GRADE 9 TERM 2

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
 THE MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
•It is the objective of moving to a state
relatively better than what previously
existed:
•It is moving towards good change.
CONTINUED:
•Development is an improvement in the factors
that affect a persons quality of life and
standard of living.
•These factors include: Income, Diet, Health
care, Sanitation and Education.
•The main areas of development are (i) The
Economy (ii) The Society (iii) The Environment
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• It focuses on the improvement in a person’s standard
of living and a country’s wellbeing.
• With a greater income, a person can afford a good
education, healthcare, food and better housing.
• When the wealth of a country increases, a country
will be able to improve its infrastructure eg roads,
housing, water and electricity supply.
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:
• This is also known as human development
• It has to do with the welfare of people, their health,
comfort, happiness and prosperity.
• It deals with improvement in education, training, health
care and housing.
• Equal treatment of women and children.
• Protecting human rights, freedom, security and safety.
• Provides social security in the form of grants to the poor
and pensions for the elderly.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT:
• This includes the natural world around us eg land, the
air, water, plants and animals.
• Meaningful development must not harm the environment.
• Natural resources must be used in a manner that won’t
endanger the future use of those resources by the next
generation.
• Development must to be sustainable and not deplete
(damage) the environment.
7
Content and concepts
• Development
o Meaning of development
➢ including economic,

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES:
social and environmental
aspects*
o Ways of measuring development
➢ The Human Development
Index (HDI)
❖ life
expectancy,
education, per
capita
GDP,World map
indicating the
HDI (Countries
ranked by level of
high, middle or
low
development).
o Differences in development around
the word – comparisons of selected
countries and regions
o Factors affecting development
➢ Reasons for differences
in development
❖ Historical
factors – such as
colonialism o
Trade –
imbalances, unfair
trade
❖ Technology
and industrializatio
n
❖ Health and
welfare o
Education o
Political stability
❖ Opportunities
for development
o More equitable trading relationships
➢ Alternative development
❖ particularly
alternatives
to industrialization
❖ Sustainable
THE ‘RICH’ NORTH & THE ‘POOR SOUTH’
MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT TERMS:

• GDP - Total value of goods, products and services

produced within the boundaries of a country within
one year.
• GDP per Capita - is the GDP divided by the number
of people in a country. Shows the average amount of
money available to each person in a country in one
year (pa).
 CONTINUED
• LE – refers to the life expectancy which is the average
period that a person may expect to live.
• Economic sectors – refers to primary, secondary and
tertiary activities in the economy.
• HDI – refers to Human Development index which uses life
expectancy, income and literacy levels. Zero (0) indicates
the worse possible quality of life while 1 shows an almost
perfect place.
ACTIVITY
USE THE DATA IN THE TABLE BELOW TO CALCULATE GDP PER CAPITA FOR EACH COUNTRY.

Country Total GDP (USD) Population (people)

South Africa $400 billion 60 million
Nigeria $500 billion 220 million
Germany $4.5 trillion 83 million
India $3.7 trillion 1.4 billion
Australia $1.6 trillion 26 million
QUESTIONS

1. What does GDP per capita measure?

2. Why might GDP per capita be a more useful measure than total GDP?
3. Which country in the table has the highest GDP per capita? What might
this indicate?
4. Compare India and Australia. What do the differences in GDP per capita
suggest about the standard of living in each country?

5. Is GDP per capita always a fair way to judge wealth or well-being in a

country? Explain
 ACTIVITY ON FACTORS AFFECTING
DEVELOPMENT
• The following statements relate to factors affecting development. State which
statements are true or false. Supply the correct statement if a statement is
false.
• 1.1 Climate and location are examples of historical factors affecting
development.
• 1.2 Free trade is unrestricted trade between countries.
• 1.3 Gold is a good example of a renewable resource.
• 1.4 Conflict and corruption are examples of political factors influencing
development.
• 1.5 Slave labour contributed to development of many European countries.
• 1.6 Colonial powers used colonies as markets to sell manufactured
goods.
• 1.7 A landlocked country is a state entirely enclosed by land.
• 1.8 Low literacy levels in less-developed countries hinder economic
progress.
• 1.9 Developing countries export mainly manufactured goods and
earn more foreign capital.
• 1.10 Trade is a transaction where there is an exchange of goods and
services.
STUDY THE SCALE REPRESENTING THE BALANCE OF TRADE
OF A COUNTRY. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW.
IMPORTS = R17545.00 EXPORTS = R20 708.00

1.1 Define the term trade.

1.2 Define the term balance of trade.
1.3 Differentiate between the terms export and import.
1.4 Calculate the balance of trade for the country represented in the
figure.
1.5 Is the balance of trade calculated in QUESTION 1.4 positive or
negative? Give a reason for your answer.
1.6 Is the balance of trade shown in the figure typical of a MEDC or a
LEDC? Give a reason for your answer.
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: (MEDC)
• These are the More Economically Developed Countries)
MEDC’s
• They have a high human development index (HDI) of 0,8+
THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS:
1. The North 2. Industrialised countries
3. The rich worlds 4. The haves.
5 The first world 6. Have a high income
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDC’S

▪ Uses resources efficiently

▪ Export goods on global markets
▪ Highly industrialized
▪ High standard of living
▪ Stable government's that can donate
financial aid to LEDCs
▪ Have good education, health and
transport systems
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:(LEDC)
• THESE ARE THE LEAST ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
• They have a low Human Development index (HDI) of 0,5 and
less.
• THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS:
1. The third world 2. Non-Industrialised
3. The Low income 4. The don’t haves
5. Poor World 6. The South
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEDC’S

▪ Resources not used sustainably

▪ Export mainly raw materials to MEDCs,
import manufactured goods
▪ Low levels of industrialization
▪ High levels of poverty.
▪ Receive financial aid from MEDCs and
other organizations
▪ Have poor and inefficient education,
health, and transport systems.
DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS:
WHAT IS IT ?
• Statistics used to measure development are called
indicators of development.
• Development indicators are divided into:
1.Economic indicators
2. Social indicators
3.Environmental indicators
4 . Composite indicators
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
1. Economic indicators measure the:
• - Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• GDP per Capita
• GDP contributions to economic sectors
• Employment levels
• Balance of trade
SOCIAL INDICATORS:
2. Social indicators include:
•Levels of education and literacy rate.
•Quality of life (HDI-Human Development Index).
•Gender Inequality
•Access to basic services such as water, electricity and clinics
•Diseases
• poverty
• infant mortality rate
• Life expectancy
• birth and death rates
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS:
. Environmental indicators measure:
3

• ecological footprints
•The carrying capacity of a given
environmental area etc.
COMPOSITE INDICATORS:

4. Composite indicators measure:

•A combination of factors such as the Human
development index(HDI) or PQLI
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDICATORS:
• 1. Economic indicators measure the:
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per Capita, GDP contributions to
economic sectors, employment levels
EXAMPLE OF AN ECONOMIC INDICATOR.
SOCIAL INDICATOR:
• 2. Social indicators measure:
• The poverty levels,
• The quality of life,
• The infant mortality rate,
• Life expectancy (LE),
• The birth and death rates
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR:
• 3. Environmental indicators measure:
• The ecological footprints
• The carrying capacity of the environment etc.
COMPOSITE INDICATOR:
• 4. Composite indicators measure:
• A combination of factors such as the
• Human development index (HDI) or Peoples quality of life (PQLI)
AIMS OF DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS:

To determine if:
•The people’s quality of life is improving.
•The people’s standard of living is improving.
•The natural and human resource potential is
being met.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVELOPMENT:
REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT:

• HISTORICAL FACTORS: for example Colonialism and neo-colonialism.

• EDUCATION
• HEALTH AND WELFARE.
• POLITICAL STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
• TRADE ( Trade imbalance and unfair trade)
• TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY.
 COLONIALISM:

• From the1500’S European countries came and

settled in Africa and took over good farming lands
and shipped out raw materials.
• They used these to manufacture goods in Europe
and sold them back to the colonies at a profit.
• Colonies could not manufacture their own goods
because their local goods were heavily taxed.
 TRADE:
• It is the exchange of goods from one person to another.
• Trade between countries is not balanced and is unfair.
• A trade imbalance exists when a country imports more
than exports.`
• Developing countries export raw materials at lower prices
and buy manufactured goods at a higher price.
• This results in developed countries getting more richer and
the developing countries remaining poor.
 TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIALISATION
• Well developed countries are highly industrialised and their
economies depend on advanced technology.
• Developing countries are less industrialised and modern
technology is not always necessary.
• Developing countries need to develop and use technology to
manufacture goods themselves instead of exporting
unprocessed natural resources.
HEALTH AND WELFARE:
•An unhealthy, unhappy and poor population is
less likely to implement successful development
projects.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING:
•People need to have the skills and training to
earn a living and contribute to a country’s
economic growth.
•Colleges and Universities are needed to train
people for specialised jobs that are needed
for development such as engineer’s, architects
and builders.
POLITICAL STABILITY AND INSTABILITY:

•Development requires a stable government

with sufficient capital and long term plans.
•During times of political instability, the
economy suffers.( farmers, mines and factories)
close down or produce less.