to the team leader
before unit testing will be accepted and passed on to the test person.

7.2 SYSTEM / INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration testing will be performed by the test manager and development team
leader with assistance from the individual developers as required. No specific test tools
are available for this project. Programs will enter into System/Integration test after all
critical defects have been corrected. A program may have up to two major defects as long
as they do not impede testing of the program.
The system is developed to autonomously navigate the robot in a
confined environment. The robot scans the distances of obstacles around it and maps an
efficient path out of it. Thus, we get a map of an arena and plotting is done.
The system was tested for accuracy, and tests were carried out to check
efficiency. The system must undergo tests to prove that it can stand the test for various
operations.

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 351

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 352
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 353
 7.3 TEST CASES AND RESULTS

Test Case ID TC_1

Test Case name Sign up

Test case description
Modules like sign up button

Test steps 1. Enter valid email id and valid

password for Sign up
2. Click on sign up button.

Expected Result User should register with valid data

Actual Result User successfully registered

Status Pass

TABLE 7.3.1 TEST CASE FOR SIGN UP

Test Case ID TC_2

Test Case name
Login user

Test case description To enter valid email id and Password

Test steps 1. Enter valid E-mail id

2. Enter valid Password
3. Click on Login Button.
Expected Result
All details are successfully accepted.

Actual Result
All details are successfully accepted.

Status
Pass

TABLE 7.3.2 TEST CASE FOR LOGIN VALID USER

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 354

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 355
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 356
 Test Case ID TC_3

Test Case name User registration form

Test case description User information should be accepted

with valid data
Test steps
1. Enter valid User data

2. Fill all required fields

3. Submit the form

Expected Result User data successfully accepted

Actual Result User data successfully accepted
Status Pass

TABLE 7.3.3 TEST CASE FOR User FORM SUBMISSION

Test Case ID TC_4

Test Case name For map rote generation
Test case description After adding current location and
destination system should give shortest
route to the destination

Test steps 1. Enter current location

2. Enter destination.
3. Click on generate map

Expected Result It should generate shortest route

Actual Result Shortest route is generated
Status Pass

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 357

 TABLE 7.3.4 TEST CASE FOR SHORTEST ROUTE GENERATION

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 358

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 359
 Test Case ID TC_5
Test Case name Crop Detection
Detect Presence of Crops in the Image
Test case description

Expected Result Presence of Crop should be detected

Actual Result Crop detected by system

Status Pass

TABLE 7.3.5 TEST CASE FOR CROP DETECTION

Test Case ID TC_6

Test Case name To check whether Valid Input

Recommendation After detection of crop.

Test case description Recommend crop based on valid inputs.

Test steps Observe the crop

Recommendation result.

Expected Result Suitable crop is Recommended

Actual Result Suitable crop is Recommended

Status
Pass

TABLE 7.3.6 TEST CASE FOR CROP RECOMMENDATION

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 360

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 361
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Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 365
 CHAPTER NO:
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
8
Page 366
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur CONCLUSIONS
Page 367
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 368
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 369
 In conclusion, selecting the right crop is essential for maximizing yield, improving soil
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 370
 health, and ensuring long-term sustainability. Factors such as climate, soil type, market
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 371
 demand, and available resources must be carefully considered. Crop rotation and
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 372
 diversification can enhance productivity and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 373
 Additionally, integrating modern agricultural practices and technologies can further optimize
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 374
 outcomes. By choosing suitable crops and adopting environmentally responsible strategies,
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 375
 farmers can achieve both economic and ecological benefits. Ultimately, a wellinformed crop
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 376
 selection not only boosts farm profitability but also contributes to food security and
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 377
 sustainable agricultural development for future generations.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 378
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Department of Computer Technology, 8.1 ADVANTAGES
Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic,& DISADVANTAGES
Solapur Page 415
cc

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 416

Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 417
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 418
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 419
 Here are few advantages of Smart Traffic Control System
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 420
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 421
 1) Reduced response times
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 422
 2) Increased patient survival rates
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 423
 3) Low cost
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 424
 4) Improved traffic flow
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 425
 5) Increased safety
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 426
 6) Easy maintenance
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 427
 7) Tackle the emergency conditions
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 428
 8) Track real time location of ambulance
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 429
 9) Suggest the nearest hospital and optimum route
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 430
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 431
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 432
 Here are few disadvantages of crop suggestion system
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 433
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 434
 1) User Engagement Challenges
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 435
 2) Environmental Variability
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 436
 3) High Initial Setup Cost
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 437
 4) Dependency on External Data
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 438
 5) Limited Interpretability
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 439
 6) Complexity for Users
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 440
 7) Maintenance Challenges
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 441
 8) Data Privacy Concerns
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 442
 9) Scalability Issues
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 443
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 444
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 CHAPTER NO:
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur
9
Page 466
 FUTURE
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur SCOPES
Page 467
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 468
 Future scopes include AI integration, climate adaptation, soil analysis, market-based
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 469
 suggestions, precision farming, and government support for smarter agriculture.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 470
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 471
 Advanced routing and prioritization:
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 472
  Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics: Future systems will use AI and
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 473
 machine learning to analyze soil, weather, and crop data for precise
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 474
 recommendations..
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 475
  Climate Resilience: Crop suggestions will focus on varieties that can withstand
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 476
 drought, floods, and changing climate conditions. .
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 477
  Government and Advisory Support: Expansion of digital advisory services
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 478
 will ensure region-specific, research-backed crop recommendations for all types
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 479
 of farmers.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 480
 .
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 481
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 482
 Improved infrastructure and automation:
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 483
  Automation in Data Collection: Sensors and drones will automate soil and weather
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 484
 monitoring, providing continuous updates..
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 485
  Remote Monitoring: Automated drone and satellite systems will monitor crops
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 486
 and send real-time information for precise recommendations.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 487
  Sustainable Farming: Automated systems will suggest water-efficient,
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 488
 lowinput crops, promoting sustainability and resource optimization.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 489
 The future of crop suggestion systems is promising, with advancements in AI, big data, and
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 490
 remote sensing enabling precise, location-based recommendations. These systems will help
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 491
 farmers adapt to climate change, improve soil health, reduce resource usage, and choose
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 492
 profitable crops, ultimately leading to sustainable agriculture and increased farm
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 493
 productivity worldwide
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 494
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Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 506
 CHAPTER
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur NO:
Page10
507
 REFERENCES
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 508
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 509
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 510
 1. https://www.wikipedia.org
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 511
 2. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9725901
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 512
 3. https://jpinfotech.org/soil-analysis-and-crop-recommendationusing-machine-learnin
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 513
 4. https://soilhealth.dac.gov.in/
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 514
 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373358993_SOIL_A
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 515
 NALYSIS_PROJECT_WORK
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 516
 6. https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 517
 7. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/crop-recommendation-systemusing-
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 518
 tensorflow?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 519
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 520
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 521
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 522
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 523
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 524
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 525
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 526
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 527
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 528
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 529
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur REFERENCES
Page 530
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 531
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 532
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 533
 1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0085-
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 534
 2. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.16196
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 535
 3. https://ijarcce.com/wpcontent/uploads/2024/06/IJARCCE.2024.13620.pdf
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 536
 4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374018661_A_Compara
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 537
 tive_Analysis_of_Machine_Learning_Models_for_Crop_Recomm endation_in_India
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 538
 5. https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/3252/1/020001/3337883/Imp roving-accuracy-for-
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 539
 recommending-the
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 540
 6. https://itegam-jetia.org/journal/index.php/jetia/article/view/1186
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 541
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 542
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 543
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 544
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 545
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 546
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 547
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 548
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 549
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 550
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 551
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 552
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 553
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 554
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 555
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 556
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 557
Department of Computer Technology, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur Page 558
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