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LCV_lecture_3_Nutrition_W23

The lecture discusses the importance of food for energy, growth, and maintenance of physiological processes, highlighting the roles of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in cellular respiration and ATP production. It also covers metabolic rates, essential nutrients, and the consequences of undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment, emphasizing the need for a balanced diet. Additionally, it addresses protein metabolism, the significance of essential amino acids, and the hormonal regulation of appetite.

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liuzeming78
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6 views14 pages

LCV_lecture_3_Nutrition_W23

The lecture discusses the importance of food for energy, growth, and maintenance of physiological processes, highlighting the roles of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in cellular respiration and ATP production. It also covers metabolic rates, essential nutrients, and the consequences of undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment, emphasizing the need for a balanced diet. Additionally, it addresses protein metabolism, the significance of essential amino acids, and the hormonal regulation of appetite.

Uploaded by

liuzeming78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3: Nutrition

Why do we need to eat food?


Food = chemicals

Inorganic Organic
i. Carbohydrates
Minerals Vitamins ii. Proteins
iii. Fats
• Bones • Coenzymes
• Enzyme cofactors • Energy for work (ATP)
• Etc.
• etc.
• Carbon skeletons and
nitrogen skeletons for
biosynthesis

Required to maintain favourable internal conditions!

physiological processes maintenance and repair


Growth regulation

reproduction
Organic fuel molecules are oxidized to produce ATP!

• Cellular respiration (requires O2) is the step-


by-step oxidation of carbs, fats and proteins

• Carbs and fats are oxidized for energy before


proteins!
1g carbs = 4 kcal
1g fat = 9 kcal
1g protein = 4 kcal

• Proteins are broken down to amino acids


which are mainly used for biosynthesis
Metabolic rate
Metabolic rate = amount of energy an animal
uses in a unit of time (Sum of all the energy
requiring biochemical reactions occurring over a
given time interval)

• Measured in calories or kilocalories (kcal)

2000cal kilocalorie
Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
BMR = metabolic rate of a non-growing endotherm at rest, on an
empty stomach and in the absence of stress

Adult males: 1600 – 1800 kcal/day


Adult females: 1300-1500 kcal/day

• Any activity (that is not a basic physiological processes to keep us


alive) will increase metabolic rate above the BMR!
Factors affecting metabolic rate?
• Age
• Physical ability
• Stress
• Genetics
• Size / weight
• Diet (?)
• Temperature
• Sex
• Hormones
• Muscle mass

https://www.vox.com/2016/5/18/11685254/metabolism-definition-booster-weight-loss
Chemical energy (fuel)
• What happens when we take in more calories than are required to meet our
metabolic rate?

I
Excess fuel is stored in the body as:
Carbohydrate

1 in liver and muscle


• Glycogen
o short term storage

• Fat in adipose tissue


o long term storage
o glucose will be converted into
fat if glycogen stores are full
Energy stores can be used when needed

(1) Liver glycogen


• Used to maintain blood sugar levels

(2) Muscle glycogen


• Used to provide muscles with energy
during exercise

(3) Fat
• Used when glycogen stores have https://tenor.com/view/speed-walking-gif-5429048

been depleted
Essential nutrients
• Elements or molecules we must obtain in a pre-assembled form from our diet

Don'tneedto
• Essential amino acids (9) numbers
memorize

• Vitamins (organic molecules; 13)


Required in o ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
very small o Etc.
amounts!
• Minerals (inorganic elements; 15)
o calcium, phosphorus (bones)
o Iron (hemoglobin, cytochromes)
o sodium, potassium, chloride (electrolyte balance)
o Etc.

• Essential fatty acids (2)


o Omega 3 and Omega 6 (unsaturated)
o Skin, cardiac health, inflammation

By Böhringer Friedrich - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5,


https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4837580
Getting too much or too little
(i) Undernourishment: diet does not have enough calories
• Glycogen used → Fat used → Body will begin breaking down proteins for fuel →
Muscles will decrease in size → brain will become protein-deficient → death
• If individual survives, some damage may be irreversible

(ii) Overnourishment: excessive calorie intake (common in affluent nations)


• Once glycogen stores are full, excess fuel molecules are stored as fat!
• Leads to being overweight and obesity

(iii) Malnourishment: diet missing one or more essential nutrients


• More common than undernourishment

Is it possible to be overnourished and malnourished at the same time?


Yes
Protein metabolism
• Humans require 20 amino acids to make proteins but our bodies can only
synthesize 11 of these.

• 9 amino acids are essential!

Essential amino acids: Dont memorize


• isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine,
histidine
http://montessorimuddle.org/2013/11/16/methionine-a/
Protein deficiency
(most common type of malnutrition)

Many plant based foods do not


• Occurs when diet does not include all contain all the essential amino acids:
of the essential amino acids
proteindeficiency
y
Ex: Kwashiorkor (mostly in children)
- Occurs in areas with poor food supplies
- Symptoms include distended abdomen,
enlarged liver, loss of teeth, impaired
mental and physical development
- Severe cases cause death

Are animal products a complete


source of proteins?
Yes
Hormones that regulate appetite
• Hormones act on the satiety center in the brain
(hypothalamus) to regulate long-term and short-term appetite

• These feed-back mechanisms regulate body weight around a


set point! (one reason it is difficult to lose weight)

Hormone Source Effect


Leptin Adipose tissue - Decreases appetite
- Increases energy
expenditure
PYY Small intestine Decreases appetite
Insulin Pancreas Decreases appetite
Ghrelin Stomach wall Increases appetite

How would a decrease in body fat affect these hormones?


Leptin
Why would that make it dif cult to lose weight?
Appetite energyexpenditure

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