1.

A standardized systemized nomenclature of human and veterinary

medicine clinical terms is called
a) SNOMED CT
b) SNOHVMC
c) SNOMC
d) HIPAA
e) Three of the answers are correct
2. Logical observation identifiers, names and codes used in
laboratory and clinical observation is called
a) LOINC
b) ICD-10
c) HL7
d) HIPAA
3. The international classification of disease or injury is also
abbreviated as
a) ICD 9 and ICD 10
b) ICJ
c) HCPCS
d) CPT
4. The most widely accepted codes for billing; used to code all
medical procedures is called
a) ICD-10-CM/PCS
b) CPT Common Procedure Terminology codes
c) HCPCS
d) All the answers are correct
5. ANA CNPII stands for
a) American Association of Clinical Nurses Informatics
b) Nurses Informatics Association of America
c) American Nursing Association Committee for Nurses
Practice information and Infrastructure
d) American Public Health Informatics Association
6. A system designed to document the six steps of the nursing
process; facilitates patient care documentation at the point of care
is called
a) Clinical Care classification
b) Nursing care classification
c) Prescribers care classification
d) Patient care classification
7. Codes that describe the disease or injury is called
a) SNOMED
b) CPT Common Procedure Terminology codes
c) ANA
d) ICD Codes

8. Which of the following describes the patient’s reaction to the

disease and treatment?
a) NANDA
b) ANA
c) ICD codes
d) Clinical care classification
9. The 3 elements that make up the NMDS (nursing minimum data
set) are
a) Patient demographics
b) Service elements
c) Client Relatives Demographics
d) Nursing Care
10. An RN with formal, graduate education in the field of
informatics or a related field and is considered a specialist in the
field of nursing informatics is called
a) Informatics nurse specialist
b) Clinical Informaticians
c) Registered nurse Informatics
d) Nurse Specialist
11. The study and application of technology, information, and
computer science to the practice of nursing is known as
a) Nursing Informatics
b) Health Informatics
c) Public Health Informatics
d) Electronic Health records

12. The ethical application of knowledge acquired through

education, research and practice to provide services and
interventions to patients in order to maintain, enhance or restore
their health is called
a) Nursing Science
b) Nursing
c) Clinical
d) Nursing Informatics Ethics

13. What concepts form the basis of the nursing informatics

framework?
a) Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom are all
concepts that form the basis of the conceptual framework
for nursing informatics.
b) Data and information
c) Data, knowledge and wisdom
d) Data, information and wisdom
14. In regards to Demands of Health-Related Information, what
are some demands or requirements for standardized technologies?
a) Accessibility, ubiquity, longevity, and reusability
b) Reusability only
c) Accessibility and longevity
d) Accessibility, ubiquity and reusability
15. What is the main aim of the American Nationals Standards
institute (ANSI)?
a) Aims to reduce patient risk from harm, decrease healthcare
costs, and improve patient outcomes through promoting
research and technology applications focused on evidence-
based practice (EBP).
b) Aims at decreasing healthcare costs, and improve patient
outcomes
c) Aims at improving vocabulary with ICT
d) Aims at improving system interoperability

16. Data refers to the synthesis of information and data that is

always evolving. A paper is an example of sharing
a) Knowledge
b) Information
c) Idea
d) Data
17. Which of the following facilitates the integration of
knowledge, data, and information to support nurses and other
providers in the various roles they play; enhances the Foundation
of Knowledge model by supporting nurses in their quest for
information and knowledge?
a) Clinical Informatics
b) Bio-Informatics
c) Nursing Informatics
d) Public Health Informatics
18. The system designed to solve the needs of users is known as
a) Object-Oriented Systems Development (OOSD)
b) Decision support system
c) System development cycle
d) Object-Oriented Systems Development (OOSD) and
Decision support system
19. Assist with Automation of the traditional way orders have
been initiated; provide Clear and legible orders; used as A major
safeguard against errors; Provide greater patient safety; Can
Accommodate decision support and automated alert functionality
a) Advantages Order Entry Systems (OESs)
b) Object-Oriented Systems Development (OOSD)
c) Decision support system
d) System development cycle

20. Patient Care Support Systems are used for

a) Compilation of data
b) Dissemination of Data
c) Analysis of Patient data
d) Collecting data about patients and distributing that
information to all members of the healthcare team to work
in tandem, Dissemination and Analysis of patients’ data

21. The two main types of nursing records are

a) Paper-based records
b) Paperless records (EHRs)
c) Personal Health Records (PHR)
d) Medical records

22. Data that describes non-targeted information obtained in a

standardized and consistent manner is called
a) Routine data
b) Vital event
c) Census data
d) Demographic data
23. Data may be collected on a systematic and ongoing basis or
only intermittently.
a) True
b) False

24. The scientific study of population statistics, including their

size, structure, dispersal and development is known as
a) Demographic data
b) Vital statistics
c) Mortality data
d) Morbidity Data

25. The extent to which systems and devices can exchange data
and interpret that shared data is
a) Integration
b) Interoperability
c) Synchronization
d) Integration & Interoperability are correct

26. What are the three types of interoperability?

a) Technical
b) Semantic
c) Process
d) Medium

27. The ability to exchange data from one point to another is

…………. Interoperability
a) technical
b) semantic
c) process
d) input
 28. Guaranteeing that the meaning of the exchange data remains
the same on both ends of the transaction is……...interoperability
a) process
b) technical
c) semantic
d) input

29. Coordinating the processes to enable business processes at an

organization housing the systems to work together is
called……………... interoperability
a) process
b) semantic
c) technical
d) outcome
30. A type of EHR organization and standards whose purpose is
to improve care delivery, optimize work flow, reduce ambiguity
and enhance knowledge transfer among stake holders; its structure
defines data and elements, specifies how the data is coded and
requires specific rules to be followed such as specifying the length
of the fields and the code nomenclature is known as ……….
a) Health Level 7 or HL7
b) SNOMED
c) ICD-10
d) HIPAA
SECTION B: ANSWER QUESTION ONE (1) AND ANY OTHER
TWO (2) IN SECTION

Question 1:
a) What is nursing information System?
System designed to support nursing and healthcare professionals in
managing and delivering patient care (5 Marks)

b) Discuss five (5) steps to follow during nursing information system

development?
1. Needs Assessment:
This involves gathering input from key stakeholders, including nurses,
nurse managers, administrators, and IT professionals, to identify the
specific requirements, challenges, and goals of the system.
2. Planning and Design:
Once the needs assessment is complete, the next step is to create a
detailed plan and design for the nursing information system. This
includes defining system objectives, scope, and functionalities.

3. Development and Testing:

This involves coding and programming the software or configuring the
system based on the defined design.

4. Training and Implementation:

This includes providing comprehensive training to nursing staff and
other users on how to effectively use the system.

5. Evaluation and Continuous Improvement:

After the implementation of the nursing information system, it is
important to evaluate its effectiveness and continuously monitor its
performance.

(25 Marks)
Question 2:
Discuss five (5) roles of nursing informatics in contemporary nursing
care in Ghana.

1. Data Management and Analysis:

Nurses utilize electronic health records (EHRs) and other health
information systems to document patient data, including assessments,
interventions, and outcomes.

2. Decision Support:
Nursing informatics provides decision support tools and systems that
assist nurses in making informed clinical decisions.

3. Workflow Optimization:
By automating routine tasks, such as medication administration
documentation or care planning, nurses can spend more time on direct
patient care.

4. Telehealth and Remote Monitoring:

Nurses can leverage telehealth platforms and digital communication
tools to provide virtual care, conduct teleconsultations, and monitor
patients remotely.

5. Education and Training:

Nursing informatics contributes to the education and training of nurses
in Ghana, equipping them with the necessary digital and technological
skills to thrive in a digital healthcare environment.

(20 Marks)

Question 3:

Explain the application of nursing informatics to the context of the

following:

a) Nursing administration (5 Marks)

b) Nursing research (5 Marks)

c) Clinical practice (5 Marks)

d) Nursing education (5 Marks)

a) Nursing Administration:

Nursing informatics plays a crucial role in nursing administration by supporting the

management and coordination of nursing services. It involves the use of information
systems and technology to streamline administrative processes, improve
communication, and enhance decision-making.

c) Nursing Research:

Nursing informatics has significant implications for nursing research by enabling

efficient data collection, analysis, and dissemination of research findings.
Informatics tools and technologies support the storage, retrieval, and
management of research data, allowing researchers to access relevant
information easily.

d) Clinical Practice:
 In the context of clinical practice, nursing informatics supports nurses in
providing safe, evidence-based, and patient-centered care. It involves the use of
technology and information systems to document patient data, track care
interventions, and monitor patient outcomes.

e) Nursing Education:

Nursing informatics has a significant impact on nursing education by preparing

nurses to adapt to the evolving digital healthcare landscape. It involves
integrating informatics competencies into nursing curricula to ensure that
nursing students acquire the necessary skills and knowledge related to
healthcare information systems, EHRs, and technology tools. Nursing educators
utilize informatics resources, simulation technologies, and virtual learning
platforms to enhance the educational experience and engage students in active
learning

Question 4:

a) Define what data, information and knowledge is, in relation to nursing

care? (5 Marks)

1. Data:
Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures. It consists of discrete
pieces of information that have been collected, measured, or recorded. In
nursing care, data can include vital signs, laboratory results, patient
demographics, and other objective or subjective observations. Data alone
may not hold much meaning or context until it is organized and analyzed.

2. Information:
Information is the processed and organized data that has been interpreted
and given context. It provides meaning and significance to the collected
data. In nursing care, information involves the analysis and interpretation of
data to generate insights, patterns, or trends that can inform decision-
making. For example, analyzing a patient's vital signs over time and
recognizing a pattern of deteriorating health can provide valuable
information to guide nursing interventions.
3. Knowledge:
 Knowledge goes beyond information and represents the synthesized and
integrated understanding of information, concepts, and experiences. It is the
result of critical thinking, reflection, and application of information in a
meaningful way. In nursing care, knowledge includes the understanding of
evidence-based practices, clinical guidelines, theories, and best practices. It
involves the ability to use information effectively to make clinical judgments,
develop care plans, and deliver safe and competent nursing care.

b) Describe the relationship between data, information and knowledge

(15 Marks)

1. Data: Data is the raw and unprocessed facts or observations. It consists of

discrete pieces of information without any context or meaning. Data can be
collected, measured, or recorded through various sources such as patient
assessments, laboratory tests, or medical records. However, on its own, data
lacks interpretation and significance.

2. Information: Information is the result of organizing, analyzing, and

interpreting data. It adds context, structure, and relevance to the data. When
data is processed and transformed into meaningful patterns, relationships, or
summaries, it becomes information. Information helps to answer questions,
address specific needs, and provide insights into a particular context or
situation. It is more valuable than raw data as it allows for better
understanding and decision-making.

3. Knowledge: Knowledge represents the highest level of understanding and

expertise derived from information. It involves the assimilation, synthesis,
and application of information, along with personal experiences, values, and
beliefs. Knowledge represents the deep comprehension and awareness of a
subject matter or domain. It goes beyond the mere understanding of
information to include critical thinking, judgment, and the ability to apply
knowledge in practical situations. Knowledge guides actions, enables
problem-solving, and shapes decision-making processes.

Question 5:
 a) Identify any five (5) competencies of nursing informatics. (10
Marks)

Data Management:
Nursing informatics professionals should possess skills in
managing health-related data. This includes collecting,
organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to generate
meaningful information that can inform decision-making and
support evidence-based practice. Competencies in data
management involve understanding data standards, data
governance, data quality assurance, and data privacy and
security.

Health Information Systems:

Competency in health information systems involves
understanding and utilizing various technology systems used in
healthcare, such as electronic health records (EHRs), clinical
decision support systems, telehealth platforms, and nursing
informatics applications. Nurses with this competency can
effectively navigate and utilize these systems to support
nursing workflows, documentation, and communication.

Informatics Education and Training:

Nursing informatics professionals should possess competencies in
educating and training other healthcare professionals on
informatics-related topics. This involves developing and delivering
educational programs, conducting training sessions, and
providing support to enhance the digital literacy and proficiency
of nurses and other staff members in using health informatics
tools and technologies.

Clinical Workflow and Process Analysis:

Competency in clinical workflow and process analysis involves
understanding the workflow patterns, tasks, and interactions
within healthcare settings. This competency enables nursing
informatics professionals to identify areas for improvement,
streamline processes, and optimize the use of technology to
enhance patient care delivery and outcomes.
Informatics Policy and Ethics:
 Nursing informatics professionals should have knowledge and
competencies in informatics policy and ethics. This includes
understanding legal and regulatory requirements related to
health information management, privacy, security, and data
sharing. They should also be familiar with ethical
considerations and best practices for ensuring patient
confidentiality, informed consent, and responsible use of health
information technology.

These competencies enable nursing informatics professionals to

bridge the gap between nursing practice and technology, promote
effective and efficient healthcare delivery, and contribute to the
strategic planning and implementation of health informatics
initiatives within healthcare organizations.
b) Differentiate between ethics and bioethics? (10 Marks)
Ethics: Ethics is a broad field that deals with moral principles and values that
guide human behavior and decision-making in various contexts. It examines
questions of right and wrong, good and bad, and the principles that govern
our actions. Ethics can apply to any area of human endeavor, including
medicine, business, law, and personal relationships. It encompasses a wide
range of ethical theories, principles, and frameworks that help individuals
and societies navigate moral dilemmas and make ethical judgments.

Bioethics: Bioethics, on the other hand, is a specific branch or subset of

ethics that focuses on ethical issues arising in healthcare, medical research,
and the life sciences. It specifically examines moral questions and dilemmas
related to the advancements in biology, medicine, and healthcare
technologies. Bioethics explores the ethical implications of medical practices,
scientific research, healthcare policies, and the interaction between
healthcare providers, patients, and society.