Pathology

1. fate of thrombus

Thrombus formation can have one of four outcomes: propagation, embolization, dissolution,
and organization and recanalization

2. Gangrene

Gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious

bacterial infection. Gangrene commonly affects the arms and legs, including the
toes and fingers. It can also occur in the muscles and in organs inside the body, such
as the gallbladder

3. ESR

An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that that can show if you have
inflammation in your body. Inflammation is your immune system's response to injury,
infection, and many types of conditions, including immune system disorders, certain
cancers, and blood disorders.

4. Air embolism

Arterial air embolism occurs when air enters the arterial circulation. Arterial air embolism
can produce ischemia in any organ that has insufficient collateral circulation. It is typically a
more serious occurrence than venous embolism.

5. Congenital syphilis

Congenital syphilis (CS) is caused by transmission of the spirochete Treponema pallidum

from the mother to the fetus, resulting in a multitude of clinical presentations ranging from
asymptomatic, premature birth, and a wide array of clinical signs and symptoms to stillbirth

6. Ghon complex

Ghon complex, a radiologically detectable finding characteristic of primary

tuberculosis (or TB), was first reported by Anton Ghon, an Austrian pathologist. It
refers to the presence of a pulmonary lesion, known as Ghon lesion or Ghon focus,
along with ipsilateral hilar lymph node involvement.

7. Fallot’s tetralogy

Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four congenital heart defects. The four defects are a
ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, a misplaced aorta and a thickened right
ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy). They usually result in a lack of oxygen-rich
blood reaching the body.
8. Role of free radical inflammation

Free radicals cause inflammation in human by cellular damages. Chronic inflammation

produces lots of free radicals which ultimately create more inflammation. This continuous
vicious cycle can damage many systems in the human body.

9. Special stains to demonstrate amyloid

Congo Red and Thioflavin S are the two major histological stains used to detect any form of
amyloid. These dyes bind to the characteristic β-pleated sheet conformation of amyloid.

10. Rickets

Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme
and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Rare inherited problems also can cause rickets. Vitamin
D helps your child's body absorb calcium and phosphorus from food.

11. Duplicate - #1
12. Reed–Sternberg (RS) cell

Reed–Sternberg cells (also known as lacunar histiocytes for certain types) are distinctive,
giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin lymphoma.
They are usually derived from B lymphocytes, classically considered crippled germinal center
B cells. In the vast majority of cases, the immunoglobulin genes of Reed–Sternberg cells have
undergone both V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation, establishing an origin
from a germinal center or postgerminal center B cell. Despite having the genetic signature of
a B cell, the Reed–Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma fail to express most B-cell–
specific genes, including the immunoglobulin genes.

13. Histological sub types of ameloblastoma

There are two basic histopathologic patterns in solid/multicystic ameloblastoma:

(1) follicular and (2) plexiform. Other microscopic patterns of ameloblastoma include
acanthomatous, basal cell-like and granular cell. These patterns can be uniform or mixed.

14. Differential diagnosis of white patches in oral cavity

Leukoplakia is a condition in which one or more white patches or spots (lesions) forms inside
the mouth. Leukoplakia is different from other causes of white patches such as thrush or
lichen planus because it can eventually develop into oral cancer.

15. White infarct

Anaemic (white) infarcts are quite common. They occur due to arterial occlusion and are
most commonly found in solid organs (spleen, kidney, heart).
16. Fatty change

Steatosis, also called fatty change, is abnormal retention of fat (lipids) within a cell or organ.
Steatosis most often affects the liver – the primary organ of lipid metabolism – where the
condition is commonly referred to as fatty liver disease.

17. Hypertrophy

'Pathological' cardiac hypertrophy is a condition that is characterized by the thickening of

the heart muscle, a decrease in the size of the chambers of the heart, and a reduced
capacity of the heart to pump blood to the tissues and organs around the body.

18. Dysplasia

(dis-PLAY-zhuh) A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or
organ. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer. Dysplasia can be mild,
moderate, or severe, depending on how abnormal the cells look under a microscope and
how much of the tissue or organ is affected.

19. Metaplasia

Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated somatic cell type with another
differentiated somatic cell type in the same tissue. Typically, metaplasia is triggered by
environmental stimuli, which may act in concert with the deleterious effects of
microorganisms and inflammation.

20. Morphology of osteosarcoma

Morphological variants of conventional osteosarcoma include osteoblastic, chondroblastic,

and fibroblastic types. In addition to osteoid production, the morphological appearance of
osteosarcoma is typically that of a spindle cell neoplasm, which may show varying degrees of
cytological atypia and pleomorphism.

21. Benzidine test

The benzidine test is most commonly used for the detection of blood in the feces, and was
therefore singled out for investigation.

22. Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and

characterized by life-threatening airway, breathing, and/or circulatory problems, and that is
usually associated with skin and mucosal changes.

23. Osteoma

Osteoma is a benign, bone forming tumor composed of mature cortical type or less
frequently, trabecular bone, typically involving the craniofacial skeleton
24. Caseation necrosis

Nature of caseous necrosis. Caseation (caseum = cheese) is the “solid” necrosis of the
exudative initial alveolar lesion and of the lung tissue surrounding the lesion. It results in
alveolar destruction, but the elastic fibers of the alveolar walls and their vessels often persist
within the caseous lesion.

25. Nutmeg lival

The term “Nutmeg” refers to the appearance of liver in chronic venous congestion which
resembles the appearance of speckled nutmeg Kernel.

26. Ghon's focus

The Ghon complex is a non-pathognomonic radiographic finding on a chest x-ray that is

significant for pulmonary infection of tuberculosis. The location of the Ghon's focus is usually
subpleural and predominantly in the upper part of the lower lobe and lower part of the
middle or upper lobe

27. Caisson's disease

Acute decompression syndrome (Caisson's disease) is an acute neurological emergency in

divers. It is caused due to release of nitrogen gas bubbles that impinge the blood vessels of
the spinal cord and brain and result in severe neurodeficit.

28. Ewing sarcoma

Small round cell sarcoma showing gene fusions involving one member of the FET family of
genes (usually EWSR1) and a member of the E26 transformation specific (ETS) family of
transcription factors

29. Rothera’s test

Rothera’s test is a method of testing urine for the presence of acetone or acetoacetic acid: a
sign of *diabetes mellitus.

30. Tumor marker

A tumor marker is anything present in or produced by cancer cells or other cells of the body
in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions that provides information
about a cancer, such as how aggressive it is, whether it can be treated with a targeted
therapy, or whether it is responding to treatment.

31. Gumma

A gumma is caused by the bacteria that cause syphilis. It appears during late-stage tertiary
syphilis. It most often contains a mass of dead and swollen fiber-like tissue. It is most often
seen in the liver.

32. Rhinosporidiosis
 Caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, traditionally thought to be a fungus but actually an
aquatic protistan parasite

33. Granuloma

A granuloma is a focal aggregate of immune cells that forms in response to a persistent

inflammatory stimulus. It characteristically demonstrates the compact organization of
mature macrophages, which may or may not be associated with other inflammatory cell
types.

34. Mycetoma

Mycetoma is a chronic suppurative and/or granulomatous inflammatory lesion of skin,

subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and tendons caused by the traumatic inoculation of either
fungal (eumycotic) or bacterial (actinomycotic) organisms.

35. Leukemoid reaction

The term leukemoid reaction describes an increased white blood cell count (> 50,000
cells/μL), which is a physiological response to stress or infection (as opposed to a primary
blood malignancy, such as leukemia). It often describes the presence of immature cells such
as myeloblasts or red blood cells with nuclei in the peripheral blood.

36. lepromatous leprosy

The predominant histologic feature in lepromatous leprosy is a diffuse histiocytic infiltrate in

the dermis that is not necessarily centered around nerves. A grenz zone of sparing is usually
present in the papillary dermis. There are no discrete granulomata. The histiocytes are
arranged in poorly-circumscribed masses.