Module 1

Question 1
Maryam Hosseini and her team used aerial images of well-apped areas of Manhattan to
train a computer program to identify sidewalks. When it was tested on images of
Brooklyn, it identified______ sidewalks of the vast majority of cases and even whether
sidewalks were concrete or cobblestone. Hosseini believes the program will improve on
this already strong performance as it gets used more.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) reliably
B) clumsily
C) rarely
D) slowly

Question 2
The Chao Phraya River delta is a constantly changing landform made up of a network
of distributaries, small channels that branch off from the main river. The delta is shaped
and reshaped over time as sediments carried by the river _______ where the river
meets the Gulf of Thailand, eventually forming new portions of land.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) accumulate
B) dissolve
C) accelerate
D) thrive

Question 3
The Third-Class Carriage, painted in the realist style by Honore Daumier, depicts
working-class travelers in a third-class railway car. The realists' emphasis on accurately
portraying the experience of average working people was largely a rejection of the
romantic style evident in many paintings by Eugene Emmanuel Amaury Pineux Duval,
which instead _____ their subjects' beauty or heroism while hiding all imperception.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) exaggerate
B) correct
C) undermine
D) mock
Question 4
The decline of the giant pika, a species found throughout northern North America before
it became extinct around 8,000 BCE, surely had a number of ________ the larger
ecosystem in which it existed. The giant pika was part of a complex food web with other
organisms, and its disappearance likely affected several other species.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) similarities to
B) precedents in
C) sources in
D) consequences for

Question 5
The following text is adapted from Pam Munoz Ryan's 2020 novel Mananaland. In the
village where Max lives, there is an old fortress called La Reina. Children in the village
say that the fortress is haunted.

For as long as he could remember, Max had begged Papa [his father] to take him to see
La Reina and the ruins up close. He'd be a hero among his friends if he was the first boy
to cross the haunted gates! Just because Papa didn't believe in ghosts didn't mean they
weren't there. Maybe this summer, Papa would finally take him. He was almost twelve.

Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?

A) To show how much Max wants to visit La Reina
B) To portray how proud Max's father is of Max
C) To criticize Max for disliking summer
D) To explain why Max doesn't want to grow up yet

Question 6
Driven to sell as many paintings as possible, Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the
landscape artists known as Florida Highwaymen, pioneered "fast painting", a technique
(which in part involved swift applications of paint) that many Highwaymen, including
Isaac Knight, adopted. To conclude that this approach accounts for the ethereal
qualities now synonymous with the Highwaymen aesthetic is tempting but inaccurate,
as Hair's methods weren't universally practiced by his affiliates: Roy McLendon, for
example, painted with greater deliberateness by achieved the same effects.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a
whole?
A) It details evidence that contradicts a claim mentioned earlier in the text about a
long-standing disagreement within a group of artists.
B) It explains how an artist mentioned earlier in the text developed a distinctive style by
adapting a particular approach to painting originated by his colleagues.
C) It considers and rebuts an interpretation of the effect of a painting technique
mentioned earlier in the text on the perception of work by a group of artists.
D) It establishes a contrast between the aesthetic qualities of works by artists who were
central to a movement introduced earlier in the text and those of an artist who was more
peripheral to that movement.

Question 7
The following text is adapted from Daniel Defoe's 1704 nonfiction book The Storm.

The sermon is a sound of words spoken to the ear, and prepared only for present
meditation, and extends no farther than the strength of memory can convey it; a book
printed is a record; remaining in every man's possession, always ready to renew its
acquaintance with his memory, and always ready to be produced as an authority or
voucher to any reports he makes out off it, and conveys its contents for ages to come,
to the eternity of mortal time, when the author is forgotten in his grave..

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) It recounts why the works of some artists are still discussed by critics after the artists'
deaths while others are not.
B) It analyzes the contributions to society of two different scholars.
C) It demonstrates that one form of communication is more commonly used than
another.
D) It describes differences in the characteristics of two kinds of communication.

Question 8
In the 1960s, Gloria Richardson led a movement to promote racial equality. Her
involvement in this effort was inspired by her daughter, Donna Richardson. In 1961,
Donna joined protests organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in
Cambridge, Maryland. Following her daughter, Gloria joined these protests too. Gloria
became the co-chair of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee. She was also the
leader of what became known as the Cambridge movement.

According to the text, what did Gloria Richardson lead?

A) A new business in Cambridge, Maryland
B) The Cambridge Movement
C) Protests to support environmental protections
D) Her daughter Donna's high school

Question 9
Spanning the 1920s to the 1980s, Mexican architect Luis Barragan's prolific career
evolved through distinct phases. After traveling to the United States and Europe in the
early 1930s and immersing himself in an international architectural discourse, Barragan
began incorporating principles derived from functionalism and modernism in his work,
as seen in the El Arenal Parish Church, whose unadorned geometric forms contrast
with the historically inprired architecture found in the houses for Emiliano Robles Leon,
one of Barragan's early projects in Guadalajara.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Barragan's designs of the El Arenal Parish Church and the houses for Emiliano
Robles Leon are considered paragons of a functionalist and modernist aesthetic.
B) Barragan's design of the houses for Emiliano Robles Leon is considered more
experimental than his design for the El Arenal Parish Church.
C) Barragan's early work shows an initial dedication to a modernist aesthetic that he
later abandoned.
D) A notable shift in Barragan's design aesthetic reflects the influence of his time
abroad.

Question 10
Like many other bird species that live only on the Hawaiian archipelago, the Kaua'i
'amakihi has adapted to life in a well-defined habitat, resulting in highly specialized
physical and behavioral characteristics that aid the species in survival. However,
because the Kaua'i'amakihi is highly specialized, it is especially vulnerable to
environmental changes that can disrupt the delicately balanced ecosystem in which it
lives.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) The Kaua'i'amakihi is a species of bird that is related to many other Hawaiian birds
but does not share a habitat with any of them.
B) The Kaua'i'amakihi is an example of a highly specialized bird species found only on
the Hawaiian archipelago and is related to several other highly specialized bird species
found there.
C) The Kaua'i'amakihi is an example of a species unique to the Hawaiian archipelago
that is highly specialized and, therefore, particularly susceptible to habitat disturbances.
D) Hawaiian birds display a unique range of physical and behavioral characteristics and
as a result, can only live in habitats unique to the Hawaiian archipelago.
Question 11
The Clouds is a 423 BCE play by Aristophanes, originally written in ancient Greek. At
the time, professional intellectuals called sophists taught customers rhetorical
techniques to use in public speaking, along with providing instruction in other subjects.
In the play, Aristophane satirizes sophists as teaching students how to be persuasive
without regard for what is morally good, as seen when the character ________.

Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from a translation of The Clouds to
illustrate the claim?

A) Socrates, a sophist, says that he studies astronomy while in a basket hanging a few
feet off the ground because "I should not have rightly discovered things celestial if I had
not suspended the intellect, and mixed the thought in a subtle form with its kindred air."
B) Strepsiades encourages his son to learn to be a sophist, saying, "Go, I entreat you,
dearest of men, go and be taught."
C) Socrates, a sophist, says to a new customer, "Come now; what do you now wish to
learn first of those things in none of which you have ever been instructed."
D) Strepsiades hires a sophist to teach his son and says to the sophist, "But see that he
learns those two [styles of argument]; the better, whatever it may be; and the worse,
which, by maintaining what is unjust, overturns the better. If not both, at any rate the
unjust one by all means."

Question 12
Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In the novel, Toomer mentions a road in rural
Georgia called Dixie Pike and describes it as having a deep connection to a faraway
place, writing ________

Which quotation from Cane most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) "And when the wind is from the South, soil of my homeland falls like a fertile shower
upon the lean streets of Washington, DC."
B) "From down the railroad track, the chug-chug of a gas engine announces that the
repair gang is coming home."
C) "The Dixie Pike has grown from a goat path in Africa."
D) "Dixie Pike is what they call it."

Question 13
Sheffield United Football Club won more than half its home matches between 1947 and
2003, helping to distinguish the team as a top British professional soccer club.
Additionally, Sheffield United, whose home uniform color is mainly red, was more
successful in home matches than was Cardiff City Football Club, whose home uniform
color is not red. Research has shown that many people associate the color red with
power and dominance. Past experiences with red objects, such as stop signs, can even
cause people to respond to the color red with caution and hesitation. These findings, if
applicable in the context of athletic competition, could suggest that in matches played at
Sheffield United home stadium, opponents may have _______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) been unaffected by the red clothing worn by fans in the stadium.

B) played more aggressively than they would have if their own uniforms were red.

C) been influenced by the color of Sheffiel United's uniform.

D) been aware that Sheffield United's uniform color affected their own
performance.

Question 14
After he finally watched the Maltese Falcon (1941) at last year's film festival, the
infamously disagreeable film critic wrote a scathing review. Before that, the film he least
enjoyed _____ the more recent classic Slumdog Millionaire (2008).

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?​
A) has been

B) had been

C) is

D) was being

Question 15
Inspired by her Ottawa Pottawatomi/Ojibwe heritage, artist Kelly Church typically uses
black ash - a durable and flexible ______ craft baskets that are both beautiful and
whimsical.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?​
 A) material: to

B) material; to

C) material - to

D) material. To

Question 16
New Mexico governor _____ the first woman to serve in that role in the state's history,
took office on January 1, 2011.

Which choice completes the text with so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?​
A) Susana Martinez,

B) Susana Martinez:

C) Susana Martinez

D) Susana Martinez -

Question 17
The 1960 founding of the Mexican American Political Association and the 1946 Mendez
v. Westminster court decision are regarded as important events in US civil rights _____
former establishing a Latino right advocacy group and the later legally affirming the
rights of Latino students.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?​
A) history the

B) history, the

C) history, as the

D) history. The

Question 18
A government body officially known as the Althing, ____
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?​
A) 930 CE was the year when Iceland's parliament, one of the oldest parliaments
in the world, first met.

B) the world's oldest parliaments include one which first met in 930 CE, Iceland's.

C) the first meeting of one of the oldest parliaments in the world, Iceland's, was in
930 CE.

D) Iceland's parliament is one of the oldest in the world, first meeting in 930 CE.

Question 19
Trisyllabic words ______ as dactyls in Englgish metrical verse, such as "devious" and
"particle," constist of one stressed sylable followed by two unstressed syllables.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?​
A) classified

B) can be classified

C) are classified

D) have been classified

Question 20
Soil polluted with manganese (a heavy metal) is harmful to many plants and animals,
but the plant species Typha latifolia, or broadleaf cattail, not only thrives in such
conditions but also helps remediate them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Typha latifolia
absorbs a large amount of manganese and stores it safely in its roots and shoots;
_____ manganese concentrations in the soil decrease.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) nevertheless,

B) in addition,

C) in turn,

D) specifically,
Question 21
When printing paper money for the colony of Pennsylvania in the 1730s, Benjamin
Franklin - then a Philadelphia shop owner - took steps to combat the circulation of
counterfeit notes, such as weaving blue threads and muscovite ( a reflective mineral)
into the paper he used. _______ he stamped the notes with detailed imprints of sage
leaves that proved difficult for forgers to replicate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Moreover,

B) Specifically,

C) For example,

D) That said,

Question 22
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following note:
●​ The Massasoit National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a protected natural area in
Massachusets.
●​ It encompasses 184 acres
●​ It was established to safeguard the habitat of the Plymouth red-bellied turtle, an
endangered species.
●​ The Massasoit NWR is managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.
●​ The US Fish & Wildlife Service limits human activities in the area.

The student wants to indicate the size of Massasoit NWR. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) A protected natural area, the Massasoit NWR encompasses 184 acres of land
in Massachusetts.

B) The Massasoit NWR is a protected natural area managed by the US Fish &
Wildlife Service, which limits human activities there.

C) The Massasoit NWR is a natural area in Massachusetts, home to the Plymouth

red-bellied turtle.

D) Home to the Plymouth red-bellied turtle, Massachusetts's Massasoit NWR is

managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.

Question 23
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
●​ The false killer whale is a mammal species.
●​ It was believed to be extinct until a living false killer whale was identified in
Denmark in 1861.
●​ The Banggai crow is a bird species.
●​ It was believed to be extinct until a living Banggai crow was identified in
Indonesia in 2007.
●​ They are considered a Lazarus species.
●​ "Lazarus species" is a term for living species of organisms that were once
believed to be extinct.
The student wants to specify when the false killer whale was identified. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) A living false killer whale, once believed to be extinct, was identified in 1861.

B) Previously believed to be extinct, a living false killer whale was identified in

Denmark.

C) Identified in Indonesia, a living Banggai crow was found in 2007.

D) An example of a Lazarus species was found in 2007.

Question 24
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
●​ The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called
umami.
●​ Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including tuna and
soy sauce.
●​ Participants in a study tasted a sample of sugar kelp, a type of brown seaweed.
●​ They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
●​ The participants tasted a sample of ma-kombu, another type of brown seaweed.
●​ They rated its umami intensity as high.

The student wants to emphasize the difference between the two seaweeds. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) Some types of brown seaweeds, like sugar kelp and ma-kombu, trigger the
umami flavor in human taste buds.

B) While sugar kelp and ma-konbu contain the umami flavor, umami can also be
found in tuna and soy sauce.
 C) Although sugar kelp and ma-konbu are types of brown seaweed, the latter's
umami flavor is more intense.

D) Sugar kelp is a type of brown seaweed, but so is ma-konbu.

Question 25
●​ The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given by the Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM).
●​ The ACM gives the award for "major contributions of lasting importance to
computing."
●​ Shafi Goldwasser won the award in 2012 fr transformative work that laid the
foundations for digital cryptography.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize
when Shafi Goldwasser won the A.M. Turing Award?
A) For transformative work that laid the foundations for digital cryptography, Shafi
Goldwasser won the A.M. Turing Award.

B) It was in 2012 that Shafi Goldwasser won the A.M. Turing Award.

C) Shafi Goldwasser is one winner of the A.M. Turing Award.

D) The prestigious A.M. Turing Award is given for "major contributions of lasting
importance to computing."
 Module 2

Question 1
Web developers often encourage users to create passwords that are fairly complicated
and therefore, difficult to guess. Nonetheless, research has shown that the more
_______ approach to password selection seems to favor convenience over security; for
example, the fifth most commonly used password in 2013 was the easily remembered
"abc123".

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) complex

B) useful

C) creative

D) popular

Question 2
Writer Lydia Davis observed that while traditional literary forms, such as the poem, are
recognizable as such even as they evolve, there are more ______ forms that might, for
example, borrow elements from both fables and realist narratives to make something
unconventional. Davis's own very short literary pieces arguably fit in this category, since
they straddle the line between prose and poetry.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) neutral

B) customary

C) amorphous

D) dispersed

Question 3
The fact that publications by University of Minnesota economist Ellen R. McGrattan,
who studies financial policy, are so frequently cited in other scholars' work ______ the
usefulness of her research for her peers - other economists clearly find her studies
valuable for their own scholarship.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) overshadows

B) underscores

C) belies

D) forestalls

Question 4
The sloping tile roofs and picturesque facade of Mission San Luis rey de Francia in
Oceanside, California, exemplify the Spanish contribution to Californian architechture,
an influence that is _____ throughout the state architectural; tourists visiting Los
Angeles Union Station in Los Angeles, for example, can easily recognize how its style
draws inspiration from the Spanish missions.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) palpable

B) understated

C) disputed

D) corroborated

Question 5
The following text is adapted from Matthew Arnold's 1859 nonfiction book Culture and
Anarchy

The Times [a British newspaper], replying to some foreign strictures on

the dress, looks and behaviour of the English abroad, urges that the
English ideal is that everyone should be free to do and to look just as he
likes. But culture indefatigably tries, not to make what each raw person
may like the rule by which he fashions himself, but to draw ever nearer to
a sense of what is indeed beautiful, graceful, and becoming, and to get
the raw person to like that.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a
whole?

A) It presents an opinion with which the author disagrees.

B) It asserts that the English are not as well known for their sense of taste as they
ought to be.

C) It implies that opinions regarding culture evolve over time.

D) It details an example that supports the author's primary claim.

Question 6

Text 1
For thousands of years, O'odham farmers in the Sonoran desert of the southwestern US
and northern Mexico have cultivated elderberries and chia seeds, sometimes planting
these species together so that the elderberry bushes provide shade for chia flowers.
Doing so helps protect chia flowers from the harshest heat and light and thereby helps
prevent soil moisture from evaporating.

Text 2
Chia flowers are well adapted to growing in the desert but grow best when shaded.
Inspired by O'oddham farmers, who often strategically plant chia flowers in the shade of
su-hardy species like elderberry bushes for protection from the sun and heat, Gary
Nabhan and colleagues planted chia flowers in the shade of solar panels in the Sonoran
desert and found that the plants grew well, suggesting to Nabhan and colleagues that
the panels provide a benefit similar to that provided by elderberry.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely to
agree on which point?

A) Elderberry bushes can provide shade that protects chia flowers from
high-intensity heat and light.

B) Nabhan's team's method could be refined to more actively prevent soil moisture
from evaporating.

C) Compared with Nabhan's approach, the O'odham approach has the advantage
of producing chia seeds.

D) Elderberry bushes grow best when planted in shaded areas, while chia flowers
 do not require shade to thrive.

Question 7
Text 1
Scholarship today overrepresents experimentally fragmented narrative structures, such
as that of Flann O'Brien's At Swim Two Birds, beyond the degree to which they actually
influenced fiction in Britain and Ireland during the modernist era (roughly 1900-1945).
Meanwhile, Elizabeth Bowen's The Last September, whose conherent, linear narrative
structure recalls the fiction of previous centuries, attracts woefully little attention from
scholars of modernism.

Text 2
Distant reading or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive collections of
digitized texts can reveal stylistic elements that have heretofore escaped notice, despite
being shared by numerous texts from the modernist period. For too long, scholars have
focused on narrative fragmentation versus coherence, inhibiting inquiry into other points
of stylistic correspondence among works that would enrich our understanding of the
modernist canon.

Based on the texts, both the author of Text 1 and Text 2 would most likely agree with
which statement about scholarship on works from the modernist period in Britain and
Ireland?

A) It must widen its focus to include aspects of modernist fiction beyond style, a
productive but overrepresented site of inquiry.

B) Without a major shift in focus, the vision that it represents of fiction written in
the period will continue to be unnecessarily limited.

C) Instead of engaging in unproductive debates, it should work to rehabilitate the

reputations of neglected modernist works.

D) Its primary methods for analyzing fiction written in the period are growing
obsolete as computer technology advances.

Question 8

Monthly Emperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens

 Month Average high Average low Average male Average
(F) (F) wing centroid female wing
size (mm) centroid size
(mm)

October 57 44 1.98 2.29

July 87 62 2.02 2.31

June 80 56 2.01 2.31

May 73 50 1.98 2.27

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in
humidity and other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in
chromosome rearrangements in species such as D. persimilis and D. mediopunctata.
Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid size serves as a proxy measure(
correlates with life span. Banu Sebnem Obder and Cansu Fidan Aksoy measured the
wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yesiloz, Turkey, which were
collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests
that Drosophila collected in relatively cooler months should tend to have a shorter life
span, as is illustrated by the finding that _________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average female wing centroid size was smaller in May than in June.

B) the average male wing centroid size was consistently smaller than the average
female wing centroid size in all four moths in the table.

C) the average monthly low temperature was lower in May than in June.

D) the average male wing centroid size was 1.98mm in May but was 2.31mm in
July.

Question 9
Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration with Greger Larson and other
researchers to study the evolutionary history of size differences in modern dogs,
including very small breeds such as Pomeranians. The researchers determined that
among dogs as a whole, there are many different variations of the gene that regulates
the production of 1GF-1 (insulin growth factor 1), a hormone that promotes growth. After
reviewing the study, a student concludes that these variations must account for the
observed variance in body size among dog breeds.

Which quotation from a scientist not involved in the study would most directly undermine
the student's conclusion?

A) "The researchers' conclusions regarding the IGF-1 gene may not apply to other
species genes that dogs vary in size more than any other group of land mammals
does."

B) "The gene that regulates IGF-1 production is one of multiple genes known to
affect the size of dogs."

C) "In fact, only one-third of the most prevalent dog breeds carry the same variant
of the gene regulating IGF-1 production."

D) "Variations of the IGF-1 gene result in substantial body size variance among
dog breeds and may influence additional characteristics as well."

Question 10
It is common for freshwater lakes or those above a latitude of 45 north of the equator,
like Lake Stechlin in Germany, to accumulate surface ice in winter. A study from 1980 to
2006 showed that, in general, the number of days per winter that such lakes have
measurable amounts of surface ice is declining. However, a researcher claimed that
some lakes have instead seen an increase in the duration of ice, citing as an example
_______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the researcher's
example?
A) both Lake Baikal and Oulujarvi, which had more than 100 days of ice in the
winter of 2005-06.

B) Lake Baikal, which had more days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than it did in
the winter of 1980-81.

C) both Lake Baikal and Oulujarvi, which had fewer than 195 days of ice in the
winter of 1980-81.

D) both Lake Kegonsa and Oulujarvi, which had more days of ice in the winter of
2005-06 than they did in the winter of 1980-81.

Question 11
Neurobiologist Laura Cuya, Raul Hernandez-Perez, and colleagues investigated the
language detection abilities of eighteen dogs raised in similar settings. The researchers
monitored the brain activity of Barney (a golden retreiver), Bingo (a mixed breed), and
other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little Prince being
read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up of short, randomly
selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didnt resemble human
speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team
concluded that the amount of previous language exposure a dog has received
influences its ability to distinguish familiar languages from unfamiliar ones.

Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the team's conclusion?
A) Dogs showed a different pattern of brain activity when hearing the language
they were accustomed to than when hearing the scrambled recording and the
difference in brain activity increased with the age of the dog scanned.

B) Although the dogs' general hearing sensitivity declined with age, dogs of all
ages showed more brain activity in response to hearing the language they were
accustomed to than in response to hearing the other language.

C) The similarity between the pattern of brain activity a dog showed in response to
hearing the scrambled recording and the pattern of brain activity it showed in
response to hearing the language it was not accustomed to was greatest among
older dogs.

D) The difference between the pattern of brain activity a dog showed when hearing
the language it was accustomed to and the pattern of brain activity it showed when
hearing the language it was not accustomed to was greatest among older dogs.

Question 12
In June of 1986, Julia liberalized its stock market, meaning that it began allowing foreign
individuals and businesses to invest money in Indian companies. This was part of a
wave of stock market liberalization from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s -
Colombia in 1991, Nigeria in 1995, and so on. In an analysis of economic data from
1976 to 1993, Ross Levine and Sara Zervos found that liberalization did not lead to
enduring increases in investment in companies based in countries that liberalized. Peter
Blair Henry, however, found that, on average, investment in companies in liberalized
countries increased significantly in the three years following liberalization. Taken
together, these results suggest that _____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) liberalization may provide a boost to investment that fades over time.

B) economists' expectations about the effect of liberalization on investment were

 largely correct.

C) companies typically do not benefit from liberalization until at least three years
after liberalization occurs.

D) investment growth is likely to be more consistent in countries that liberalize

than in countries that do not.

Question 13
Data collected by the Mars rover Curiosity at the Gale Crater's Murray Formation are
suggestive of hydrological of sediment in the distant past. To characterize the nature of
the depositional environment, Frances Rivera-Hernandez et al. analyzed the grain size
of Murray Formation sediment, finding that although there are intervals of coarse grains,
most of the sediment consists of fine grains that show signs of cracking due to episodic
desiccation. Rivera-Hernandez et al. concluded that the coarse grains are sandstone,
which tends to be deposited by flowing water, whereas the fine grains are mudstone,
which is slowly deposited by settling out of suspension in low-flow water, leading the
researchers to posit that _______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) a lake existed at the Murra Formation for a prolonged period, though the lake
occasionally experienced drying, and there were periods in which one or more
streams were present.

B) a stream-fed lake was present at the Murray Formation for an extended period,
and although the streams experienced occasional drying, the lake did not.

C) one or more streams existed at the Murray Formation for an extended period
until being replaced by a lake that persisted for only a brief period before
permanently drying.

D) although the area of the Murray Formation experienced a prolonged period of

dryness that prevented a lake from forming, water flowing from a distant source
was present.

Question 14
Although the language of the Olmec civilization, which flourished in southern Mexico
circa 1500 BCE - 400 BCE, hasn't been identified, it likely belonged to the
Mixe-Zoquean family, a group of related languages whose present-day representatives
are spoken in an area corresponding to ancient Olmec sites. The family can be
subdivided into an Zoque branch, which includes Francisco Leon Zoque, and a Mixe
branch, which includes North Central Mixe. Many words in the Mayan languages -
languages spoken in the region but otherwise unrelated to the Mixe-Zoquean family -
are Mixe-Zoquean in origin and were likely borrowed during the period when the
Olmecs dominated the entire area. Tellingly, all those words derive from the Zoque
branch, suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) North Central Mixe and the other languages of the Mixe branch likely
supplanted the languages of the Zoque branch sometime before 1500 BCE.

B) the language of the Olmec civilization was likely the founding language of the
family that includes Mayan languages.

C) the language of the Olmec civilization contributed words not only to Mayan
languages but also to other languages in the Mixe-Zoquean family.

D) the Mixe-Zoquean family had already diverged into the Mixe and Zoque
branches by the time the Olmecs became the prevailing power in the region.

Question 15
Each year, the Nobel Prize in Literature is given to an author who has, in the words of
its founder Alfred Nobel, "produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic _____ in
1909, for instance, judges recognized Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlof "[for] the lofty
idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings."

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) direction";

B) direction,"

C) direction"

D) direction" and,

Question 16
Mathematician Grigori Perelman, sometimes in conjunction with mathematicians
Richard S. Hamilton and Shing Tung Yau, _______ credited with providing the Poincare
conjecture. Having built on Hamilton's previous work to solve the proof, Perelman has
insisted that Hamilton receive credit. Yau later found and closed gaps in Perelman's
proof, persuading some mathematicians that he deserves credit as well.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) is

B) have been

C) are

D) are being

Question 17
A student in a political science course is writing a paper on Aristotle's The Politics, in
which Aristotle offers his opinion on political instability and gives advice on how
constitutions can be preserved. Aristotle observes that different forms of government
can fall in different ways - for example, oligarchies might grant power to military leaders
during wartime who refuse to relinquish that power during peacetime, but some
methods of preserving order apply across all forms of government. The student claims
that, in particular, Aristotle asserts that in a healthy state, obedience to law must be as
close to absolute as possible and that even minor infractions should not be ignored.

Which quotation from a philosopher's analysis of The Politics would best support the
student's claim?

A) "When Aristotle considers the health of constitutions, he states that

'Constitutions are preserved when their destroyers are at a distance, and
sometimes also because they are near, for the fear of them makes the
government keep in hand the constitution. He holds that rulers who wish to see
constitutions preserved most continually remind the populace of the dangers that
would result from a constitutional collapse."

B) "When constructing his argument regarding the characteristics of a

well-functioning government, Aristotle asserts that 'Transgression creeps in
unperceived and at last ruins the state,' illustrating this idea with a comparison to
frequent small expenditures slowly and almost imperceptibly chipping away at a
fortune until it is ultimately depleted."

C) "When contrasting different forms of government, Aristotle holds that

 'oligarchies may last, not from any inherent stability in such forms of government,
but because the rulers are on good terms both with the unenfranchised and with
the governing classes. 'That is, oligarchic leaders who wish to hold on to power
will introduce members of disenfranchised classes into government in a
partipatory role."

D) "When Aristotle writes on the necessity of avoiding corruption in government,

he proposes that 'every state should be so administered and so regulated by law
that its magistrates cannot possibly make money.' In particular, he thinks
oligarchies are particularly susceptible to corruption through bribery."

Question 18
Researchers studying how agricultural fertilizers impact grassland arthropod
populations have employed several collection methods. A team led by researcher Maria
K. Hartley collected arthropods with ______ another research team, led by Kimberly J.
La Pierre, gathered them with bug vacuums.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) sweep nets, for instance;

B) sweep nets; for instance,

C) sweep nets for instance

D) sweep nets, for instance,

Question 19
On most of the world's beaches, sand is a predictable cream or beige color. The sand at
Vermelha Beach in Brazil is a strikingly different ______ sand gets its shade from
deposits of gray and tan-hued quartz and felspar, deposits of iron oxide and other
organic matter lend the sand at Vermelha Beach a colorful red tint.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) shade, though most

 B) shade, though, most

C) shade; though, most

D) shade, though. Most

Question 20
The parks of San Jose, California, seem to be making people happier. In a 2022 study,
researchers _____ for a relationship between the physical location in which a social
media post was created and the content of that post analyzed geotagged social media
posts from San Jose. The team found that posts from the city's parks contained more
words associated with happiness than other posts did.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) were looking

B) looked

C) looking

D) had looked

Question 21
Marcel Duchamp intended his 1917 so-called ready-made sculpture Fountain to
challenge then-prevailing conceptions about the nature of art. _____ Duchamp's
Fountain did just that, raising the question of whether displaying any object in an art
gallery could be said to transform the object even, as Dchamp's sculpture was, a urinal -
into a legitimate work of art.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Instead,

B) In addition,

C) Similarly,

D) Indeed,

Question 22
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
●​ The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by
hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
●​ Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and
can leave visible scratches on them.
●​ Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and
cannot leave visible scratches on them.
●​ The mineral talc has a Mohs scale number of 1.
●​ The mineral flourite has a Mohs scale number of 4.
●​ The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.

The student wants to emphasize how hard flourite is in relation to other minerals. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?

A) Quartz is hard enough to scratch both talc and fluorite.

B) Flourite is hard enough to scratch talc but not hard enough to scratch quartz.

C) In the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, quartz (7) is ranked higher than talc (1)

D) Quartz, talc, and fluorite can be ordered by hardness based on their ability to
scratch other minerals.

Question 23
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
●​ A copyright prevents a book's contents from being reproduced (published)
without permission from the copyright holder.
●​ When a book's copyright expires, the book enters the public domain and can be
legally reproduced by anyone.
●​ The Prophet is a collection of prose poems by Kahlil Gibran.
●​ It entered the public domain in 2019.
●​ The Professor's House is a novel by Willa Cather.
●​ It entered the public domain in 2021.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between The Prophet and The Professor's
House. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A) The Prophet, a collection of prose poems by Kahlil Gibran, entered the public
domain in 2019, unlike Willa Carther's novel The Professor's House, which would
do so later.
 B) The Prophet, a collection of prose poems by Kahlil Gibran, and The Professor's
House, a novel by Willa Cather, recently entered the public domain.

C) The Prophet is a collection of prose poems, whereas The Professor's House is

a novel.

D) The year was 2021, and the copyright to Willa Cather's The Professor's House
had finally expired.

Question 24
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
●​ Hyde Park is a 1931 color linocut print by Canadian artist Sybil Andrews.
●​ It depicts a tranquil, everyday scene (a spring day in a city park).
●​ Amanzi Amthatha ("The cold water takes him") is a 2001 black-and-white linocut
print by South African artist Nomathemba Tana.
●​ It features a scene with an explicitly political point of view (a Xhosa warrior
fighting British colonial rule).
●​ Relief printing is a technique in which an image is carved onto a printing block,
covered in ink or paint, and stamped onto paper.
●​ Lino cutting is a type of relief printing that uses linoleum tile as the printing block.

The student wants to contrast the subject matter of the two prints. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The print by Tana is a black-and-white linocut; by contrast, Andrews's is a relief

print.

B) Tana's print expresses an explicitly political point of view, while Andrews's

depicts a tranquil, everyday scene.

C) Andrews made Hyde Park in 1931, while Tana made Amanzi Amthatha ("The
cold water takes him") later in 2001.

D) The scenes depicted in both works were first carved onto a printing block, then
stamped onto paper; however, one work is a linocut, while the other is a relief
print.

Question 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 ●​ A sailing trip that goes in a complete circle around the world is called a
circumnavigation.
●​ Most circumnavigation includes stops on land.
●​ Anne Liardet is a French sailor.
●​ Liardet sailed the boat Roxy on a nonstop, 119-day circumnavigation.
●​ Asia Pajkowska is a Polish sailor.
●​ Pajkowska sailed the boat FanFan on a nonstop, 216-day circumnavigation.

The student wants to make a generalization about circumnavigations. Which choice

most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Pajkowska sailed FanFan around the world while Liardet sailed Roxy.

B) Pajkowska and Liardet have both embarked on sailing journeys around the
world, also called circumnavigation.

C) Most circumnavigations include stops on land, but some circumnavigations are

nonstop.

D) A circumnavigation is defined as a sailing trip that goes in a complete circle

around the world.

Question 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
●​ Malapportionment is the over or underrepresentation (relative to population size)
of electoral districts in a governing body.
●​ It is a common feature of representative government.
●​ There are 169 seats in Norway's supreme legislature (the Storting).
●​ Seats are distributed by a formula that awards 1 point per resident and 1.8 points
per unit of land.
●​ Less populated rural districts with large tracts of land receive a disproportionate
number of seats compared to smaller but more populated urban districts.

The student wants to refute a claim that malapportionment in the Storting favors small
urban districts. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?

A) Awarding more points per unit of land than points per resident, the formula for
distributing Storting seats overrepresents less populated rural districts with large
tracts of land
B) A common feature of representative governments, malapportionment occurs
when electoral districts are over- or underrepresented.

C) Less populated rural districts are disproportionally underrepresented in the

Storting, creating an unfair advantage for smaller but more populated urban
districts.

D) It's untrue that malapportionment in the 169-seat Storting favors small urban
districts; rather, the formula for distributing seats overrepresents more populated
districts.