Electronic Devices and CirCuite

8.36

Fullwave Rectifier with Capacitor Filtercapacitor hlter is simply extension ot

rectifier with a
The analvsis of a fullwave not consider the circuit analysis but
the main a:
would
halfwavecircuit. Here we
and output voltage. Fig. 8:22 (a) shows the circuitt
ripple factor
is to consider the

R,
Tc

capacitor filter
(a) Fullwave rectifier with

T1, T
Va 2

D wt
T 21 37

pulses
(b) Output voltage waveform and diode current
Fig.822 Fullwave rectifier with capacitor filter

afullwave rectifier with capacitor filter and fig &-22 (b), the output voltage waveform
and diode current pulses.
The ripple factor may be calculated as follows:
Let T, = total non-conducting time of capacitor
I.= average value of the capacitor discharge current over an interval
of T,
Charge lost by capacitor during interval T, is given by
(9)discharge = ldc x T, ..(1)
This charge lost is replaced during intervalT, when the voltage across capacitor
changes by an amount equal to peak to peak voltage of ripple V,. So the change in
the charge of capacitor is given by
..(2)
(9)charge Voltage x Capacity = V, x C
But
(9charge = ()discharge
Aectiying Circuits and D.C. Power Supplies 8.37

V,C = l T,
V, = C ..3)
Now we assume that load is light, ripple is small and the time T, for the recharg
ofthe capacitor is small in comparison with the time T, of the discharge .e.,

Now 1
T, 2 ..(4)
2f
Substituting the value of T, from eq. (4) in eq. (3), we get
'dc
V, = 2fC ..(5)
According to the assumptions made above, the ripple
triangular in nature. The rms value of this triangular wave is waveform will be
slopes or lengths of straight lines and depends only upon independent of the
Calculations of this rms ripple voltage yields. the peak value.

(VPrms
2N3 ..(6)
Substituting the value of V, from eq. (5) in eq. (6), we get
(Vms= 4N3 fC 413 dc
fCR_
Now Y= (V)..rms 1
N3 fCR, ..(7)
Thus ripple may be decreased by increasing Cor R, or both.
Theoutput voltage Vae is given by
2

Vde = V, - 4C V
4fC R
Or de + V-c = V.
4fC RL
(4fCR, + 1)
V = V,
4fCR.
4fC RL V
Vdc ..(8)
|4fCR, + 1
Example 1. A
halfwave rectifier, operated from a50 Hz supply uses a 1000uF capacitance
COnnected across the load for the rectifier. Calculate the minimum value of the load resistance
that can be connected across the acpacitor if the percent ripple is not to exceed 5%.
For ahalf wave rectifier,
1
Y=
213fC R
 Circuits and D.C. Power Supplios B.39

823V = 08 volt
0-8
2V3 =023l volt.
V
= 8-4 - 0-4 = 8 volt
2

Y =
(V),ma 0-231
= 0-0288 Or 2:88%

Tethalvalues
1 1
Y4V3 fC RL 4V3 x 50 x (1000 x 10 ") x 100 =0-0288 or 2-88%
4fR,C V
V= 4fR,C + 1
1 +
4fR, C
8.4 8-4
Vác
1+
1 1+0-05 = 8volt
4x 50 >x 100 x (1000 × 10 )

.7 CHOKE INPUT FILTEROR L-CFILTER

Me bave seen that series inductor filter and shunt capacitor filter
are not much
etficient to provide low ripple at all loads. We have seen that the ripple factor in an
inductor filter is directly proportional to load resistance while in case of capacitor
Alter, it is inversely proportional to load. Therefore, the capacitor filter has low ripple
at heavy loads while inductor filter at small loads. A combination of these two filters
may be selected to make the ripple independent of load resistance. The resulting
filer is called L-type choke input filter. This name is due to the fact that the inductor
and capacitor are connected as an inverted L. Afullwave rectifier with choke input
filter is shown in fig. &-24.

D,
C

D2

Fig. 8-24 Fullwave rectifier with choke input filter

The action of choke input filter is like alow pass filter. The capacitor shunting
hilypasses the harmonic c°rents because it offers very low reactance to a.c.
ipple current while it appears as an open circuit to d.c. current. On the other hand
the
the inductor
ripple offers is eliminated from the load voltage.
a high impedance to the harmonic terms. In this way, most of
voltage
 is
given --2) -3) f capacitor
bae the for ..4) by
..(5) zero.capacitor.
Cirauits dc.
Let
v.o th oimpedance
harmoni
Thus primarily
the isripple
with whichbecause not
and i
voltage then compared
the R,. frequency). is the
Devices the currentwith it
output
inductor, parallel
the suppressof R, determined but across
reactance
across
compared R,,
Electronic but
as ripple withvoltage
by
given d.c. and
filter The
large voltage X
>>
harmonic
(2
V.
the diodes inductorto resistor. thethe
as R, isL
compared
the 0L
ot
2COs resistance, is be making small
Nowripple through X,
3V2
V2X, is
isrectifier filtermust and second voltage)
2
=
transformer,R
l-y of thechoke and load. very 2 V2.
XC 3XL X,
by much nf as
V, case capacitor 4 current
at is small
the 4 3 nod.c. of small
the is = inductor (Vac) ripple Xc and
in aimthe madeof develop 0
frequency current
1 X by
ofvoltage is (V)rms
given
V,
2 has V,
2 of
V
2
as
same mainof ofimpedance
resistance 2at a.c. 4V. 3rr 3X1 X, (the 4)msV2 3X Vdc C
o2
7)
=
inductor resistance reactarnce
be not ripple X thethe
ripple that load = is
y
output the below.
The can of
>> conditions,
reactance
the
stated
the (V)ms
= factor =
Y
is the
resistorwill
the expression theparallelthan the X, of was
across
itAlthough
The series shownfactor. L value ripple
that ivoltage
soutput So through
at
Regulation. Considering andsmallerC
components. (the voltage
the these that
as ripplecombined ofreactance rms
be Thisdifferent capacitor
passed.filter.
LC
oL know
R much =2 The
Under a.c.
Hence
8.40 The The
by X, We But
 ...(7) diodepeakcircuit,
flows and
to
i valuecurrent
the ..(8) filter is the results
voltage
8.41 current
thecomponents:
ted filter >l,,
thethe variation
load
the
a inductance
inductance 2V
current
the to the a
in charged
supplies (for for I,
flows in When infinite)
load,when circuit.
included component current
a
occur. ascritical
for
two
critical
small
increasing
i.e.,
critical
that is diode
circuit current
the
current following is the
6V2
'LC
capacitor
assumed is diode
still
tmay load8-25. (R, thatTheof
a.c. load elements
Resistances zeroWithaftercurrent.
inductance known
inductor, say
thatthe ofthe against
fig. and
transformer
Diode, neglected
not
which X,) offunction
iscurrentand
is the cutoutof inductance
is of in resistances
choke
it consists peak shown
voltage loadvarious
of andsmall for We
discussion, can and I(3 V..
3nX, 2Vdc3X1 I[current
Load
V L)
=wC R. absence butvalue
cycle
isreached /R,, V, negative 4
R,
2 3 0)
3 isinductance
neglected a
as when
L
independent
isvoltage
= of
2 of a time i 4 2Lç output voltage which the
independentWhen words
current
Supplies Va, value 2
Vac thatoutput of
3.(2
oL) abovethethe longerThis value
Ie= exceed
the Output resistance
In cycle. The peak have
another 8:25 at
PowerV2
In time.
of
portiona a i.e., of
direct
of Ic and
essentially
current
each ofinductancezero.component
for increased, we value 8-25 fig.
D.C. is inductance.
all flows continuously.
Le.
In component
should
not continuously), in fromtype(the the
w in to curve Fig.
and
Circuits
Aectitying that at small current given
shows circuit voltage
transforismer/ by
fall Vm 2Vm obvious fvoltage
capacitor
lç is
of
effects
through
afor
represen
is doesd.c. a.c. l,.
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a employing
=
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This Circuit Current
() (i)
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flow Itis e the
The the falls irom
to A
Componentsis
are two Aselected
8-8 Now C
> Now Lc
2 with Therefore,
very Example diodes
ideal.
are
Current of
Example
8.42
capacitors So We a a
smooth
THE
maximum Output Given ftul -uwave
as ifL effective
The know is
CLC 1 is 0-1 2. 0:2 1.
henry
selected 40 03 that
Rectifier
output
BL or Here
that Design Y= d.c. single
A.
arranged From connected OR 420uF
= ripple voltage; peak Calculate An
0-0149 =
PIthen
as (2nf x3 LC LC= ripple 6V2 L-section
phase
mayFILTER value = Y
Y
of a value
a 0-1 40 = fullwave
= 2%. o the
the in
across be capacitorhenry 6V2. 0-02 6V2LC
o' factor LC Va= rectifierfilter
of ripple
C. obtained of when Input =
form Fig. R,
(314) and 1 yrectifier 25. 2voltage
its of
then 942
= isC
1
given
is a.c. 6V2 (Vmax
46 (VDmak factor that with
of 8-26 each by 42 a lac dc V in x
o frequency V across is L
0-02 = LC= Or with and fed
Greek
T a
capacitor
uF 942 100 microfarad by (2r x =
Filter filter
as or
henry01= 0.1 10
21f
LC 50) x 2 40
lV
oad output from 2 henry
letter n, shown 50 40
10
x = x
is
filler 40 a
consisting uF of ohm.100 = o.y
26V2
x
50 x
1 40-0-40
d.c. and
the may 420 and 3·14
1 Hz. to 2x
in voltage. C
provide (40 Electronic
filter fig. be uF L
is
V49=
of used.should x peak
8-26. one
in 50 10) x Assume
that L
henry. =
10 transformer. isF
called inductance be 314 V uSed Devices
As taken. d.c.
in
as the at the the and
10 rectifier Theoutput Cirauts
filter. n three and IfLis
load
.
 2oCwhere ç Substituting The In
The is samealreadyvollage
regulation L.section inductor by
bypasses L. (ii)
further
whichd rectifier (ü) dc. Capacito() rcapacitaondr C,. Most e fiThlteisr
Inductor capacoimpone
tor nt
coul
hasPlace Ihe second
rms case
rippleAlthough as
of
across been from filteraction
The
Capacitor allows it lt.
component filteringThe reactance required AectifCiyinrgcuiatnsd
of
fullwave ground C, remaining
the than is
vertical upper the factor.
inferior described the output ,bypasses L. while
for 1
(V)rms = value harmonic this (consisting of
capacitor C,. not the to that C,. We to
obtained us e d
the =V first a the The be We action tne
sidesentirelimit rectifier
V,= The filter T-section bypassed d. c. know pass when,
4nfC, 1 to capacitor a.c. whi le offers
npPle D.C.
of of that in function component through an know a
only. V, voltage Fourier compPonent appreciable
that of ripple by for
half the 2nfC, V2 V 2fC,2fC givescapacitorC, of approximately Power
= from with V, of but an each trequency. L-section a
ripple
cvcle in reactance Sin
choke filter by an infinite is given
analysissomewhat filter.
L-Creduced C, of inductor it. Component removed
eq. is
capacitor capacitor Supplies
can oot 2 filter. The L can capacitor to In transformer,
(2) of amount
this capacitor
fullwave be -
and be
rectifier
pass
resistance Thus filter.
of in of charging
by The understood
obtained
C
eq.
(.:
filter SIno!4
ahigher d.c. capacitor through zero
C offers way, of L-section
is major by In
at (3), triangular
2
output C, this
rectifier.
C= (Fig. output is resistance it described
offer
second voltage and a a. c.
by we output +
similar it componenthighblocks to partfilter,higher
assuming get 8:22), Sin 6o potential C) and a
C, discharging upon bywhich
Now
harmonic here) 3 wave drop reactance
blocks to the
d.c. low filter theof,C,
we voltage considering as component.
below: voltage
the across the could that d.c. a.c. reactance filtering is
have is is consisting selected
triangular that given approximately triangular of component.
the to ;
cutout trequency. but action component. to
a.c.
and
proved inductor. not
capacitor a.c.
by its the
be component component path is to lower
wave takes of action Therefore, done
of
that voltage output blocked whi l e choke offerripple
C, C. to
..(4) ..3) ...(2) ..(1) the has As by
of It the a.c. very 8.43
a L is
 to 10 where lene wn 844
ripple centreExample 1. Atf= Hz50
, values,getwe
Here
Load From The in uF bIhe
capacitors C al the obtainedvoltage
resistance, the r.m.s. the tap. and rectancs ripple
0165(0-00165
%
= = output.
theory peak value Ifthe A C,
x8
load andsingle are factor by (
= ofvalue Assume
V,
Vu ofcurrent a
(2n R, choke phase in ane nmultiplyi
x Ripple = 396 = capacitor supply uF, given isby IN
50) of caleculated
x factor,
V supply supply
voltage
is of
full-we
100 10 in Y
L
Y= impassed
(10x 346 4x 4fC filter, henry. henrys
0-1
50 voltage frequency mA, LC,C,
R5700 at
10 y 3460 S2
=
= rectifer second
") V2
= x
(10 0-1
we determine The and V2. X N2. on
have 280 N2
xo'C,C,
LR, 8
(10 10
x V, Vsecondary
=
of
50 makes R, in harmonic -svtion.
x
10
V2
") V2 Hzthe ohm.
346 =V x d.c. use
") 280 voltage Now Cirouta
x output frequency.the Electronic
of
10 = T-section
is. the
x 396 voltage 280
3460 ipple
V Vrms Devices
nd
and filter Substituting
with
votage
percentaçe with
respect .8) .(7) (V),
two (6) 5)