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LCV_lecture_1_Homeostasis_and_organ_systems_W23

The document discusses the concepts of anatomy and physiology, emphasizing the relationship between the structure and function of body parts. It explains homeostasis, the mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions, and the roles of various organ systems in this process. Additionally, it outlines feedback mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback, with examples such as body temperature regulation and blood sugar control.

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liuzeming78
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2 views

LCV_lecture_1_Homeostasis_and_organ_systems_W23

The document discusses the concepts of anatomy and physiology, emphasizing the relationship between the structure and function of body parts. It explains homeostasis, the mechanisms that maintain stable internal conditions, and the roles of various organ systems in this process. Additionally, it outlines feedback mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback, with examples such as body temperature regulation and blood sugar control.

Uploaded by

liuzeming78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1:

Organ systems and homeostasis

Which organ system is responsible for regulating your blood pressure?


Cardiovascular, excretory, nervous system
What is Anatomy?
• Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another
Ex: Anatomy of the human brain
cringe
What is Physiology?

• Study of the function of body


parts and how they work
together to carry out life-
sustaining activities
Principle of complementarity of structure and function

Godzilla Structure (anatomy) Function (physiology)

Large, muscular heart Pump 2 000 000 L


of blood

Fire resistant Produce radioactive


lungs / mouth fire-breath and enough
energy to power a 3000
person town

Strong muscles, tendons


and ligaments
Support a mass of 164
000 000 kg
Thick, dense bones

Anatomy and
physiology are
inseparable!
http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/digital/fact-vs-fiction/the-impossible-anatomy-of-godzilla-16785535
Levels of Structural Organization
11 organ systems work together to carry out the
essential activities that are required for life!

• How many can you name?


• What is the function of each?
• Nervous system
• Respiratory system
• Skeletal system
• Musculoskeletal system
• Excretory system
• Digestive system
• Lymphatic system
• Reproductive system
• Cardiovascular system
• Endocrine system
• Integumentary system
Keeping variables in your body within
a speci c (often narrow) range
Keeping variables at a set point
Homeostasis
determined by body Keeping things where they should be at

Homeostasis: maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite


continuous changes in environment

• Organ systems work together to regulate different variables (factors that can
change) within the body to maintain homeostasis

• What are some variables that are maintained by homeostasis (ie. are
maintained within a narrow range)?
Oxygen levels, blood pressure, body temperature, blood ph (CO2), blood glucose levels

http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/medicine/departmentofmedicine/newssummary/news_12-9-2016-14-33-16
Components of homeostasis
Control center

Stimulus Response

Set point

Response Stimulus

Control center
Mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

(i) Negative feedback:


• Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus (change to a variable)
• Keeps variables in narrow range
Set point

It
(ii) Positive feedback:
• Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
• Will continue until an end point!
Set point

Which mechanism is most common in our bodies? Why?


Negative feedback
Example 1:

Body temperature regulation


(is this positive or negative feedback?)
Receptor
• Temperature sensitive cells in
skin and brain (hypothalamus)

Control center
• Brain (hypothalamus)
thermostat

Effector
• Sweat glands (hot) Blood vessels dilate
I
• Blood vessels (hot / cold)
Blood vessels in
extremities constrict
• Skeletal muscles (cold)
What is a fever and how does your body cause it?
Fever set point 42ºC
Hint: Why do you shiver when you have a fever? Fever set point 41ºC
Normal set point 37ºC
Fever: new, higher set point
set by hypothalamus
Example 2:
• Liver
Blood sugar • skeletal muscle
• adipose
(positive or negative feedback?)

• Pancreas acts as the receptor


and the control center

High blood sugar  Insulin


• Cells take up glucose from the blood
• Glycogen is formed (liver and muscle)

Low blood sugar  Glucagon


• Glycogen is broken down (liver cells)
and glucose is released into the blood
Example 3:

Blood clotting
(negative or positive feedback?)

• Blood clotting is an amplified chain reaction!

Platelets stick to damaged region of


blood vessel

Platelets release chemicals that


recruit more platelets

And so on ...
Example 4:
Contractions during childbirth
(negative or positive feedback?)

• Pressure of the baby’s


head against the
cervix stimulates the
release of oxytocin
which causes uterine
contractions

• Contractions will end


when childbirth is
complete! (no more
pressure)

https://virtualuniversity.in/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=52&chapterid=165

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