MediaWiki

MediaWiki is free and open-source

MediaWiki
wiki software originally developed by
Magnus Manske for use on Wikipedia
on January 25, 2002, and further
improved by Lee Daniel Crocker,[5][6]
after which development has been
coordinated by the Wikimedia
Foundation. It powers several wiki
hosting websites across the Internet, as
well as most websites hosted by the
Wikimedia Foundation including
Screenshot
Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikimedia
Commons, Wikiquote, Meta-Wiki and
Wikidata, which define a large part of
the set requirements for the software.[7]
Besides its usage on Wikimedia sites,
MediaWiki has been used as a
knowledge management and content
management system on websites such as
Fandom, wikiHow and major internal
installations like Intellipedia and
Diplopedia.

MediaWiki is written in the PHP

programming language and stores all
text content into a database. The
software is optimized to efficiently
handle large projects, which can have
terabytes of content and hundreds of
thousands of views per second.[7][8]
Because Wikipedia is one of the world's
largest and most visited websites,
achieving scalability through multiple
layers of caching and database
replication has been a major concern for The Main Page of the English Wikipedia
developers. Another major aspect of running an alpha version of MediaWiki 1.40

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 MediaWiki is its internationalization; its Original author(s) Magnus Manske
interface is available in more than 400
Lee Daniel Crocker
languages.[9] The software has
hundreds of configuration settings[10] Developer(s) Wikimedia Foundation
and more than 1,000 extensions Initial release January 25, 2002
available for enabling various features to Stable release 1.43.1[1] / 10 April 2025
be added or changed.[11]
Repository gerrit.wikimedia.org/g
/mediawiki/core/ (https://g

Key features errit.wikimedia.org/g/medi

awiki/core/)
MediaWiki provides a rich core feature Written in PHP[2]
set and a mechanism to attach Operating system Windows, macOS, Linux,
extensions to provide additional FreeBSD, OpenBSD,
functionality. Solaris
Size 79.05 MiB (compressed)
Internationalization and Available in 459[3] languages
localisation Type Wiki software
Due to the strong emphasis on License GPLv2+[4]
multilingualism in the Wikimedia
Website mediawiki.org (https://med
projects, internationalization and
iawiki.org)
localization has received significant
attention by developers.
The user interface has been
fully or partially translated
into more than 400
languages on
translatewiki.net, [9] and
can be further customized
by site administrators (the
entire interface is editable
through the wiki).
28:34
Several extensions, most
Niklas Laxström explains the features that allowed
notably those collected in
translatewiki.net to provide MediaWiki with more than 400
the MediaWiki Language locales.
Extension Bundle, are
designed to further
enhance the multilingualism and internationalization of MediaWiki.

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 Installation and configuration
Installation of MediaWiki requires that the user have administrative privileges on a
server running both PHP and a compatible type of SQL database. Some users find that
setting up a virtual host is helpful if the majority of one's site runs under a framework
(such as Zope or Ruby on Rails) that is largely incompatible with MediaWiki.[12] Cloud
hosting can eliminate the need to deploy a new server.[13]

An installation PHP script is accessed via a web browser to initialize the wiki's settings.
It prompts the user for a minimal set of required parameters, leaving further changes,
such as enabling uploads,[14] adding a site logo,[15] and installing extensions, to be
made by modifying configuration settings contained in a file called
LocalSettings.php.[16] Some aspects of MediaWiki can be configured through
special pages or by editing certain pages; for instance, abuse filters can be configured
through a special page,[17] and certain gadgets can be added by creating JavaScript
pages in the MediaWiki namespace.[18] The MediaWiki community publishes a
comprehensive installation guide.[19]

Markup
One of the earliest differences between MediaWiki (and its predecessor, UseModWiki)
and other wiki engines was the use of "free links" instead of CamelCase. When
MediaWiki was created, it was typical for wikis to require text like "WorldWideWeb" to
create a link to a page about the World Wide Web; links in MediaWiki, on the other
hand, are created by surrounding words with double square brackets, and any spaces
between them are left intact, e.g. [[World Wide Web]]. This change was logical for
the purpose of creating an encyclopedia, where accuracy in titles is important.

MediaWiki uses an extensible[20] lightweight wiki markup designed to be easier to use

and learn than HTML. Tools exist for converting content such as tables between
MediaWiki markup and HTML.[21] Efforts have been made to create a MediaWiki
markup spec, but a consensus seems to have been reached that Wikicode requires
context-sensitive grammar rules.[22][23] The following side-by-side comparison
illustrates the differences between wiki markup and HTML:

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 MediaWiki syntax
HTML equivalent
(the "behind the scenes" Rendered output
(another type of "behind the scenes"
code (seen onscreen by a site
code
used to add formatting to viewer)
used to add formatting to text)
text)

====A dialogue==== <h4>A dialogue</h4> A dialogue

"Take some more
[[tea]]," the March <p>"Take some more <a
Hare said to Alice, href="/wiki/Tea" "Take some more tea,"
very earnestly. title="Tea">tea</a>," the
March Hare said to Alice, very
the March Hare said to
"I've had nothing earnestly.</p> <br> Alice, very earnestly.
yet," Alice replied <p>"I've had nothing yet,"
in an offended tone: Alice replied in an offended
"so I can't take tone: "so I can't take more." "I've had nothing yet,"
more." </p> <br>
<p>"You mean you can't take Alice replied in an
"You mean you can't <i>less</i>," said the Hatter: offended tone: "so I can't
take ''less''," said "it's <b>very</b> easy to take
the Hatter: "it's <i>more</i> than nothing."</p> take more."
'''very''' easy to
take ''more'' than
nothing." "You mean you can't take
less," said the Hatter: "it's
very easy to take more
than nothing."

(Quotation above from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll)

Editing interface
MediaWiki's default page-editing tools
have been described as somewhat
challenging to learn.[24] A survey of
students assigned to use a MediaWiki-
based wiki found that when they were
asked an open question about main
problems with the wiki, 24% cited
technical problems with formatting, e.g.
"Couldn't figure out how to get an image
in. Can't figure out how to show a link
with words; it inserts a number."[25] Editing interface of MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4
with syntax highlighting, showing the edit
To make editing long pages easier, toolbar of 2017 wikitext editor and some
MediaWiki allows the editing of a examples of wiki syntax
subsection of a page (as identified by its

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 header). A registered user can also indicate whether or not an edit is minor. Correcting
spelling, grammar or punctuation are examples of minor edits, whereas adding
paragraphs of new text is an example of a non-minor edit.

Sometimes while one user is editing, a second user saves an edit to the same part of the
page. Then, when the first user attempts to save the page, an edit conflict occurs. The
second user is then given an opportunity to merge their content into the page as it now
exists following the first user's page save.

MediaWiki's user interface has been localized in many different languages. A language
for the wiki content itself can also be set, to be sent in the "Content-Language" HTTP
header and "lang" HTML attribute.

VisualEditor has its own integrated wikitext editing interface known as 2017 wikitext
editor, the older editing interface is known as 2010 wikitext editor.

Application programming interface

MediaWiki has an extensible web API (application programming interface) that
provides direct, high-level access to the data contained in the MediaWiki databases.
Client programs can use the API to log in, get data, and post changes. The API supports
thin web-based JavaScript clients and end-user applications (such as vandal-fighting
tools). The API can be accessed by the backend of another web site.[26] An extensive
Python bot library, Pywikibot,[27] and a popular semi-automated tool called
AutoWikiBrowser, also interface with the API.[28] The API is accessed via URLs such as
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?
action=query&list=recentchanges. In this case, the query would be asking
Wikipedia for information relating to the last 10 edits to the site. One of the perceived
advantages of the API is its language independence; it listens for HTTP connections
from clients and can send a response in a variety of formats, such as XML, serialized
PHP, or JSON.[29] Client code has been developed to provide layers of abstraction to the
API.[30]

Tracking edits
Among the features of MediaWiki to assist in tracking edits is a Recent Changes feature
that provides a list of recent edits to the wiki. This list contains basic information about
those edits such as the editing user, the edit summary, the page edited, as well as any
tags (e.g. "possible vandalism")[31] added by customizable abuse filters and other
extensions to aid in combating unhelpful edits.[32] On more active wikis, so many edits
occur that it is hard to track Recent Changes manually. Anti-vandal software, including
user-assisted tools,[33] is sometimes employed on such wikis to process Recent Changes

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 items. Server load can be reduced by sending a continuous feed of Recent Changes to an
IRC channel that these tools can monitor, eliminating their need to send requests for a
refreshed Recent Changes feed to the API.[34][35]

Another important tool is watchlisting. Each logged-in user has a watchlist to which the
user can add whatever pages he or she wishes. When an edit is made to one of those
pages, a summary of that edit appears on the watchlist the next time it is refreshed.[36]
As with the recent changes page, recent edits that appear on the watchlist contain
clickable links for easy review of the article history and specific changes made.

There is also the capability to review all edits made by any particular user. In this way, if
an edit is identified as problematic, it is possible to check the user's other edits for
issues.

MediaWiki allows one to link to specific versions of articles. This has been useful to the
scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could analyse articles, improve them
and provide links to the trusted version of that article.[37]

Navigation

Wikilinks
Navigation through the wiki is largely through internal wikilinks. MediaWiki's wikilinks
implement page existence detection, in which a link is colored blue if the target page
exists on the local wiki and red if it does not. If a user clicks on a red link, they are
prompted to create an article with that title. Page existence detection makes it practical
for users to create "wikified" articles—that is, articles containing links to other pertinent
subjects—without those other articles being yet in existence.

Interwiki links
Interwiki links function much the same way as namespaces. A set of interwiki prefixes
can be configured to cause, for instance, a page title of wikiquote:Jimbo Wales to
direct the user to the Jimbo Wales article on Wikiquote.[38] Unlike internal wikilinks,
interwiki links lack page existence detection functionality, and accordingly there is no
way to tell whether a blue interwiki link is broken or not.

Interlanguage links
Interlanguage links are the small navigation links that show up in the sidebar in most
MediaWiki skins that connect an article with related articles in other languages within
the same Wiki family. This can provide language-specific communities connected by a

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 larger context, with all wikis on the same server
or each on its own server.[39]

Previously, Wikipedia used interlanguage links

to link an article to other articles on the same
topic in other editions of Wikipedia. This was
superseded by the launch of Wikidata.[40]

Content organization

Page tabs and associated pages

Page tabs are displayed at the top of pages.
These tabs allow users to perform actions or
view pages that are related to the current page.
The available default actions include viewing,
editing, and discussing the current page. The
specific tabs displayed depend on whether the
user is logged into the wiki and whether the user
An example of interlanguage links
has sysop privileges on the wiki. For instance,
the ability to move a page
or add it to one's watchlist
is usually restricted to
logged-in users. The site
administrator can add or MediaWiki page tabs, using the "Vector 2010" skin. The red
coloration of the "discussion" tab indicates that the article does
remove tabs by using
not yet have a talk page. As with any other red wikilink, clicking
JavaScript or installing on it prompts the user to create the page.
extensions.[41]

Each page has an associated history page from which the user can access every version
of the page that has ever existed and generate diffs between two versions of his choice.
Users' contributions are displayed not only here, but also via a "user contributions"
option on a sidebar. In a 2004 article, Carl Challborn and Teresa Reimann noted that
"While this feature may be a slight deviation from the collaborative, 'ego-less' spirit of
wiki purists, it can be very useful for educators who need to assess the contribution and
participation of individual student users."[42]

Namespaces
MediaWiki provides many features beyond hyperlinks for structuring content. One of
the earliest such features is namespaces. One of Wikipedia's earliest problems had been
the separation of encyclopedic content from pages pertaining to maintenance and

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 communal discussion, as well as personal pages about encyclopedia editors.
Namespaces are prefixes before a page title (such as "User:" or "Talk:") that serve as
descriptors for the page's purpose and allow multiple pages with different functions to
exist under the same title. For instance, a page titled "[[The Terminator]]", in the
default namespace, could describe the 1984 movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger,
while a page titled "[[User:The Terminator]]" could be a profile describing a user
who chooses this name as a pseudonym. More commonly, each namespace has an
associated "Talk:" namespace, which can be used to discuss its contents, such as
"User talk:" or "Template talk:". The purpose of having discussion pages is to
allow content to be separated from discussion surrounding the content.[43][44]

Namespaces can be viewed as folders that separate different basic types of information
or functionality. Custom namespaces can be added by the site administrators. There are
16 namespaces by default for content, with 2 "pseudo-namespaces" used for dynamically
generated "Special:" pages and links to media files. Each namespace on MediaWiki is
numbered: content page namespaces have even numbers and their associated talk page
namespaces have odd numbers.[45]

Category tags
Users can create new categories and add pages and files to those categories by
appending one or more category tags to the content text. Adding these tags creates links
at the bottom of the page that take the reader to the list of all pages in that category,
making it easy to browse related articles.[46] The use of categorization to organize
content has been described as a combination of:

Collaborative tagging systems like del.icio.us and

Hierarchical classifications like the Dewey Decimal Classification.[47]

Subpages
In addition to namespaces, content can be ordered using subpages. This simple feature
provides automatic breadcrumbs of the pattern [[Page title/Subpage title]]
from the page after the slash (in this case, "Subpage title") to the page before the slash
(in this case, "Page title").

Customization
If the feature is enabled, users can customize their stylesheets and configure client-side
JavaScript to be executed with every pageview. On Wikipedia, this has led to a large
number of additional tools and helpers developed through the wiki and shared among
users. For instance, navigation popups is a custom JavaScript tool that shows previews

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 of articles when the user hovers over links and
also provides shortcuts for common
maintenance tasks. [48]

The entire MediaWiki user interface can be

edited through the wiki itself by users with the
necessary permissions (typically called
"administrators"). This is done through a special
namespace with the prefix "MediaWiki:", where
each page title identifies a particular user
interface message. Using an extension,[49] it is
also possible for a user to create personal
scripts, and to choose whether certain sitewide
Users can configure custom JavaScript
scripts should apply to them by toggling the
that is executed on every pageview.
appropriate options in the user preferences This has led to JavaScript tools that
page. users can "install", the "navigation
popups" tool shown here displays a
small preview of an article when
Templates hovering over a link title.
The "MediaWiki:" namespace was originally also
used for creating custom text blocks that could
then be dynamically loaded into other pages
using a special syntax. This content was later
moved into its own namespace, "Template:".

Templates are text blocks that can be

dynamically loaded inside another page
whenever that page is requested. The template is
A screenshot of a wiki using MediaWiki
a special link in double curly brackets (for
with a customized skin
example "{{Disputed|date=October
2018}}"), which calls the template (in this case
located at Template:Disputed) to load in place of the template call.

Templates are structured documents containing attribute–value pairs. They are defined
with parameters, to which are assigned values when transcluded on an article page. The
name of the parameter is delimited from the value by an equals sign. A class of
templates known as infoboxes is used on Wikipedia to collect and present a subset of
information about its subject, usually on the top (mobile view) or top right-hand corner
(desktop view) of the document.

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 Pages in other namespaces can also be transcluded as templates. In particular, a page in
the main namespace can be transcluded by prefixing its title with a colon; for example,
{{:MediaWiki}} transcludes the article "MediaWiki" from the main namespace. Also,
it is possible to mark the portions of a page that should be transcluded in several ways,
the most basic of which are:[50]

<noinclude>...</noinclude>, which marks content that is not to be

transcluded;
<includeonly>...</includeonly>, which marks content that is not rendered
unless it is transcluded;
<onlyinclude>...</onlyinclude>, which marks content that is to be the only
content transcluded.
A related method, called template substitution (called by adding subst: at the
beginning of a template link) inserts the contents of the template into the target page
(like a copy and paste operation), instead of loading the template contents dynamically
whenever the page is loaded. This can lead to inconsistency when using templates, but
may be useful in certain cases, and in most cases requires fewer server resources (the
actual amount of savings can vary depending on wiki configuration and the complexity
of the template).

Templates have found many different uses. Templates enable users to create complex
table layouts that are used consistently across multiple pages, and where only the
content of the tables gets inserted using template parameters. Templates are frequently
used to identify problems with a Wikipedia article by putting a template in the article.
This template then outputs a graphical box stating that the article content is disputed or
in need of some other attention, and also categorize it so that articles of this nature can
be located. Templates are also used on user pages to send users standard messages
welcoming them to the site,[51] giving them awards for outstanding contributions,[52]
[53] warning them when their behavior is considered inappropriate,[54] notifying them

when they are blocked from editing,[55] and so on.

Groups and restriction of access

MediaWiki offers flexibility in creating and defining user groups. For instance, it would
be possible to create an arbitrary "ninja" group that can block users and delete pages,
and whose edits are hidden by default in the recent changes log. It is also possible to set
up a group of "autoconfirmed" users that one becomes a member of after making a
certain number of edits and waiting a certain number of days.[56] Some groups that are
enabled by default are bureaucrats and sysops. Bureaucrats have the power to change
other users' rights. Sysops have power over page protection and deletion and the

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 blocking of users from editing. MediaWiki's available controls on editing rights have
been deemed sufficient for publishing and maintaining important documents such as a
manual of standard operating procedures in a hospital.[57]

MediaWiki comes with a basic set of features related to restricting access, but its original
and ongoing design is driven by functions that largely relate to content, not content
segregation. As a result, with minimal exceptions (related to specific tools and their
related "Special" pages), page access control has never been a high priority in core
development and developers have stated that users requiring secure user access and
authorization controls should not rely on MediaWiki, since it was never designed for
these kinds of situations. For instance, it is extremely difficult to create a wiki where
only certain users can read and access some pages.[58] Here, wiki engines like Foswiki,
MoinMoin and Confluence provide more flexibility by supporting advanced security
mechanisms like access control lists.

Extensibility
The MediaWiki codebase contains various hooks using callback functions to add
additional PHP code in an extensible way. This allows developers to write extensions
without necessarily needing to modify the core or having to submit their code for review.
Installing an extension typically consists of adding a line to the configuration file,
though in some cases additional changes such as database updates or core patches are
required.

Five main extension points were created to allow developers to add features and
functionalities to MediaWiki. Hooks are run every time a certain event happens; for
instance, the ArticleSaveComplete hook occurs after a save article request has been
processed.[59] This can be used, for example, by an extension that notifies selected users
whenever a page edit occurs on the wiki from new or anonymous users.[60] New tags
can be created to process data with opening and closing tags (<newtag>...
</newtag>).[61] Parser functions can be used to create a new command
({{#if:...|...|...}}).[62] New special pages can be created to perform a specific
function. These pages are dynamically generated. For example, a special page might
show all pages that have one or more links to an external site or it might create a form
providing user submitted feedback.[63] Skins allow users to customize the look and feel
of MediaWiki.[64] A minor extension point allows the use of Amazon S3 to host image
files.[65]

Extensions

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 Text manipulation
Among the most popular extensions is a parser
function extension, ParserFunctions, which
allows different content to be rendered based on
the result of conditional statements.[66] These
conditional statements can perform functions
such as evaluating whether a parameter is
empty, comparing strings, evaluating
mathematical expressions, and returning one of
two values depending on whether a page exists. Tim Starling in 2008
It was designed as a replacement for a
notoriously inefficient template called {{Qif}}.
[67] Schindler recounts the history of the ParserFunctions extension as follows:[68]

In 2006 some Wikipedians discovered that through an intricate and

complicated interplay of templating features and CSS they could create
conditional wiki text, i.e. text that was displayed if a template parameter had a
specific value. This included repeated calls of templates within templates,
which bogged down the performance of the whole system. The developers
faced the choice of either disallowing the spreading of an obviously desired
feature by detecting such usage and explicitly disallowing it within the software
or offering an efficient alternative. The latter was done by Tim Starling, who
announced the introduction of parser functions, wiki text that calls functions
implemented in the underlying software. At first, only conditional text and the
computation of simple mathematical expressions were implemented, but this
already increased the possibilities for wiki editors enormously. With time
further parser functions were introduced, finally leading to a framework that
allowed the simple writing of extension functions to add arbitrary
functionalities, like e.g. geo-coding services or widgets. This time the
developers were clearly reacting to the demand of the community, being forced
either to fight the solution of the issue that the community had (i.e. conditional
text), or offer an improved technical implementation to replace the previous
practice and achieve an overall better performance.

Another parser functions extension, StringFunctions, was developed to allow evaluation

of string length, string position, and so on. Wikimedia communities, having created
awkward workarounds to accomplish the same functionality,[69] clamored for it to be
enabled on their projects.[70] Much of its functionality was eventually integrated into
the ParserFunctions extension,[71] albeit disabled by default and accompanied by a

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 warning from Tim Starling that enabling string functions would allow users "to
implement their own parsers in the ugliest, most inefficient programming language
known to man: MediaWiki wikitext with ParserFunctions."[72]

Lua extension
Since 2012 an extension, Scribunto, has existed that allows for the creation of
"modules"—wiki pages written in the scripting language Lua—which can then be run
within templates and standard wiki pages. Scribunto has been installed on Wikipedia
and other Wikimedia sites since 2013 and is used heavily on those sites. Scribunto code
runs significantly faster than corresponding wikitext code using ParserFunctions.[73]

For footnotes and academic-related display

Another very popular extension is a citation extension that enables footnotes to be
added to pages using inline references.[74] This extension has, however, been criticized
for being difficult to use and requiring the user to memorize complex syntax. A gadget
called RefToolbar attempts to make it easier to create citations using common
templates. MediaWiki has some extensions that are well-suited for academia, such as
mathematics extensions[75] and an extension that allows molecules to be rendered in
3D.[76]

Integration
A generic Widgets extension exists that allows MediaWiki to integrate with virtually
anything. Other examples of extensions that could improve a wiki are category
suggestion extensions[77] and extensions for inclusion of Flash Videos,[78] YouTube
videos,[79] and RSS feeds.[80] Metavid, a site that archives video footage of the U.S.
Senate and House floor proceedings, was created using code extending MediaWiki into
the domain of collaborative video authoring.[81]

Combating linkspam
There are many spambots that search the web for MediaWiki installations and add
linkspam to them, despite the fact that MediaWiki uses the nofollow attribute to
discourage such attempts at search engine optimization.[82] Part of the problem is that
third party republishers, such as mirrors, may not independently implement the
nofollow tag on their websites, so marketers can still get PageRank benefit by inserting
links into pages when those entries appear on third party websites.[83] Anti-spam

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 extensions have been developed to combat the problem by introducing CAPTCHAs,[84]
blacklisting certain URLs,[85] and allowing bulk deletion of pages recently added by a
particular user.[86]

Searches and queries

MediaWiki comes pre-installed with a standard
text-based search. Extensions exist to let
MediaWiki use more sophisticated third-party
search engines, including Elasticsearch (which
since 2014 has been in use on Wikipedia),
Lucene[87] and Sphinx.[88] A search box showing a drop-down list

Various MediaWiki extensions have also been

created to allow for more complex, faceted search, on both data entered within the wiki
and on metadata such as pages' revision history.[89][90] Semantic MediaWiki is one
such extension.[91][92]

Rich content
Various extensions to MediaWiki support rich
content generated through specialized syntax.
These include mathematical formulas using
LaTeX, graphical timelines over mathematical
plotting, musical scores and Egyptian
hieroglyphs.

The software supports a wide variety of

uploaded media files, and allows image galleries
and thumbnails to be generated with relative
ease. There is also support for Exif metadata.
MediaWiki operates the Wikimedia Commons,
one of the largest free content media archives. Images can be arranged in galleries, a
feature that is used extensively for
For WYSIWYG editing, VisualEditor is available Wikimedia's media archive, Wikimedia
to use in MediaWiki which simplifying editing Commons.
process for editors and has been bundled since
MediaWiki 1.35.[93] Other extensions exist for handling WYSIWYG editing to different
degrees.[94]

Database

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 MediaWiki can use either the MySQL/MariaDB,
PostgreSQL or SQLite relational database
management system. Support for Oracle
Database and Microsoft SQL Server has been
dropped since MediaWiki 1.34.[95] A MediaWiki
database contains several dozen tables,
including a page table that contains page titles,
page ids, and other metadata;[96] and a
revision table to which is added a new row
every time an edit is made, containing the page
id, a brief textual summary of the change
performed, the user name of the article editor
(or its IP address the case of an unregistered
user) and a timestamp.[97][98]

In a 4½ year period prior to 2008, the A schematic of the MediaWiki database

MediaWiki database had 170 schema versions. structure
[99] Possibly the largest schema change was
done in 2005 with MediaWiki 1.5, when the
storage of metadata was separated from that of content, to improve performance
flexibility. When this upgrade was applied to Wikipedia, the site was locked for editing,
and the schema was converted to the new version in about 22 hours. Some software
enhancement proposals, such as a proposal to allow sections of articles to be watched
via watchlist, have been rejected because the necessary schema changes would have
required excessive Wikipedia downtime.[100]

Performance and storage

Because it is used to run one of the highest-traffic sites on the Web, Wikipedia,
MediaWiki's performance and scalability have been highly optimized.[101] MediaWiki
supports Squid, load-balanced database replication, client-side caching, memcached or
table-based caching for frequently accessed processing of query results, a simple static
file cache, feature-reduced operation, revision compression, and a job queue for
database operations. MediaWiki developers have attempted to optimize the software by
avoiding expensive algorithms, database queries, etc., caching every result that is
expensive and has temporal locality of reference, and focusing on the hot spots in the
code through profiling.[102]

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 MediaWiki code is designed to allow for data to be written to a read-write database and
read from read-only databases, although the read-write database can be used for some
read operations if the read-only databases are not yet up to date. Metadata, such as
article revision history, article relations (links, categories etc.), user accounts and
settings can be stored in core databases and cached; the actual revision text, being more
rarely used, can be stored as append-only blobs in external storage. The software is
suitable for the operation of large-scale wiki farms such as Wikimedia, which had about
800 wikis as of August 2011. However, MediaWiki comes with no built-in GUI to
manage such installations.

Empirical evidence shows most revisions in MediaWiki databases tend to differ only
slightly from previous revisions. Therefore, subsequent revisions of an article can be
concatenated and then compressed, achieving very high data compression ratios of up to
100×.[102]

For more information on the architecture, such as how it stores wikitext and assembles
a page, see External links.

Limitations
The parser serves as the de facto standard for the MediaWiki syntax, as no formal syntax
has been defined. Due to this lack of a formal definition, it has been difficult to create
WYSIWYG editors for MediaWiki, although several WYSIWYG extensions do exist,
including the popular VisualEditor.

MediaWiki is not designed to be a suitable replacement for dedicated online forum or

blogging software,[103] although extensions do exist to allow for both of these.[104][105]

It is common for new MediaWiki users to make certain mistakes, such as forgetting to
sign posts with four tildes (~~~~),[106] or manually entering a plaintext signature,[107]
due to unfamiliarity with the idiosyncratic particulars involved in communication on
MediaWiki discussion pages. On the other hand, the format of these discussion pages
has been cited as a strength by one educator, who stated that it provides more fine-grain
capabilities for discussion than traditional threaded discussion forums. For example,
instead of 'replying' to an entire message, the participant in a discussion can create a
hyperlink to a new wiki page on any word from the original page. Discussions are easier
to follow since the content is available via hyperlinked wiki page, rather than a series of
reply messages on a traditional threaded discussion forum. However, except in few
cases, students were not using this capability, possibly because of their familiarity with
the traditional linear discussion style and a lack of guidance on how to make the content
more 'link-rich'.[108]

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 MediaWiki by default has little support for the creation of dynamically assembled
documents, or pages that aggregate data from other pages. Some research has been
done on enabling such features directly within MediaWiki.[109] The Semantic
MediaWiki extension provides these features. It is not in use on Wikipedia, but in more
than 1,600 other MediaWiki installations.[110] The Wikibase Repository and Wikibase
Repository client are however implemented in Wikidata and Wikipedia respectively, and
to some extent provides semantic web features, and linking of centrally stored data to
infoboxes in various Wikipedia articles.

Upgrading MediaWiki is usually fully automated, requiring no changes to the site

content or template programming. Historically troubles have been encountered when
upgrading from significantly older versions.[111]

Security
MediaWiki developers have enacted security standards, both for core code and
extensions.[112] SQL queries and HTML output are usually done through wrapper
functions that handle validation, escaping, filtering for prevention of cross-site scripting
and SQL injection.[113] Many security issues have had to be patched after a MediaWiki
version release,[114] and accordingly MediaWiki.org states, "The most important
security step you can take is to keep your software up to date" by subscribing to the
announcement mailing list and installing security updates that are announced.[115]

Support
Support for MediaWiki users consists of:

MediaWiki.org, including the Support Desk.

An official mailing list, Mediawiki-l.
Several books have been written about MediaWiki administration,[116] including
some free online books.[117][118]

License
MediaWiki is free and open-source and is distributed under the terms of the GNU
General Public License version 2 or any later version. Its documentation, located at its
official website at www.mediawiki.org, is released under the Creative Commons BY-SA
4.0 license, with a set of help pages intended to be freely copied into fresh wiki

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 installations and/or distributed with MediaWiki software in the public domain instead
to eliminate legal issues for wikis with other licenses.[119][120] MediaWiki's
development has generally favored the use of open-source media formats.[121]

Development
MediaWiki has an active volunteer community for development and maintenance.
MediaWiki developers are spread around the world, though with a majority in the
United States and Europe. Face-to-face meetings and programming sessions for
MediaWiki developers have been held once or several times a year since 2004.[122]

Anyone can submit patches to the project's Git/Gerrit repository.[123] There are also
paid programmers who primarily develop projects for the Wikimedia Foundation.
MediaWiki developers participate in the Google Summer of Code by facilitating the
assignment of mentors to students wishing to work on MediaWiki core and extension
projects.[124] During the year prior to November 2012, there were about two hundred
developers who had committed changes to the MediaWiki core or extensions.[125] Major
MediaWiki releases are generated approximately every six months by taking snapshots
of the development branch, which is kept continuously in a runnable state;[126] minor
releases, or point releases, are issued as needed to correct bugs (especially security
problems). MediaWiki is developed on a continuous integration development model, in
which software changes are pushed live to Wikimedia sites on regular basis.[126]
MediaWiki also has a public bug tracker, phabricator.wikimedia.org, which runs
Phabricator. The site is also used for feature and enhancement requests.

History
When Wikipedia was launched in January 2001, it ran on
an existing wiki software system, UseModWiki.
UseModWiki is written in the Perl programming
language, and stores all wiki pages in text (.txt) files. This
software soon proved to be limiting, in both functionality
and performance. In mid-2001, Magnus Manske—a
developer and student at the University of Cologne, as
well as a Wikipedia editor—began working on new
software that would replace UseModWiki, specifically
designed for use by Wikipedia. This software was written
Magnus Manske in 2012
in the PHP scripting language, and stored all of its

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 information in a MySQL database. The new software was
largely developed by August 24, 2001, and a test wiki for it was established shortly
thereafter.

The first full implementation of this software was the new Meta Wikipedia on November
9, 2001. There was a desire to have it implemented immediately on the English-
language Wikipedia.[127] However, Manske was apprehensive about any potential bugs
harming the nascent website during the period of the final exams he had to complete
immediately prior to Christmas;[128] this led to the launch on the English-language
Wikipedia being delayed until January 25, 2002. The software was then, gradually,
deployed on all the Wikipedia language sites of that time. This software was referred to
as "the PHP script" and as "phase II", with the name "phase I", retroactively given to the
use of UseModWiki.

Increasing usage soon caused load problems to arise again, and soon after, another
rewrite of the software began; this time being done by Lee Daniel Crocker, which
became known as "phase III". This new software was also written in PHP, with a MySQL
backend, and kept the basic interface of the phase II software, but with the added
functionality of a wider scalability. The "phase III" software went live on Wikipedia in
July 2002.

The Wikimedia Foundation was announced on June 20, 2003. In July, Wikipedia
contributor Daniel Mayer suggested the name "MediaWiki" for the software, as a play on
"Wikimedia".[129] The MediaWiki name was gradually phased in, beginning in August
2003. The name has frequently caused confusion due to its (intentional) similarity to
the "Wikimedia" name (which itself is similar to "Wikipedia").[130] The first version of
MediaWiki, 1.1, was released in December 2003.

The old product logo was created by Erik Möller, using a

flower photograph taken by Florence Nibart-Devouard,
and was originally submitted to the logo contest for a new
Wikipedia logo, held from July 20 to August 27, 2003.[131]
[132] The logo came in third place, and was chosen to
represent MediaWiki rather than Wikipedia, with the
second place logo being used for the Wikimedia
Foundation.[133] The double square brackets ([[ ]])
symbolize the syntax MediaWiki uses for creating
MediaWiki logo until April 1,
hyperlinks to other wiki pages; while the sunflower
2021
represents the diversity of content on Wikipedia, its
constant growth, and the wilderness.[134]

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 Later, Brooke Vibber, the chief technical officer of the Wikimedia Foundation,[135] took
up the role of release manager.[136][101]

Major milestones in MediaWiki's development have included: the categorization system

(2004); parser functions, (2006); Flagged Revisions, (2008);[68] the "ResourceLoader",
a delivery system for CSS and JavaScript (2011);[137] and the VisualEditor, a "what you
see is what you get" (WYSIWYG) editing platform (2013).[138]

The contest of designing a new logo was initiated on June 22, 2020, as the old logo was
a bitmap image and had "high details", leading to problems when rendering at high and
low resolutions, respectively. After two rounds of voting, the new and current
MediaWiki logo designed by Serhio Magpie was selected on October 24, 2020, and
officially adopted on April 1, 2021.[139]

Sites using MediaWiki

MediaWiki's most famous use has been in
Wikipedia and, to a lesser degree, the
Wikimedia Foundation's other projects.
Fandom, a wiki hosting service formerly known
as Wikia, runs on MediaWiki. Other public wikis
that run on MediaWiki include wikiHow and
SNPedia. WikiLeaks began as a MediaWiki-
based site, but is no longer a wiki.

A number of alternative wiki encyclopedias to

Wikipedia run on MediaWiki, including Fandom also makes use of MediaWiki.
Citizendium, Metapedia, Scholarpedia and
Conservapedia. MediaWiki is also used
internally by a large number of companies, including Novell and Intel.[140][141]

Notable usages of MediaWiki within governments include Intellipedia, used by the

United States Intelligence Community, Diplopedia, used by the United States
Department of State, and milWiki, a part of milSuite used by the United States
Department of Defense. United Nations agencies such as the United Nations
Development Programme and INSTRAW chose to implement their wikis using
MediaWiki, because "this software runs Wikipedia and is therefore guaranteed to be
thoroughly tested, will continue to be developed well into the future, and future
technicians on these wikis will be more likely to have exposure to MediaWiki than any
other wiki software."[142]

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 The Free Software Foundation uses MediaWiki to implement the LibrePlanet site.[143]

Comparison to other online collaboration

software
Users of online collaboration software are familiar with MediaWiki's functions and
layout due to its noted use on Wikipedia. A 2006 overview of social software in
academia observed that "Compared to other wikis, MediaWiki is also fairly aesthetically
pleasing, though simple, and has an easily customized side menu and stylesheet."[144]
However, in one assessment in 2006, Confluence was deemed to be a superior product
due to its very usable API and ability to better support multiple wikis.[76]

A 2009 study at the University of Hong Kong compared TWiki to MediaWiki. The
authors noted that TWiki has been considered as a collaborative tool for the
development of educational papers and technical projects, whereas MediaWiki's most
noted use is on Wikipedia. Although both platforms allow discussion and tracking of
progress, TWiki has a "Report" part that MediaWiki lacks. Students perceived
MediaWiki as being easier to use and more enjoyable than TWiki. When asked whether
they recommended using MediaWiki for knowledge management course group project,
15 out of 16 respondents expressed their preference for MediaWiki giving answers of
great certainty, such as "of course", "for sure".[145] TWiki and MediaWiki both have
flexible plug-in architecture.[146]

A 2009 study that compared students' experience with MediaWiki to that with Google
Docs found that students gave the latter a much higher rating on user-friendly layout.
[147]

A 2021 study conducted by the Brazilian Nuclear Engineering Institute compared a

MediaWiki-based knowledge management system against two others that were based on
DSpace and Open Journal Systems, respectively.[148] It highlighted ease of use as an
advantage of the MediaWiki-based system, noting that because the Wikimedia
Foundation had been developing MediaWiki for a site aimed at the general public
(Wikipedia), "its user interface was designed to be more user-friendly from start, and
has received large user feedback over a long time", in contrast to DSpace's and OJS's
focus on niche audiences.[148]

See also
List of content management systems Free and open-

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 List of wiki software source software
portal
BlueSpice
Semantic MediaWiki
XOWA – for viewing Wikipedia and other wikis offline
PHP – a programming language that powers MediaWiki

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External links
MediaWiki homepage (https://mediawiki.org)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki&oldid=1287925847"

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