UBDTCE-UNIVERSITY B D T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

• VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

• DAVANGERE, KARNATAKA,

TOPIC: WORKING WITH SMART CITY ADMINISTRATION

HEAR TO EXPLAIN SMART CITY ADMINSTRATION

INTRODUCTION OF SMART CITY ADMINSTRATION

SMART CITIES’ IS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE USE OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES AND DATA AS THE MEANS TO SOLVE
CITIES’ SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES. MANY CITIES ARE IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING THEMSELVES SMART, USING DATA
AND TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE TRANSPORT, ENERGY USE, HEALTH AND AIR QUALITY OR TO DRIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH.
OTHERS ARE BEING BUILT TO BE SMART FROM THE START. SO THIS IS A TERM THAT RELATES TO THE PRESENT AND TO
THE FUTURE.

Smart City Definition

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DEFINITIONS OF WHAT MAKES A CITY ‘SMART,’ FOR EXAMPLE,
IBM DEFINES A SMART CITY AS “ONE THAT MAKES OPTIMAL USE OF ALL THE
INTERCONNECTED INFORMATION AVAILABLE TODAY TO BETTER UNDERSTAND AND CONTROL
ITS OPERATIONS AND OPTIMISE THE USE OF LIMITED RESOURCES.”
Smart City Technologies

SMART CITIES USE A VARIETY OF SOFTWARE, USER INTERFACES AND COMMUNICATION

NETWORKS ALONGSIDE THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) TO DELIVER CONNECTED SOLUTIONS
FOR THE PUBLIC. OF THESE, THE IOT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT. THE IOT IS A NETWORK OF
CONNECTED DEVICES THAT COMMUNICATE AND EXCHANGE DATA. THIS CAN INCLUDE
ANYTHING FROM VEHICLES TO HOME APPLIANCES AND ON-STREET SENSORS. DATA
COLLECTED FROM THESE DEVICES IS STORED IN THE CLOUD OR ON SERVERS TO ALLOW FOR
IMPROVEMENTS TO BE MADE TO BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR EFFICIENCIES AND
DELIVER ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND IMPROVEMENTS TO THE LIVES OF CITIZENS.
MANY OF THE IOT DEVICES USE EDGE COMPUTING, WHICH ENSURES THAT ONLY THE MOST
RELEVANT AND IMPORTANT DATA IS DELIVERED OVER THE COMMUNICATION NETWORK. IN
ADDITION, A SECURITY SYSTEM IS IMPLEMENTED TO PROTECT, MONITOR AND CONTROL THE
TRANSMISSION OF DATA FROM THE SMART CITY NETWORK AND PREVENT UNAUTHORISED
ACCESS TO THE IOT NETWORK OF CITY’S DATA PLATFORM.
ALONGSIDE THE IOT SOLUTIONS, SMART CITIES ALSO USE TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDING:
 APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES (APIS)

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

 CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES

 DASHBOARDS

 MACHINE LEARNING

 MACHINE-TO-MACHINE COMMUNICATIONS

 MESH NETWORKS

Smart City Features

COMBINING AUTOMATION, MACHINE LEARNING AND THE IOT IS ALLOWING FOR THE
ADOPTION OF SMART CITY TECHNOLOGIES FOR A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE,
SMART PARKING CAN HELP DRIVERS FIND A PARKING SPACE AND ALSO ALLOW FOR DIGITAL
PAYMENT.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE WOULD BE SMART TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TO MONITOR TRAFFIC FLOWS
AND OPTIMISE TRAFFIC LIGHTS TO REDUCE CONGESTION, WHILE RIDE-SHARING SERVICES CAN
ALSO BE MANAGED BY A SMART CITY INFRASTRUCTURE.
SMART CITY FEATURES CAN ALSO INCLUDE ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFICIENCIES, SUCH AS STREETLIGHTS THAT DIM WHEN THE ROADS ARE EMPTY. SUCH SMART
GRID TECHNOLOGIES CAN IMPROVE EVERYTHING FROM OPERATIONS TO MAINTENANCE AND
PLANNING TO POWER SUPPLIES.
SMART CITY INITIATIVES CAN ALSO BE USED TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR
POLLUTION AS WELL AS WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SANITATION VIA INTERNET-ENABLED
RUBBISH COLLECTION, BINS AND FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
ASIDE FROM SERVICES, SMART CITIES ALLOW FOR THE PROVISION OF SAFETY MEASURES
SUCH AS MONITORING AREAS OF HIGH CRIME OR USING SENSORS TO ENABLE AN EARLY
WARNING FOR INCIDENTS LIKE FLOODS, LANDSLIDES, HURRICANES OR DROUGHTS.
SMART BUILDINGS CAN ALSO OFFER REAL-TIME SPACE MANAGEMENT OR STRUCTURAL
HEALTH MONITORING AND FEEDBACK TO DETERMINE WHEN REPAIRS ARE NECESSARY.
CITIZENS CAN ALSO ACCESS THIS SYSTEM TO NOTIFY OFFICIALS OF ANY PROBLEMS, SUCH AS
POTHOLES, WHILE SENSORS CAN ALSO MONITOR INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS SUCH AS LEAKS
IN WATER PIPES.
IN ADDITION, SMART CITY TECHNOLOGY CAN IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF MANUFACTURING,
URBAN FARMING, ENERGY USE, AND MORE.
SMART CITIES CAN CONNECT ALL MANNER OF SERVICES TO PROVIDE JOINED UP SOLUTIONS
FOR CITIZENS.
How Smart Cities Work

SMART CITIES FOLLOW FOUR STEPS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND ENABLE
ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH A NETWORK OF CONNECTED IOT DEVICES AND OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES. THESE STEPS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. COLLECTION – SMART SENSORS GATHER REAL-TIME DATA
2. ANALYSIS – THE DATA IS ANALYSED TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO THE OPERATION OF CITY
SERVICES AND OPERATIONS
3. COMMUNICATION – THE RESULTS OF THE DATA ANALYSIS ARE COMMUNICATED TO
DECISION MAKERS
4. ACTION – ACTION IS TAKEN TO IMPROVE OPERATIONS, MANAGE ASSETS AND IMPROVE THE
QUALITY OF CITY LIFE FOR THE RESIDENTS
THE ICT FRAMEWORK BRINGS TOGETHER REAL TIME DATA FROM CONNECTED ASSETS,
OBJECTS AND MACHINES TO IMPROVE DECISION MAKING. HOWEVER, IN ADDITION, CITIZENS
ARE ABLE TO ENGAGE AND INTERACT WITH SMART CITY ECOSYSTEMS THROUGH MOBILE
DEVICES AND CONNECTED VEHICLES AND BUILDINGS. BY PAIRING DEVICES WITH DATA AND
THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CITY, IT IS POSSIBLE TO CUT COSTS, IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY
AND STREAMLINE FACTORS SUCH AS ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND REFUSE COLLECTION, AS
WELL AS OFFERING REDUCED TRAFFIC CONGESTION, AND IMPROVE AIR QUALITY.
Why Smart Cities Are Important
54% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVE IN CITIES AND THIS IS EXPECTED TO RISE TO 66% BY
2050, ADDING A FURTHER 2.5 BILLION PEOPLE TO THE URBAN POPULATION OVER THE NEXT
THREE DECADES. WITH THIS EXPECTED POPULATION GROWTH THERE COMES A NEED TO
MANAGE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF RESOURCES.
SMART CITIES ALLOW CITIZENS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES TO WORK TOGETHER
TO LAUNCH INITIATIVES AND USE SMART TECHNOLOGIES TO MANAGE ASSETS AND
RESOURCES IN THE GROWING URBAN ENVIRONMENT.
WHY DO WE NEED THEM?
A SMART CITY SHOULD PROVIDE AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT THAT DELIVERS A HIGH QUALITY
OF LIFE TO RESIDENTS WHILE ALSO GENERATING ECONOMIC GROWTH. THIS MEANS
DELIVERING A SUITE OF JOINED-UP SERVICES TO CITIZENS WITH REDUCED INFRASTRUCTURE
COSTS.
THIS BECOMES INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN THE LIGHT OF THE FUTURE POPULATION
GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS, WHERE MORE EFFICIENT USE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSETS
WILL BE REQUIRED. SMART CITY SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS WILL ALLOW FOR THESE
IMPROVEMENTS WHICH WILL LEAD TO A HIGHER QUALITY OF LIFE FOR CITIZENS.
SMART CITY IMPROVEMENTS ALSO PROVIDE NEW VALUE FROM EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
WHILE CREATING NEW REVENUE STREAMS AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCIES TO HELP SAVE
MONEY FOR GOVERNMENTS AND CITIZENS ALIKE.
Are Smart Cities Sustainable?
SUSTAINABILITY IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF SMART CITIES AS THEY SEEK TO IMPROVE
EFFICIENCIES IN URBAN AREAS AND IMPROVE CITIZEN WELFARE. CITIES OFFER MANY
ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES, SUCH AS SMALLER GEOGRAPHICAL FOOTPRINTS, BUT THEY
ALSO HAVE SOME NEGATIVE IMPACTS, INCLUDING THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS TO POWER THEM.
HOWEVER, SMART TECHNOLOGIES COULD HELP ALLEVIATE THESE NEGATIVE EFFECTS, SUCH
AS THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO REDUCE
EMISSIONS. ELECTRIC VEHICLES COULD ALSO HELP TO REGULATE THE FREQUENCY OF THE
ELECTRIC GRID WHILE NOT IN USE.
SUCH SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT OPTIONS SHOULD ALSO SEE A REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF
CARS IN URBAN AREAS AS AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES ARE EXPECTED TO REDUCE THE NEED FOR
CAR OWNERSHIP AMONGST THE POPULATION.
CREATING SUCH SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS COULD DELIVER ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL
BENEFITS.
Smart City Challenges

FOR ALL OF THE BENEFITS OFFERED BY SMART CITIES, THERE ARE ALSO CHALLENGES TO
OVERCOME. THESE INCLUDE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ALLOWING WIDESPREAD
PARTICIPATION FROM CITIZENS. THERE IS ALSO A NEED FOR THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
SECTORS TO ALIGN WITH RESIDENTS SO THAT EVERYONE CAN POSITIVELY CONTRIBUTE TO
THE COMMUNITY.
SMART CITY PROJECTS NEED TO BE TRANSPARENT AND AVAILABLE TO CITIZENS VIA AN OPEN
DATA PORTAL OR MOBILE APP. THIS ALLOWS RESIDENTS TO ENGAGE WITH THE DATA AND
COMPLETE PERSONAL TASKS LIKE PAYING BILLS, FINDING EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION
OPTIONS AND ASSESSING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE HOME.
THIS ALL REQUIRES A SOLID AND SECURE SYSTEM OF DATA COLLECTION AND STORAGE TO
PREVENT HACKING OR MISUSE. SMART CITY DATA ALSO NEEDS TO BE ANONYMISED TO
PREVENT PRIVACY ISSUES FROM ARISING.
THE LARGEST CHALLENGE IS QUITE PROBABLY THAT OF CONNECTIVITY, WITH THOUSANDS
OR EVEN MILLIONS OF IOT DEVICES NEEDING TO CONNECT AND WORK IN UNISON. THIS WILL
ALLOW SERVICES TO BE JOINED UP AND ONGOING IMPROVEMENTS TO BE MADE AS DEMAND
INCREASES.
TECHNOLOGY ASIDE, SMART CITIES ALSO NEED TO ACCOUNT FOR SOCIAL FACTORS THAT
PROVIDE A CULTURAL FABRIC THAT IS ATTRACTIVE TO RESIDENTS AND OFFER A SENSE OF
PLACE. THIS IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR THOSE CITIES THAT ARE BEING CREATED
FROM THE GROUND UP AND NEED TO ATTRACT RESIDENTS.
Are they Secure?

SMART CITIES OFFER PLENTY OF BENEFITS TO IMPROVE CITIZEN SAFETY, SUCH AS

CONNECTED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS, INTELLIGENT ROADWAYS AND PUBLIC SAFETY
MONITORING, BUT WHAT ABOUT PROTECTING THE SMART CITIES THEMSELVES?
THERE IS A NEED TO ENSURE SMART CITIES ARE PROTECTED FROM CYBER ATTACKS, HACKING
AND DATA THEFT WHILE ALSO MAKING SURE THE DATA THAT IS REPORTED IS ACCURATE.
IN ORDER TO MANAGE THE SECURITY OF SMART CITIES THERE IS A NEED TO IMPLEMENT
MEASURES SUCH AS PHYSICAL DATA VAULTS, RESILIENT AUTHENTICATION MANAGEMENT
AND ID SOLUTIONS. CITIZENS NEED TO TRUST THE SECURITY OF SMART CITIES WHICH MEANS
GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR ENTERPRISE, SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS, DEVICE
MANUFACTURERS, ENERGY PROVIDERS AND NETWORK SERVICE MANAGERS NEED TO WORK
TOGETHER TO DELIVER INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS WITH CORE SECURITY OBJECTIVES. THESE
CORE SECURITY OBJECTIVES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN AS FOLLOWS:
1. AVAILABILITY – DATA NEEDS TO BE AVAILABLE IN REAL TIME WITH RELIABLE ACCESS IN ORDER TO MAKE SURE
IT PERFORMS ITS FUNCTION IN MONITORING THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE SMART CITY INFRASTRUCTURE
2. INEGRITY – THE DATA MUST NOT ONLY BE READILY AVAILABLE, BUT IT MUST ALSO BE ACCURATE. THIS ALSO
MEANS SAFEGUARDING AGAINST MANIPULATION FROM OUTSIDE
3. CONFIDENTIALITY – SENSITIVE DATA NEEDS TO BE KEPT CONFIDENTIAL AND SAFE FROM UNAUTHORISED
ACCESS. THIS MAY MEAN THE USE OF FIREWALLS OR THE ANONYMISING OF DATA
4. ACCOUNTABILITY – SYSTEM USERS NEED TO BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR ACTIONS AND INTERACTION WITH
SENSITIVE DATA SYSTEMS. USERS LOGS SHOULD RECORD WHO IS ACCESSING THE INFORMATION TO ENSURE
ACCOUNTABILITY SHOULD THERE BE ANY PROBLEMS
LEGISLATION IS ALREADY BEING PUT IN PLACE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS, SUCH AS THE IOT
CYBERSECURITY IMPROVEMENT ACT IN THE UNITED STATES TO HELP DETERMINE AND
ESTABLISH MINIMUM SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CONNECTED DEVICES IN SMART CITIES.
History of Smart Cities
THE CONCEPT OF SMART CITIES BEGAN AS FAR BACK AS THE 1960S AND 1970S WHEN THE US
COMMUNITY ANALYSIS BUREAU BEGAN USING DATABASES, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND
CLUSTER ANALYSIS TO COLLECT DATA, DIRECT RESOURCES AND ISSUE REPORTS IN ORDER TO
DIRECT SERVICES, MITIGATE AGAINST DISASTERS AND REDUCE POVERTY. THIS LED TO THE
CREATION OF THE FIRST GENERATION OF SMART CITIES.
THE FIRST GENERATION OF SMART CITY WAS DELIVERED BY TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS TO
UNDERSTAND THE IMPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY ON DAILY LIFE. THIS LED TO THE SECOND
GENERATION OF SMART CITY, WHICH LOOKED AT HOW SMART TECHNOLOGIES AND OTHER
INNOVATIONS COULD CREATE JOINED-UP MUNICIPAL SOLUTIONS. THE THIRD GENERATION OF
SMART CITY TOOK THE CONTROL AWAY FROM TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS AND CITY LEADERS,
INSTEAD CREATING A MODEL THAT INVOLVED THE PUBLIC AND ENABLED SOCIAL INCLUSION
AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT.
THIS THIRD GENERATION MODEL WAS ADOPTED BY VIENNA, WHO CREATED A PARTNERSHIP
WITH THE LOCAL WIEN ENERGY COMPANY, ALLOWING CITIZENS TO INVEST IN LOCAL SOLAR
PLANTS AS WELL AS WORKING WITH THE PUBLIC TO RESOLVE GENDER EQUALITY AND
AFFORDABLE HOUSING ISSUES. SUCH ADOPTION HAS CONTINUED AROUND THE WORLD,
INCLUDING IN VANCOUVER, WHERE 30,000 CITIZENS CO-CREATED THE VANCOUVER
GREENEST CITY 2020 ACTION PLAN
Examples
CITIES ACROSS THE WORLD ARE IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF SMART TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION. HOWEVER, THERE ARE SEVERAL WHO ARE AHEAD OF
THE CURVE, LEADING THE PATH TO CREATING FULLY SMART CITIES. THESE INCLUDE:
 BARCELONA, SPAIN
 COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA
 DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
 HONG KONG, CHINA
 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, USA
 LONDON, ENGLAND
 MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
 NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, USA
 REYKJAVIK, ICELAND
 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, USA
 SINGAPORE
 TOKYO, JAPAN
  TORONTO, CANADA
 VIENNA, AUSTRIA
THE CITY STATE OF SINGAPORE IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE FRONT-RUNNERS IN THE
RACE TO CREATING FULLY SMART CITIES, WITH IOT CAMERAS MONITORING THE
CLEANLINESS OF PUBLIC SPACES, CROWD DENSITY AND THE MOVEMENT OF REGISTERED
VEHICLES. SINGAPORE ALSO HAS SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ENERGY USE, WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND WATER USE IN REAL TIME. IN ADDITION, THERE IS AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TESTING AND
A MONITORING SYSTEM TO ENSURE THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF SENIOR CITIZENS.
ELSEWHERE, KANSAS CITY HAS INTRODUCED SMART STREETLIGHTS, INTERACTIVE KIOSKS
AND OVER 50 BLOCKS OF FREE WI-FI. PARKING SPACE DETAILS, TRAFFIC FLOW
MEASUREMENT AND PEDESTRIAN HOTPOTS ARE ALSO ALL AVAILABLE TO RESIDENTS VIA THE
CITY'S DATA VISUALIZATION APP.
SAN DIEGO, MEANWHILE, HAS INSTALLED 3,200 SMART SENSORS TO OPTIMISE TRAFFIC FLOW
AND PARKING AS WELL AS ENHANCING PUBLIC SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE SUPPORTED BY SOLAR-TO-ELECTRIC CHARGING STATIONS AND
CONNECTED CAMERAS MONITOR FOR TRAFFIC PROBLEMS AND CRIME.
TRAFFIC MONITORING SYSTEMS ARE ALSO IN PLACE IN DUBAI, WHICH HAS TELEMEDICINE
AND SMART HEALTHCARE SOLUTIONS AS WELL AS SMART BUILDINGS, UTILITIES, EDUCATION
AND TOURISM OPTIONS. BARCELONA ALSO HAS SMART TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS WITH BUS
STOPS OFFERING FREE WI-FI AND USB CHARGING PORTS, ALONG WITH A BIKE-SHARING
PROGRAMME AND A SMART PARKING APP INCLUDING ONLINE PAYMENT OPTIONS.
TEMPERATURE, POLLUTION AND NOISE ARE ALSO MEASURED USING SENSORS THAT ALSO
COVER HUMIDITY AND RAINFALL.
Conclusion
CREATING SMART CONNECTED SYSTEMS FOR OUR URBAN AREAS PROVIDES A GREAT MANY
BENEFITS FOR CITIZENS AROUND THE WORLD, NOT ONLY TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE, BUT
ALSO TO ENSURE SUSTAINABILITY AND THE BEST POSSIBLE USE OF RESOURCES.
THESE SOLUTIONS ARE DEPENDENT ON A UNIFIED APPROACH FROM GOVERNMENT AS WELL
AS THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND RESIDENTS THEMSELVES. WITH THE CORRECT SUPPORT AND
INFRASTRUCTURE, HOWEVER, SMART CITIES CAN USE ADVANCES SUCH AS THE INTERNET OF
THINGS TO ENHANCE THE LIVES OF RESIDENTS AND CREATE JOINED-UP LIVING SOLUTIONS
FOR THE GROWING GLOBAL URBAN CITIZENRY.
TWI HAS EXPERTISE IN MANY OF THE UNDERPINNING TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW SMART
FUTURE, INCLUDING SENSORS, ELECTRIFICATION AND POWER GENERATION SOLUTIONS.