University of zawia

Faculty of oil gas and engineering

Department of chemical engineering
" Unit operation lab 1 CHE432L "

Experiment No 4:
" Forced Convection Heat Transfer"

Student's name : Mohammed Alarabe Keshlaf

Student's ID : 1610000162

Instructor's name: ABDALWAHAB ALAZREG

Date experiment is conducted : 6-6-2024

Date lab report is submitted : 4-7-2024

1
Introduction:

Forced convection is the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the presence of bulk fluid
motion. Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced convection depending on how the fluid
motion is initiated. In forced convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external
means such as a pump or fan.

Forced radiation is a result of a change in wave momentum due to scattering at on obstacle, the rate of
momentum change averaged over the wave period is equals the radiation force, because wave momentum
is conserved while the wave propagates in an inviscid.

The speed of the air currents produced by the compressor or fan is affected the transfer of heat, which
results in a faster transfer of heat from the top of the device to the bottom.

The heat transfer rate due to forced convection and radiation can be determined mathematically by using
the several equations.
Firstly, Heat loss rate due to convection can be calculated as:

Qc= hc. As. (Ts-Tf)

Whereas the heat loss rate due to radiation can be calculated as:

QRad = σ. ε. A. (TS4 -Ta4 )

The surface area can be calculated as:

As = 𝜋 𝑑 𝐿

The heat transfer coefficients hf due to forced convection and hr due to radiation can be calculated by series
of several equations which are:

(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠4 )
ℎ𝑟 = εF
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎)

where:

 = Stefan Boltzmann constant (= 5.67 x 10-8 Wm -2 K-4 )

ε= Emissivity of surface (=0.95)

F= Radiation View Factor (=1 for this geometry)

Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder (K)

2
 Ta = Ambient temperature (K)

𝐾
And ℎ𝑓 = 𝑁𝑢
𝐷

where :

k = conductivity of the air (Wm-1K-1)

D = diameter of the cylinder (m)

Num = Average Nusselt number (Dimensionless)

An empirical formula can be used to calculate the value for Num as follows:

Where :

𝑈𝑐∗𝐷
Re = is the Reynolds number ( 𝑅𝑒 = )
𝑣

Pr = the Prandtl number.

The rate of power supplied :

Q =I*V

The Corrected air velocity (UC) :

Uc= 1.22× 𝑈a

Where:

Ua : is the supplied air velocity

Objectives of the experiment-:

1. To study forced convection heat transfer from the surface of a hot cylinder by varying the air velocity.
2. To demonstrate the relationship between air velocity and surface temperature for a cylinder subjected
to forced convection

3
 Experimental Tools :
1. HT14C combined convection and radiation accessory.

Figure (1) combined convection and radiation accessory (HT14C)

2. HT10XC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit.

Figure(2) Heat Transfer Unit (HT10X)

Experimental procedures:

1. Connect the temperature sensors "T9"& "T10" in their proper place. Connect the air pump and
the speed sensor.
2. Connect the device to electricity and turn it on.
3. The air pump and the first speed pump are to be 1.51 m.s-1.
4. Determine the value of the voltage and current, so that it is (V1 = 10.3 v), and from it can
determine the value of current (I1 = 1.62 A).
5. Wait for a period of time and then start the temperatures of the arrival when it arms stability
(steady state), can specify the value of "T9" & "T10".
6. Repeating the previous steps and changing the value of the voltage and the air pump, so the
current value and temperatures change.

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Results and Discussions:
Table 1: set of data
Ua(m/s) Corrected Air Heater Heater T10=Ts T10=Ts T9=Ta T9=Ta
Velocity voltage current (°C) (°K) (°C) (°K)
(Uc=1.22*Ua) (V) (I)
1.51 1.84 10.3 1.62 116 389.15 15.1 288.25

4.6 5.61 14.8 2.38 140 413.15 14.6 287.75

6.5 7.93 20.1 3.26 207 480.15 14.8 287.95

NOTE :

Diameter of cylinder D = 0.01( m ) Length of cylinder L = 0.07( m )

F =Radiation View Factor = 1 ( for this geometry ) Ꜫ =Emissivity of surface = 0.95
σ =Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5*10 -8 ( Wm-2 K -4 )

Calculation:-
For first state:

Qin = V*I =10.3 *1.63 =16.68 (W )

𝑇𝑎+𝑇𝑠 288 .25+389.15
Tfilm = = = 338.7 (K)
2 2

AS=πDL = 3.14*0.01*0.07 =2.198*10-3 (m2)

(ⱱ, K, Pr) Interpolation from table in appendix: (ⱱ = 1.684*10-5 K= 0.0292 Pr = 0.670 )

𝑈𝑐∗𝐷 (1.84 ∗0.01)

𝑅𝑒 = = = 1.092*10-3
𝑣 (1.684×105 )

Num from equation in notes = 0.3156

𝐾 0.0292
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷 𝑁𝑢= ∗ 0.3156 = 0.922 Wm-2 K-1
0.01

(𝑇𝑠 4 −𝑇𝑎4 ) 389.154 −288.254

ℎ𝑟 = εF = 5.67 × 10−8 × 0.95 × 1 × =8.557 Wm-2K-1
(𝑇𝑠−𝑇𝑎) (389.15− 288.25)

Qf =Hfm As(Ts-Ta ) =(0.922)(2.198*10-3 )(389.15-288.25)=0.204 W

Qr=Hrm As (Ts-Ta) = (8.557) (2.198*10-3) (389.15-288.25) =1.897 W

Qtotal =Qf +Qr =0.204+1.897=2.101 W

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 Table 2: calculations for all states

Quantity Units Data Set

1 2 3
Heat Flow W 16.68 35.244 65.526
Qin
Tfilm (K) 338.7 350.45 384.05
ⱱ M2s-1 1.684*10-5 2.081*10-5 2.426*10-5

K Wm-1k-1 0.0292 0.03006 0.03250

Prandtl number (pr) (dimensionless) 0.670 0.697 0.692

Reynolds number(Re) (dimensionless) 1.092*10-3 2.697*10-3 3.268*10-3
Forced convectionheat Wm-2k-1 0.922 0.977 1.064
transfer coefficient(Hf)
Radiation heat Wm-2K-1 8.557 9.570 12.968
Transfer coefficient (hr)
heat transferred by W 0.204 0.269 0.449
natural convection (Qf)
heat transferred W 1.897 2.638 5.478
by radiation (Qr)
Total heat W 2.101 2.907 5.927
Transferred (Qtot)

Chart 1: relation between Hr & Hf vs Uc

Hf vs Uc Hr vs Uc
14

12

10
HR & HF

0
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
UC

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 Chart 2: relation between T10 vs Uc
600

500

400

T10
300

200

100

0
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Uc

T10

Appendix :
Table 3: physical properties for air at atmospheric pressure :
Tfilm(K) ⱱ (m2s-1) K (Wm-1K-1) Pr (dimensionless)
300 1.684*10-5 0.02624 0.708
350 2.076*10-5 0.03003 0.697
400 2.590*10-5 0.03365 0.689

Conclusion :
When air moves at a higher velocity over a surface, it transfers heat from that surface more
effectively. This is due to increased heat transfer resulting from the faster airflow. Simply put, the
higher the air velocity, the greater its ability to transfer heat.

As for the heat transfer coefficient, it is a factor that reflects the efficiency of heat transfer between
two different surfaces. When the heat transfer coefficient increases, so does the heat transfer
between the surfaces.

Therefore, we can conclude that increasing air velocity leads to increased heat transfer, and thus an
increase in the efficiency of the heat transfer coefficient.