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Anup Physics

The document is a physics project on transformers submitted by Anup Kumar from Tender Heart Senior Secondary School for the AISSCE 2024. It covers the principles, types, working, and applications of transformers, including step-up and step-down transformers, along with a detailed procedure for constructing a self-made transformer. The project includes acknowledgments, a certificate of completion, and a bibliography of sources used.

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singhmannu40730
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10 views

Anup Physics

The document is a physics project on transformers submitted by Anup Kumar from Tender Heart Senior Secondary School for the AISSCE 2024. It covers the principles, types, working, and applications of transformers, including step-up and step-down transformers, along with a detailed procedure for constructing a self-made transformer. The project includes acknowledgments, a certificate of completion, and a bibliography of sources used.

Uploaded by

singhmannu40730
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TENDER HEART SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJ ECT


Topic- Transformer
AISSCE – 2024 Session – 2023 – 24
Submitted by,
Name – Anup Kumar
Class - XII B Admn. No. –
13915
Roll no. – 04 School roll no.-
Submitting to – Ravi Sir
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anup Kumar of
calss-XII B has successfully
completed his physics ptoject
‘Transformer” under the guidance of
his physics teacher’Ravi Sir”

Teacher signature –

External signatrure –

Principal signature –
ACKNOWLEDEMENT

I would like to express my special


thank of gratitude to my Physics
teacher “ Ravi Sir “
for his able guidance and support in
completing my project.

I would also like to extend my


gratitude to my friends and family
for providing me helping hands in
collecting information regarding
this project.

Thank
You
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on
the Principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical
device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As
such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams where as
in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer
Types of Transformer

1.Step up Transformer- A transformer which increases


the voltages.

2.Step down Transformer-A transformer which


decreases the A.C. voltage.
THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL
DERIVATIONS
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.
SIMPLE CURCUIT DIAGRAM

SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STEP UP


TRANSFORMER
WORKING
In a step-down transformer, secondary winding than in the primary
winding in the steptransformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in the
secondary transformer is greater than the one supplied across the
primary winding. Because of the principltransformer converts low voltage,
highlow current. In other words, voltage has been stepped up. You can
find step-up transformers located near power plants that are designed to
operate megawattpower plants, step-up transformers can also be used for
local and smaller applications such as xabout 50,000 volts to work. Even a
microsmall step-up transformer to operate. transformer, There are many
turns on the secondary winding than in the primary winding in the
steptransformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary transformer
is greater than the one supplied across the primary winding. Because of
the principle of conservation of energy, the transformer converts low
voltage, high-current to high voltagelow current. In other words, the
voltage has been stepped up. up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the up
transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires about
50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a up transformer
to operate. There are many turns on the secondary winding than in the
primary winding in the step-up transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in
the secondary transformer is greater than the one supplied across the
primary e of conservation of energy, the
current to high voltagelow current. In other words, the voltage has been
stepped up. up transformers located near power plants s of power. Apart
from the up transformers can also be used for local ray machine which
requires
small step-up transformer to operate.
SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER

WORKING
In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are fewer than
the primary windings. In other words, the transformer’s secondary voltage
is less than the primary voltage. So, the transformer is designed to
convert hilow-current power into a low Is mainly used in domestic
consumption. A common case of step-down application is in the case of
door bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s steptransformer
receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower voltage before supplying it
to the doorbell. Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the
220 volts electricity to the 110 volts redown transformer is one who
secondary windings are fewer than the primary windings. In other words,
the transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. So,
the transformer is designed to convert hicurrent power into a low-voltage,
high current power and it is mainly used in domestic consumption. down
application is in the case of door bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts,
but most household power 120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s
steptransformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower voltage
before supplying it to the doorbell. down transformers are mostly used to
convert the 220 volts electricity to the 110 volts required in most
domestic equipment down transformer is one who secondary windings are
fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the transformer’s
secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. So, the transformer is
designed to convert high-voltage, voltage, high current power and it down
application is in the case of door bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts,
but most household power 120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower down
transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts quired in most
domestic equipment.
APPARATUS
-Iron Rod
-Copper Wire
-Hot Wire Ammeter
-Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE
- Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
- Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
- Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
- Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
- Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
- Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER

- In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air


conditioner, etc.
- A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
- A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
- A step up transformer is used for the production of Xand
NEON advertisement.
- Transformers are used in voltage regulators and spower
supplies.
- Transformers are used in the transmissiodistances:
- Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

- www.google.com
- www.wikipedia.org
- Physics NCERT
- Pradeep’s Physics

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