MOTION

• An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time

Motion is Relative
“A body can be moving for one observer, and at the same time at rest for another
observer.
• The above statement means that an object can be at rest and also in motion at the
same time i.e., all objects which are stationary on earth, are said to be at rest with
respect to each other, but with respect to the sun they are making revolutions.
• In order to observe motion, therefore, we have to choose a fixed position or point
with respect to which the motion has to be observed. Such a point or fixed position
is known as reference point or the origin.

Physical Quantities
• A physical quantity is a property of a material or system that can be measured and
quantified numerically.
• For example; mass represented by symbol m can be quantified as m = n kg, where n
is the numerical value which is called magnitude and kg is the unit symbol.
• There are two types of physical quantities : Scalar and Vector.
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

The physical quantity having only The physical quantity having both
magnitude is called scalar quantity. magnitude and direction is called vector
quantity.
Scalar quantities follow the algebraic Vector quantities follow the vector laws
(scalar) laws of addition. of addition.
Ex; mass, time, distance, speed, work, Ex; velocity, weight, acceleration, force,
power, energy, electric charge, volume, momentum, displacement, magnetic
density, pressure, temperature etc. field etc.

Distance and Displacement

• The length of the actual path between the initial position and final position of a
moving object in given time interval is the distance of an object.
• Displacement – The shortest distance between the initial position and final position
of a moving object in a given interval of time is known as displacement of an object.
 Distance Displacement
The length of the actual path between the The shortest distance between the initial
initial and final position of an object in a and final position of an object in a given
given time interval is called the distance time interval is known as the displacement
travelled by the object. of the object.
It is always positive. It can be positive, negative, or even zero.
Distance depends on the path followed by Displacement does not depend on the
object from initial to final position. path followed by object from initial to final
position.
It is a Scalar Quantity. It is a vector quantity.
• The SI unit of Distance and Displacement is = metre (m).
• During motion, displacement of object may be zero, but the distance travelled by
object is never zero.
• Distance of an object is either equal to or greater than the displacement.
• Distance is equal to magnitude of displacement when body moves inn a straight line
in one direction, or it is in uniform motion.
• If an object changes its direction, it is distance is greater than displacement.
• When a body moves in a circular path and reaches original position after one round,
the distance is the circumference of circle, and the displacement is zero.
1th
❖ A body moving in a circular path when covers of the circle ,then the
4
𝜋𝑟
distance travelled by it is and the displacement is √2𝑟 .
2
3th
❖ A body moving in a circular path when covers of the circle, then the
4
3𝜋𝑟
distance covered is and the displacement is √2𝑟.
2

Uniform Motion and Non-Uniform Motion

Uniform Motion Non-Uniform Motion
When a body covers equal distance in When a body covers inequal distance in
equal intervals of time, it is said to be in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in
uniform motion. non-uniform motion.
Any motion along a straight line towards Any motion along a curved path is non-
one direction only is uniform motion. uniform motion.
Average speed is the same as the speed Average speed varies from the actual
of body. speed of body.
It has a straight lined graph. It has a curved or irregular graph.
Has no acceleration whatsoever. Has acceleration.
Ex; A train running at a speed of Ex; When brakes are applied on a
120km/h towards east. moving car.
Speed
• The distance travelled by an object in unit time is known as speed.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• Speed =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• SI unit of speed = m/s or ms-1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
• Average Speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

Velocity
• The rate of change of displacement is known as velocity.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
• Velocity =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
• It is a vector quantity. It can be positive, negative or zero.
• SI unit of velocity = m/s or ms-1
• There are two reasons for change in velocity – i)Change in speed ;ii)Change in direction.
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦+𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑢+𝑣
• Avg Velocity = =>
2 2

Acceleration
• The rate of change of velocity of a moving body with time is called acceleration.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣−𝑢
• Acceleration = => a =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡
• If a body moves with uniform velocity, then v=u and then acceleration is zero.
• Acceleration is a vector quantity ; it can be either positive, negative or zero.
• SI unit of acceleration = m/s2 or ms-2
• If the velocity of an objected increases with time, such a motion is called accelerated
motion.
• If velocity of an object decreases with time ,such a motion is called retard motion. In
such a motion, acceleration is called retardation or deceleration, and it is considered
negative in numerical problems.

Equations of Motion
• v = final velocity of object
• u = initial velocity of object
• s = distance travelled by object
• t = time taken by object
• a = acceleration
The three equations of motion are as follows :-
 i) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
ii) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
iii) 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2

Free Fall
• When an object moves only under the influence of gravity and no external force acting upon it, the
body is said to be moving in free fall motion.
• This motion is accelerated and known as acceleration due to gravity.
• Acceleration due to gravity is always negative.
• If object is falling from above, then height is negative ; and when object is thrown in the upward
direction, then height is positive.

Uniform Circular Motion

• The motion of an object along a circular path covering equal distances along the circumference in
same intervals of time is known as uniform circular motion.
2𝜋𝑟
• Speed (v) =
𝑡
• Ex; Motion of moon around the Earth.
• In any uniform circular motion, the speed remains constant but the velocity changes because there is
change of direction.

Distance-Time Graph
• In a distance-time graph, time is taken on x-axis, and distance is taken on y-axis.
• The slope of the graph represents the division between distance and time i.e., speed.
• In a d-t graph, if the slope of the graph is straight, then we can say that the body is moving in
uniform motion with constant speed, without acceleration.
• In a d-t graph, if the slope of the graph is curved, then we can say that the body is moving in non-
uniform motion while constantly changing the speed by accelerating.
𝑠2− 𝑠1
• v=
𝑡2− 𝑡1

Velocity-Time Graph
• In a velocity-time graph, the time is taken on x-axis, and the velocity is taken on y-axis.
• The slope of the graph represents acceleration.
• If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its v-t graph will not change with time and will
be parallel to the x-axis.
• The area enclosed by a velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the
displacement.
• For all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.
Derivations of equations of motion
1) v = u + at
(𝑣−𝑢)
we know that the formula for acceleration is a = . So, now
𝑡
𝑣−𝑢
 a= 𝑡
 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡
 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕

𝟏
2) s = ut + at2
𝟐
𝑢+𝑣
Vavg = ……...(i)
2
𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Vavg = [or ] ……...(ii)
𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Equating (i) and (ii) we get ,
𝑢+𝑣 𝑠
 = [v= u + at]
2 𝑡

𝑢+(𝑢+𝑎𝑡) 𝑠 𝑠 2𝑢+𝑎𝑡
 = => =
2 𝑡 𝑡 2

 2𝑠 = 𝑡(2𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡) => 2𝑠 = 2𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2

2𝑢𝑡+𝑎𝑡 2 𝟏
 𝑠= => 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
2 𝟐

3) 2as = v2 - u2
𝑢+𝑣
Vavg = ……...(i)
2
𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Vavg = [or ] ……...(ii)
𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Equating (i) and (ii) we get ,

𝑢+𝑣 𝑠
 = ………...(iii)
2 𝑡

We know that v = u + at.

𝑣−𝑢
 v – u = at => 𝑡 = ………...(a)
𝑎

Now, substitute (a) in (iii),

𝑠 𝑢+𝑣
 𝑣−𝑢 =
2
𝑎
𝑎𝑠 𝑢+𝑣
 =
𝑣−𝑢 2
 2𝑎𝑠 = (𝑣 − 𝑢)(𝑣 + 𝑢)
 𝟐𝒂𝒔 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐