Gaseous State

GASEOUS STATE
Introduction :
Matter as we know broadly exists in three states.
There are always two opposite tendencies between particles of matter which determine the state of
matter
Inter molecular attractive forces.
The molecular motion / random motion.

In this chapter the properties and behaviours of the gases will be analysed and discussed in detail.
These properties are measured with the help of the gas laws as proposed Boyle,Charles,Gay lussac
etc

There are in total eleven elements in the periodic table which exist as gases under normal conditions.

Group
1 15 16 17 18
Number

H He

N O F Ne

Cl Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

Fig. : Eleven elements that exist as gases

Following are the few physical properties of gaseous state :

(i) The volume and shape of gases is not fixed. These assume the volume and shape of the container.
(ii) The thermal energy of gases >> molecular attraction.
(iii) Gases have infinite expansibility and high compressibility.
(iv) Gases exert pressure equally in all directions
(v) Gases have much lower density than the solids and liquids due to negligible intermolecular forces.
(vi) Gas mix evenly with other gases or their mixtures are homogeneous in composition.
Gaseous State

Boyle’s law and measurement of pressure :

Statement :
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the volume occupied by the gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure applied on the gas or pressure of the gas.
1
Va
P
hence PV = const
this constant will be dependent on the amount of the gas and temperature of the gas.
P1V1 = P2V2

P
P2 B
P1 A

V2 V1 v

Applications of Boyles Law. For the two points ‘A’ and ‘B’ P1V1 = K & P2V2 = K
hence it follows that P1V1 = P2V2 .
Physical significance of Boyle's law : As discussed before, on increasing pressure, the density of the
air increases at constant temperature. This indicates that gases are compressible. Same effect can be
seen in the daily life. Air is denser at the sea level and as the altitude increases air pressure decreases,
which means air now becomes less denser. So, less oxygen molecules occupy the same volume.
Therefore oxygen in air becomes insufficient for normal breathing, out of the result altitude sickness
occurs with symptoms like headache, uneasiness. That is why mountaineers have to carry oxygen
cylinders with them in case of emergencey to restore normal breathing.
Units
Volume Pressure Temperature

Volume of the gas is the Pressure = N/m 2 = Pa ® S.I. unit Kelvin scale ® Boiling point = 373 K
Volume of the container C.G.S unit = dyne-cm2 ice point = 273 K
S.I. unit ® m3 Convert 1N/m2 into dyne/cm2 Farenheit scale ® B.P. = 212º F
ice point = 32º F
1 N 10 5 dyne
C.G.S. unit ®cm3 = Celcius scale ® B.P. = 100ºC
1 m2 10 4 cm 2
1 l = 10–3 m3 1N/m2 = 10 dyne/cm 2 ice point = 0ºC
C-0 K - 273 F - 32
1 l = 103 cm 9 = =
100 - 0 373 - 273 212 - 32
1dm 3 = 1 l = 10–3 m3 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
R - R(0)
1ml = 10–3 l = 1 cm 3 = 1cc 1 bar = 1 × 105 N/m2 =
R(100) - R(0)
1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 760 torr.
where R = Temp. on unknown scale.
Gaseous State

Atmospheric pressure :
The pressure exerted by atomosphere on earth’s surface at sea level is called 1 atm.
1 atm = 1.013 bar
1 atm = 1.013 × 105 N/m2 = 1.013 bar = 760 torr

Ex.1 103 mL of carbon dioxide were collected at 27°C and 763 mm pressure. What will be its volume if the
pressure is changed to 721 mm at the same temperature ?
Sol. Given Final
Conditions Conditions
V1 = 103 mL V2 = ? mL
P1 = 763 mm P2 = 721 mm
By applying Boyle's Law since temperature is constant,
P2 ´ V2 = P1 ´ V1
Substituting the corresponding values, we have
763 ´ 103
721 ´ V2 = 763 ´ 103 Þ V2 = = 109 mL
721
\ Volume of carbon dioxide = 109 mL

Charles law :
For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure volume occupied by the gas is directly proportional to
temperature of the gas on absolute scale of temperature.
V a T or V = kT
V
= constan t where ‘k’ is a proportionality constant and is
T
dependent on amount of gas and pressure.
V1 V2
= Temperature on absolute scale, kelvin scale or ideal gas scale.
T1 T2
V = a + bt Temperature on centigrade scale.

Relation : T = t + 273
Since volume is proportional to absolute temperature. The volume of a gas should be
theoretically zero at absolute zero temperature.
Infact no substance exists as gas at a temperature near absolute zero, though the straight line
plots can be extrapolated to zero volume. Absolute zero can never be attained practically
though it can be approch only.
By considering –273.15°C as the lowest approachable limit, Kelvin developed temperature
scale which is known as absolute scale.
Gaseous State

Isobars : The curves of volume temperature graph at different fixed pressures are called isobars.
Physical significance of Charle's Law : Hot air balloon technology is based on Charles Law. On
increase in temperature air expands. So, density of air decreases. The hot air in the balloon is less
dense and lighter than the atmospheric air. Therefore the balloons filled with hot air rise up for
meteorological observations.

Ex.2 If the temp. of a particular amount of gas is increased from 27ºC to 57ºC, find final volume of the gas, if
initial volume = 1 lt and assume pressure is constant.
V1 V2 1 V2
Sol. = Þ = So V2 = 1.1 lt.
T1 T2 (273 + 27) (273 + 57)

Ex.3 An open container of volume 3 litre contains air at 1 atmospheric pressure. The container is heated
from initial temperature 27ºC or 300 K to tºC or (t + 273) K the amount of the gas expelled from the
container measured 1.45 litre at 17ºC and 1 atm.Find temperature t.
Sol. T1 = 300 K
It can be assumed that the gas in the container was first heated to (t + 273), at which a volume ‘DV’
escaped from the container.
Hence applying charles law :
3 3 + DV
=
300 t + 273
Now, this volume ‘DV’ which escapes trans the container get cooled
DV 1.45
\ =
t + 273 290
Solve the two equations and get the value of DV an a t.
Determine D v & calculate t that will be the answer.

Gay-lussac’s law :
For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, pressure of the gas is directly proportional to
temperature of the gas on absolute scale of temperature.
PaT
P
= constant ® dependent on amount and volume of gas
T
P1 P2
= ® temp on absolute scale
T1 T2
originally, the law was developed on the centigrade scale, where it was found that pressure is a linear
function of temperature P = P0 + bt where ‘b’ is a constant and P0 is pressure at zero degree centigrade.

T
Gaseous State

Isochores : The lines showing the pressure temperature behaviour plotted at fixed volumes are called
isochores.
Physical Significance of Gay Lussac's Law : It is seen that the pressure of the inflated tyres of
automobiles is constant but in summers on a hot sunny day when the temperature is high, then the
pressure inside the tyres increases, and they may burst. Similarly in winters, on a cold morning, when
the temperature is low, then the pressure inside the tyres decreases considerably.

Ex.4 The temperature of a certain mass of a gas is doubled. If the initially the gas is at 1 atm pressure. Find
the % increase in pressure ?
P1 P 1 P
Sol. = 2 ; = 2
T1 T2 T 2T
1
% increase = x 100 = 100%
1
Ex.5 The temperature of a certain mass of a gas was increased from 27°C to 37°C at constant volume. What
will be the pressure of the gas.
P1 P P P 31
Sol. = 2 ; = 2 ; P2 = P
T1 T2 300 310 30

Avogadro’s Hypothesis :
For similar values of pressure & temperature equal number of molecules of different gases will occupy
equal volume.
N1 ¾¾® V (volume of N1 molecules at P & T of one gas)
N1 ¾¾® V (volume of N1 molecules at P & T of second gas)
Molar volume or volume occupied by one mole of each and every gas under similar conditions will be
equal.
One mole of any gas or a combination of gases occupies 22.413996 L of volume at STP.
The previous standarad is still often used, and applies to all chemistry data more than decade old, in
this definition Standard Temperature and Pressure STP denotes the same temperature of 0°C
(273.15K), but a slightly higher pressure of 1 atm (101.325 kPa) .
Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP), conditions are also used in some scientific
works. SATP conditions means 298.15 k and 1 bar (i.e. exactly 10 5 Pa) At SATP (1 bar and 298.15 K),
the molar volume of an ideal gas is 24.789 L mol–1
Equation of State :
Combining all the gas relations in a single expression which discribes relationship between pressure,
volume and temperature, of a given mass of gas we get an expression known as equation of state.
PV
= constant (dependent on moles of the gas n).
T
P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2

Ideal gas Equation :

PV = nRT
This is the ideal gas equation as it is obeyed by the hypothetical gases called ideal gases under all
conditions of temperature and pressure.
However there is no gas that is perfectly ideal. But the gases may show nearly ideal behaviour under
the conditions of low pressure and high temperature and are called real gases.
PV
= constant [universal constant]
nT
=R (ideal gas constant or universal gas constant)
Gaseous State

experimentally

R = 8.314 J/Kmole » 25/3

= 1.987 cal/mole » 2
= 0.08 Latm/mole » 1/12
Density and molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance :
Ideal gas equation is PV = nRT ....(i)
On rearranging the above equation, we get
n P
= ....(ii)
V RT
Putting the value of 'n' from equation (iii) in equation (ii), we get
m P
= ....(iv)
MV RT
m
Replacing in eq. (iv) with d (density)
V
d P
=
M RT
dRT
Rarranging the above equation, we get M =
P

Ex.6 At 27°C and one atmosphere pressure, a gas volume V. What will be its volume at 177°C and a
pressure of 1.5 atmosphere ?
Sol. Given conditions Final conditions
V1 = V V2 = ?
P1 = 1 atm P2 = 1.5 atm
T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K T2 = 273 + 177 = 450 K
Applying gas equation, we have
1´ V 1.5 ´ V2
=
300 450
1´ V ´ 450
\ V2 = =V \ Volume of the gas = V
300 ´ 1.5
Ex.7 The stop cock connecting the two bulbs of volume 5 litre and 10 litre containing as ideal gas at 9 atm
and 6 atm respectively, is opened. What is the final pressure if the temperature remains same.
Sol. After the opening of the stop cock the pressure of the each bulb will remain same.

10 x 6
At the beginning, the no. of moles of gas in A =
RT
5x9
At the beginning, the no. of moles of gas in B =
RT
105
\ Total no. of mole at the beginning =
RT
Total no. of mole of gas before opening the stop cock
Gaseous State

105
Total no. of moles of gas after opening stop cock =
RT
\ Pressure after the opening of the stop cock
105 RT 105
P= x = = 7 atm
RT Vtotal 10 + 5

Daltons law of partial pressure :

Partial pressure :
In a mixture of non reacting gases partial pressure of any component gas is defined as pressure
exerted by this component gas if whole of volume of mixture had been occupied by this component
only.
Partial pressure of first component gas :
n RT n RT n3 RT
P1 = 1 ; P2 = 2 ; P3 =
v v v
Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3.
Daltons law :
For a non reacting gaseous mixture total pressure of the mixture is the summation of partial pressure of
the different components gases.
(n1 + n2 + n3 )RT
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 =
v
P1 n1
= = x1 (mole fraction of first component gas)
PT nT
P2 n2
= = x 2 (mole fraction of second component gas)
PT nT
P3 n3
= = x 3 (mole fraction of third component gas)
PT nT
Application
(i) Jet aeroplane flying at high altitude need pressurization of cabins so as to make partial pressure of
oxygen sufficient for breathing, as the air pressure decreases with increase in altitude.
(ii) Calculation of the pressure of dry gas collected over water : When the gas is collected over water it
is moist because of the water vapours. Saturated water vapour exert its own partial pressure called
from the pressure of moist gas (Pmoist gas or Ptotal)
Pdrygas = Ptotal – Aqueous tension

Ex.8 A mixture of gases at 760 torr contains 55.0% nitrogen, 25.0% oxyegn and 20.0% carbon dioxide by
mole. What is the partial pressure of each gas in torr ?
Ans. PN2 = 418 torr, PO2 = 190 torr, PCO2 = 0.152 torr, total pressure = 760.
Sol. Let total moles of gas mixture be 100.
æ nN ö 55
PN2 = ç 2 ÷ × PT = × 760 = 418 torr.
è nT ø 100
æ nO ö 25
PO2 = ç 2 ÷ × PT = × 760 = 190 torr.
è nT ø 100
PCO2 = (760 – 418 – 190) = 152 torr.
Gaseous State

Analysis of gaseous mixture :

Vapour density :
Vapour density of any gas is defined as the density of any gas with respect to density of the H 2 gas
under identical conditions of temperature T and pressure P.
density of gas at T & P
Vapour density =
density of H2 under same P & T
m RT RT PM
P= . Þ P=r Þ r=
V M M RT
PMgasRT M Mgas
Vapour density = = gas =
RT PMH2 MH2 2
Mgas = 2 × vapour density

Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture :

total mass of the mixture divided by total no. of moles in the mixture
Total mass of mixture
Mmix =
Total no. of moles in mixture
If we have
‘n1’ , ‘n2’ and ‘n3’ are moles of three different gases having molar mass ‘M 1’, ‘M2’ and ‘M3’ respectively.
n1 M1 + n2 M2 + n3 M3
Mmin =
n1 + n2 + n3

Ex.9 Calculate the mean molar mass of a mixture of gases having 7 g of Nitrogen, 22 g of CO 2 and 5.6 litres
of CO at STP.
Sol. Moles of N2 = 7/28 = 1/4
Moles of CO 2 = 22/44 = 1/2
Moles of CO = 5.6 / 22.4 = 1/4
n M1 + n2 M2 + n3 M3
mean molar mass = Mmin = 1 = ( 7 + 7 + 22 ) / 1 = 36
n1 + n2 + n3

Graham’s Law of Diffusion/Effusion :

Diffusion :
Net spontaneous flow of gaseous molecule from region of high concentration (higher partial pressure)
to region of lower concentration (lower partial pressure).

flow will be from both sides, N 2 will try to equalise its partial
pressure in both the vessels, and so will O 2.
Gaseous State

Graham’s Law :
“Under similar condition of temperature and pressure (partial pressure) the rate of diffusion of different
gases is inversely proportional to square root of the density of different gases.”
1
rate of diffusion r µ d = density of gas
d
r1 d2 M2 V.D 2
= = = V.D is vapour density
r2 d1 M1 V.D1
dVout
r = volume flow rate =
dt
dnout
r = mole flow rate =
dt
dx
r = distance travelled by gaseous molecule per unit time =
dt
The general form of the grahams law of diffusion can be stated as follows, when one or
all of the parameters can be varied.
P
rate µ A ; P – Pressure, A – area of hole, T – Temp. , M – mol. wt.
TM
If partial pressure of gases are not equal.
Then rate of diffusion is found to be proportional to partial pressure & inversely
proportional to square root of molecular mass.
rµP
1 r1 P M2
rµ ; = 1
M r2 P2 M1

Ex.10 In a tube of length 5 m having 2 identical holes at the opposite ends. H 2 & O2 are made to effuses into
the tube from opposite ends under identical conditions. Find the point where gases will meet for the first
time.

r1 ax dt m2 dx 1 32
Sol. = × = = =
r2 dt dx m1 dx 2 2
dx 1 distance travelled by H2
=4 Þ =4
dx 2 distance travelled by O2
x
=4 Þ x = (5 – x) 4 Þ x = 20 – 4x
(5 - x)
5x = 20 Þ x = 4m from H2 side

Ex.11 The pressure in a vessel that contained pure oxygen dropped from 2000 torr to 1500 torr in 40 min as
the oxygen leaked through a small hole into a vacuum. When the same vessel was filled with another
gas, the pressure dropped from 2000 torr to 1500 torr in 80 min. What is the molecular weight of the
second gas ?
Ans. M = 128 g/mol
Gaseous State

Sol. Change in pessure = 2000-1500 = 500 torr; time-taken = 40 min

500 500
rate1 = torr/min; similarly rate2 = torr/min
40 80
rate1 M
=
rate 2 32
500
40 = M
500 32
80
M = 128 g/mol

Kinetic Theory of Gases :

Postulates / assumptions of KTG :
A gas consists of tiny spherical particles called molecules of the gas which are identical in
shape & size (mass)
The volume occupied by the molecules is negligible in comparision to total volume of the gas.
For an ideal gas, volume of the ideal gas molecule ~ 0.
Gaseous molecules are always in random motion and collide with other gaseous molecule &
with walls of the container.
Pressure of the gas is due to these molecular collisions with walls of the container
These collisions are elastic in nature
Molecular attraction forces are negligible. Infact, for an ideal gas attraction or repulsion forces
are equal to zero.
Newton’s laws of motion are applicable on the motion of the gaseous molecule.
Effect of gravity is negligible on molecular motion.
The average K.E. of gaseous molecules is proportional to absolute temp of the gas.
1
M (u2 ) a T (bar is for average)
2
Kinetic equation of gaseous state (expression for pressure of gas)
The average kinetic is given by
1
EK = mc 2
2
where c is given by

c=
(n v 2
1 1 + n2v 22 + n3 v 32 + ......... )
(n1 + n2 + n3 + ......)
This 'c' is known as root-mean-square speed. As the name implies, to calculate c, first take the square
of the individual speeds, then their mean and finally the square root of the mean.
It can be shown that c is related to temperature by
3RT
c=
M
The average kinetic energy depends only on absolute temperature and is related to absolute
temperature by the expression
3RT 3
EK = = kT
2NA 2
where K = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1
Gaseous State

Root mean square speed (Urms)

3kT 3R T
Urms = U2 = = Where m-mass of one molecule
m mNA
m Dependent on nature of gas i.e mass of the gas
3R T
Urms = M = molar mass
M

Average speed (Uav)

U1 + U2 + U3 + .........UN
Uav =
N
8RT 8KT
Uav = = K is Boltzmann constant
pM pm

Most probable speed (Ump) :

The speed possesed by maximum number of molecules at the given temperature.
2 RT 2KT
Ump = =
M m

Ex.12 In a container of capacity 1 litre there are 1023 molecules each of mass 10–22 g. If root mean square
speed is 105 cm/sec then calculate pressure of the gas.
1 2
Sol. PV = mN Urms
3
P=?
V = 10–3 m3
m = 10–25 kg
N = 1023

U2 = 105 cm/sec = 103 m/sec

U2 = 106 m2 /sec2
1
P × 10–3 = × 10–25 × 1023 × 106
3
1
P= × 10–2 × 106 × 103
3
1
P= × 107 pascals
3
Gaseous State

Maxwell’s distributions of molecular speeds :

Postulates/Assumptions of speed distributions
It is based upon theory of probability.
It gives the statistical averages of the speed of the whole collection of gas molecules.
Speed of gaseous molecules of may vary from 0 to ¥.
The maxwell distribution of speed can be plotted against fraction of molecules as follows.

m The area under the curve will denote fraction of molecules having speeds between zero and
infinity
m Total area under the curve will be constant and will be unity at all temperatures.
m Area under the curve between zero and u 1 will give fraction of molecules racing speed between
0 to u1. This fraction is more at T 1 and is less at T2 .
m The peak corresponds to most probable speed.
m At higher temperature, fraction of molecules having speed less than a particular value
decreases.
m For Gases with different molar masses will have following graph at a given temperature.

Real Gases :
Actually the concept of ideal gas is hypothetical as there is no gas which practically is ideal. So, the
non-ideal gases are the real gases which are the actually existing gases which obey gas equation
approximately only under two conditions.
(i) Low pressure
(ii) High temperature
Real gases do not obey the ideal gas laws exactly under all conditions of temperature and
pressure.
Real gases deviates from ideal behaviour because
m Real gaseous molecules have a finite volume.
{since on liquefication real gases occupies a finite volume}
m Inter molecular attraction forces between real gas molecules is not zero.
{Real gases can be converted into liquid where as ideal gases can't be}
To test that whether the relation PV = nRT is valid for real gasses, graphical representation of Boyle's
Law was examined for various gases like CO, CH 4 He and H2 etc.
Gaseous State

(i) Pressure (P) volume (v) versus pressure (P) plot :

N2 CH4

H2
He
Ideal gas
PV

0 P

Fig. : Plot of PV vs P for real gases and ideal gas

We already know that for ideal gases PV vs P plot is a straight line parallel to x-axis at all pressures at
constant temperature and product PV is constant.
(ii) Pressure (P) versus Volume (V) Plot : It is apparent from the graph that real gases show a
different curve from the curve of ideal gases

However the real gas behaviour approach ideal gas behaviour at low pressure. This justifies the point
that real gases behave like ideal gases at low pressure.
However at very high pressure the volume of real gases is more which is calculated experimentally than
that of the theoretically calculated volume from Boyle's law (for ideal gases).

Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour can be measured by using compressibility factor : (Z)

(PV)real
Z= (PV) ideal = nRT
(PV)ideal
PV PVm
Z= = Vm is volume of one mole or molar volume.
nRT RT
Vm real
Z=
Vm ideal

Variation of Z with pressure at constant temperature :

NH3 /CO2
N2
He/H2
Z=1 ideal

P
Gaseous State

Concelusions made from the graph :

(i) Z = 1 : Compressibility factor is equal to unity for ideal gases at all temperature and pressure values.
Reason : For ideal gases, gas equation is PV = nRT. As PV is equal to nRT, so their ratio is unity.
(ii) Z » 1 : Compressibility factor is almost equal to unity at low pressure.
Reason : At low pressure, the interactions between the molecules is negligible, therefore there is no
appreciable effect on the volume. So, Z = 1
(iii) Z > 1 : Compressibility factor is greater than unity (positive deviation) at high pressure.
Reason : At high pressure, the gas molecules come very close to each other, so the forces of repulsion
start operating between them. For ideal gases, as the pressure increases, volume decreases
æ 1ö
proportionally ç P µ ÷ so the product PV remains constant. But this is not the case with real gases. In
è Vø
them with increase in pressure (high pressure) the forces of repulsion does not allow the volume to
decrease proportionally. Instead volume starts increassing. There by, as both pressure and volume are
increased. So, the product PV also increase with increasing pressure (PV > 1).
(iv) Compressibility factor is less than unity (negative deviation) When pressure is intermediate.
Reason : When the pressure is intermediate, then the gas molecules are at a sufficient distance to
avoid repulsion. Instead, forces of attraction operate. Because of this, the molecules attract each other
and they come closer., So the volume decreases more than expected or decrease in volume is not
proportional to the increase in pressure.

Variation of Z with pressure at different temperature (for same gas ) :

Pressure alone does not decide the behaviour of gases. Temperature is also an important factor which
plays role.
Boyle Temperature or Boyle point : It is the temperature at which real gases obey ideal gas laws
over an appreciable range of pressure.
a
TB =
Rb
Boyle temperature depends on the nature of the gas.
Effect of Temperature on the compressibility Factor :
(i) Above the Boyle temperature : Real gas show positive deviation (Z > 1) from ideality. This is
because with increase in temperature, the molecules move far from each other. So, volume increases
thereby the forces of attraction between the molecules become feeble.
(ii) Below the Boyle temperature : Below the Boyle temperature 'Z' value first decreases and reaches
a minimum value with increase in pressure because of forces of attraction which start operating
between the molecules. Later, on further increase in pressure force of repulsion operate. So, now value
of Z increases continuously
Conclusions
Gases show ideal behaviour at
(i) High temperature
(ii) Low pressure
Gaseous State

Conclusions :
Z = 1 for ideal gas
Z > 1 at all pressures for He/H2
Z < 1 at low pressure (for alll other gases)
Z > 1 at high pressure (for alll other gases)

Vander Waal Equation of real gases :

The ideal gas equation does not consider the effect of attractive forces and molecular volume.
vander Waal corrected the the ideal gas equation by taking the effect of
(a) Molecular volume (b) Molecular attraction
Volume correction :
Ideal gas equation :
Pi Vi = nRT ; In the equation ‘Vi’ stands for the volume which is available for free movement of
the molecules.
Videal = volume available for free movement of gasesous molecule
hence, Vi = V – {volume not available for free movement} For an ideal gas
Vi = V {V = volume of container}
but for a real gas
Vi ¹ V, as all the volume is not available for free movement

Molecules have finite volume :

1 ì4 3ü
Excluded volume per molecule = í p (2r) ý = Co-volume per molecule.
2 î3 þ
The volume that is not available for free movement is called excluded volume.

r r
1 2

Excluded volume
(not available for free momement)

ì4 ü
excluded volume per mole of gas (b) = NA 4 í p r 3 ý = 4 x NA x Volume of individual molecule
î3 þ
for n moles, excluded volume = nb
Vi = V – nb volume correction

Pressure correction or effect of molecular attraction forces :

Molecule in middle of container

Real gas
Due to these attraction, speed during collision will be reduced
Momentum will be less
Force applied will be less
Pressure will be less.
Pideal = P + {correction term}
Gaseous State

ænö ænö an 2
net correction term µ ç ÷ ç ÷ = 2
èvø èvø v
‘a’ is constant of proportionality and this is dependent on force of attraction
Stronger the force of attraction greater will be ‘a’ (Constant)
an 2
Pi = P +
v2
Vander waal’s equation is
æ an2 ö
ç P + 2 ÷ (v – nb) = nRT
è v ø

Verification of Vander Waal's Equations

Variation of Z with P for vander waals' equation at any temp. Real gas
Vander waal equation for 1mole Z=1
æ a ö
ç P + 2 ÷ (Vm – b) = RT
è V m ø P
Vm = volume of 1 mole of gas
AT LOW PRESSURE (at separate temp.)
At low pressure Vm will be high.
a
Hence b can be neglected in comparision to V m. but can't be neglected as pressure is low
Vm2
Thus equation would be
æ a ö a
ç P + 2 ÷ Vm = RT Þ PVm + = RT
è Vm ø Vm
PVm a a
+ =1 Þ Z=1– Z<1
RT VmRT VmRT

Real gas is easily compressible in comparision to an ideal gas.

AT HIGH PRESSURE (moderate temp.)
Vm will be low
so b can't be neglected in comparision to Vm
a
but can be neglected in comparision to much high values of P.
Vm2
Then vander Waals' equation will be
P(Vm – b) = RT
PVm – Pb = RT
PVm Pb
= +1
RT RT
Pb
Z= +1 (Z > 1)
RT
If Z > 1, then gas is more difficult to compress in comparision to an ideal gas.

At low pressure and very high temperature.

Vm will be very large
a
hence ‘b’ can be neglected and can also be neglected as Vm is very large
Vm2
PVm = RT (ideal gas condition)
Gaseous State

For H2 or He a ~ 0 because molecules are smaller in size or vander wall forces will be very
weak, these are non polar so no dipole-dipole interactions are present in the actions.
P(Vm – b) = RT
Pb
so Z=1+
RT
‘a’ factor depends on inter molecular attraction forces.
m ‘a’ factor for polar molecule > ‘a’ factor for non polar molecule.

Critical constant of a gas :

When pressure increases at constant temp volume of gas decreases

D T4
P3 TC
P

P2 T4 > T c > T 3 > T 2 > T 1

T3 (T3 >T2)
T2 >T1 isotherm
P1 C
B
T1
A
VC Vm
AB ® gas
BC ® vapour + liquid
CD ® liquid
Critical point : At this point, all the physical properties of liquid phase will be equal to physical
properties in vapour such that
density of liquid = density of vapour
TC or critical temp : Temperature above which a gas can not be liquified
8a
TC =
27 Rb

PC or critical pressure : Minimum pressure which must be applied at critical temp to convert the gas
into liquid.
a
PC =
27b 2
VC or critical volume : Volume occupied by one mole of gas at T C & PC
VC = 3b
Gaseous State

Ex.13 Arrange following in decreasing ’a’ factor (H 2O, CO2, Ar)

Sol. H2O > CO2 > Ar
polar
m For non polar molecules : Greater the size or surface area, greater will be vander waals' forces,
so greater will be ’a’ constant.

Ex.14 Arrange following gases according to ‘a’ (He , Ar, Ne, Kr).
Sol. aKr > aAr > aNe > aHe

m More ‘a’ factor means high boiling point.

m liquification pressure (LP) : Is the pressure required to convert gas into liquid.
for easy liquefaction a­ and LP¯
When Z < 1, Vm < Vm, ideal Þ easily liquifiable
Z > 1, Vm > Vm, ideal Þ more difficult to compress.

Ex.15 Arrange the following according to liquification pressure (n-pentane ; iso-pentane , neo pentane).
Sol. an-pentene > aiso-pentane > aneo-pentane

liquification pressure = LP
LP n - pen tan e < LP iso pentane < LPneo pentane
b is roughly related with size of the molecule. (Thumb rule)
ì4 ü
b = NA 4 í p r3 ý
î3 þ

Ex.16 Two vander waals gases have same value of b but different a values. Which of these would occupy
greater volume under identical conditions ?
Sol. If two gases have same value of b but different values of a, then the gas having a larger value of a will
occupy lesser volume. This is because the gas with a larger value of a will have larger force of
attraction and hence lesser distance between its molecules.

Ex.17 Critical temperature of oxygen and nitrogen gas is 154.3 K and 126.0 K respectively. Which of these
gases has higher magnitude of intermolecular forces between them ?
Sol. Higher is the critical temperature, more easily the gas can be liquefied. Further, more are the
intermolecular forces of attraction more is the liquefaction. Therefore oxygen gas with higher critical
temperature has high intermolecular forces of attraction than nitrogen gas with low critical temperature.

MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS (MSPs)

1. A gas is initially at 1 atm pressure. To compress it to 1/4 th of initial volume, what will be the pressure
required ?
Sol. P1 = 1 atm V1 = V
V
P2 = ? V2 =
4
P1V1 = P1V2 at const. T & n
P1V1 1 atm ´ V
P2 = = = 4 atm Ans.
V2 V
4
Gaseous State

2. A vessel contains H2 & O2 in the molar ratio of 8 : 1 respectively. This mixture of gases is allowed to
diffuse through a hole, find composition of the mixture coming out of the hole.
rH2 nH2 MO2
Sol. Here, nH2 : nO2 = 8 : 1 & =
rO2 nO2 MH2

rH2 8 32 32
Þ = × =
rO2 1 2 1

Þ
(no. of moles of H2 coming out ) / Dt
=
32
(no. of moles of O2 coming out ) / Dt 1
Required composition of H2 : O 2 coming out = 32 : 1 Ans.

3. Under crit ical states of a gas for one mole of a gas, com pressibility factor is
3 8 1
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4)
8 3 4
PC VC
Sol. For 1 mole of gas Z = (Under critical condition)
RTC
a 8a
But, PC = 2
, VC = 3b , TC =
27b 27Rb
æ a ö 3b 27Rb 3
Z= ç 2 ÷
× × = Ans. (1)
è 27b ø R 8a 8

4. A weather balloon filled with hydrogen at 1 atm and 300 K has volume equal to 12000 litres. On
ascending it reaches a place where temperature is 250 K and pressure is 0.5 atm. The volume of the
balloon is :
(1) 24000 litres (2) 20000 litres (3) 10000 litres (4) 12000 litres
PV PV 1 atm ´ 12000 L 0.5 atm ´ V2
Sol. Using 1 1 = 2 2 ; =
T1 T2 300 K 250 K
\ V2 = 20,000 L
Hence Ans. (2)

5. If for two gases of molecular weights M A and MB at temperature TA and TB ; T AMB = TBMA, then which
property has the same magnitude for both the gases.
(1) Density (2) Pressure (3) KE per mol (4) RMS speed
T T
Sol. Given that TA MA = T B MA Þ A = B
MA MB
3RT
But, r.m.s. =
M
3RTA 3RTB
r.m.sA = & r.m.sB =
MA MB
r.m.sA = r.m.sB Ans. (4)
Gaseous State

Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : Gas Laws

1. At constant temperature, in a given mass of an ideal gas

(1) The ratio of pressure and volume always remains constant
(2) Volume always remains constant
(3) Pressure always remains constant
(4) The product of pressure and volume always remains constant

2. Air at sea level is dense. This is a practical application of

(1) Boyle’s law (2) Charle’s law (3) Avogadro’s law (4) Dalton’s law

3. If 20 cm 3 gas at 1 atm. is expanded to 50 cm3 at constant T, then what is the final pressure
1 1 1
(1) 20 ´ (2) 50 ´ (3) 1 ´ ´ 50 (4) None of these
50 20 20

4. If the pressure and absolute temperature of 2 litres of CO 2 are doubled, the volume of CO 2 would
become
(1) 2 litres (2) 4 litres (3) 5 litres (4) 7 litres

5. In the equation of sate of an ideal gas PV = nRT , the value of the universal gas constant would depend
only on
(1) The nature of the gas (2) The pressure of the gas
(3) The units of the measurement (4) None of these

6. In the equation PV = nRT, which one cannot be the numerical value of R

7 -1 -1 7 -1 -1
(1) 8.31 ´ 10 erg K mol (2) 8.31 ´ 10 dyne cm K mol
-1 -1 -1 -1
(3) 8.31 JK mol (4) 8 .31 atm. K mol

7.@ A sample of gas occupies 100 ml at 27°C and 740 mm pressure. When its volume is changed to 80 ml
at 740 mm pressure, the temperature of the gas will be
(1) 21.6 °C (2) 240 °C (3) – 33°C (4) 89.5 °C

8. At 0°C and one atm pressure, a gas occupies 100 cc. If the pressure is increased to one and a half-time
and temperature is increased by one-third of absolute temperature, then final volume of the gas will be
(1) 80 cc (2) 88.9 cc (3) 66.7 cc (4) 100 cc

9.@ A pre-weighed vessel was filled with oxygen at N.T.P. and weighted. It was then evacuated, filled with
SO 2 at the same temperature and pressure, and again weighted. The weight of oxygen will be
(1) The same as that of SO 2 (2) 1/2 that of SO2
(3) Twice that of SO2 (4) One fourth that of SO2
Gaseous State

10. Kinetic energy of molecules is highest in :

(1) Gases (2) Solids (3) Liquids (4) Solution

11. The maximum number of molecules is present in

(1) 0.5 g of H2 gas (2) 10 g of O 2 gas
(3) 15 L of H2 gas at STP (4) 5 L of N2 gas at STP

12. The pressure and temperature of 4 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas are doubled. Then the volume of carbon
dioxide gas would be
3 3 3
(1) 2 dm (2) 3dm 3 (3) 4 dm (4) 8 dm

13.@ A gas at 298 K is shifted from a vessel of 250 cm 3 capacity to that of 1 L capacity. The pressure of the
gas will:
(1) become double (2) becomes four times
(3) decrease to half of the original value (4) decrease to one-fourth of the original value

14. The correct representation of Charles' law is given by :Z

(1) (2) (3) (4)

15.@ There are 6.02 × 1022 molecules each of N2,O2 and H2 which are mixed together at 760 mm and 273
K. The mass of the mixture in grams is
(1) 6.2 (2) 4.12 (3) 3.09 (4) 7

16.@ A bottle of cold drink contains 200 ml liquid in which CO2 is 0.1 molar. Suppose CO2 behaves like an
ideal gas, the volume of the dissolved CO2 at STP is
(1) 0.224 litre (2) 0.448 litre (3) 22.4 litre (4) 2.24 litre

17. Five grams each of the following gases at 87 o C and 750 mm pressure are taken. Which of them will
have the least volume
(1) HF (2) HCl (3) HBr (4) HI

18.@ A certain sample of gas has a volume of 0.2 litre measured at 1 atm. pressure and 0 o C . At the same
pressure but at 273 o C , its volume will be
(1) 0.4 litres (2) 0.8 litres (3) 27.8 litres (4) 55.6 litres

19. The constant R is

(1) Work done per molecule (2) Work done per degree absolute
(3) Work done per kalvin per mole (4) Work done per mole

20. If two moles of an ideal gas at 546 K occupy a volume of 44.8 litres, the pressure must be
(1) 2 atm (2) 3 atm (3) 4 atm (4) 1 atm

21. How many moles of He gas occupy 22.4 litres at 30 o C and one atmospheric pressure
(1) 0.90 (2) 1.11 (3) 0.11 (4) 1.0
Gaseous State

22. Pure hydrogen sulphide is stored in a tank of 100 litre capacity at 20ºC and 2 atm pressure. The mass
of the gas will be
(1) 34 g (2) 340 g (3) 282.4 g (4) 28.24 g

23.@ One litre of a gas weighs 2 g at 300 K and 1 atm pressure. If the pressure is made 0.75 atm, at which of
the following temperatures will one litre of the same gas weigh one gram
(1) 450 K (2) 600 K (3) 800 K (4) 900 K

24. The density of a gas at 27ºC and 1 atm is d. Pressure remaining constant at which of the following
temperatures will its density become 0.75 d
(1) 20ºC (2) 30ºC (3) 400 K (4) 300 K

25.@ I, II, III are three isotherms respectively at T 1, T2, T3. Temperature will be in order

I
II
III
V
(1) T1 = T 2 = T3 (2) T1 < T 2 < T3 (3) T1 > T 2 > T3 (4) T1 > T 2 = T 3

26.@ The density of neon will be highest at

(1) STP (2) 0ºC and 2 atm (3) 273ºC and 1 atm (4) 273ºC and 2 atm

27. The volume of a gas measured at 27°C and 1 atm pressure is 10 L. To reduce the volume to 2 L at 1
atm pressure, the temperature required is :
(1) 60 K (2) 75 K (3) 150 K (4) 225 K

28. The pressure and temperature of 4 dm 3 of carbon dioxide gas are doubled. Then volume of carbon
dioxide gas would be :
(1) 2 dm2 (2) 3 dm3 (3) 4 dm 3 (4) 8 dm3

29. The density of a gas is 1.964 g dm –3 at 273 K and 76 cm Hg. The gas is :
(1) CH4 (2) C2H6 (3) CO2 (4) Xe

30. By the ideal gas law, the pressure of 0.60 mole NH 3 gas is a 3.00 L vessel at 25°C is :
(1) 48.9 atm (2) 4.89 atm (3) 0.489 atm (4) 489 atm

Section (B) : Daltons law of partial pressure

1. The total pressure exerted by a number of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the gases under the same conditions is known as
(1) Boyle’s law (2) Charle’s law (3) Avogadro’s law (4) Dalton’s law
Gaseous State

2.@ A cylinder is filled with a gaseous mixture containing equal masses of CO and N 2. The partial pressure
ratio is :
(1) PN2 = PCO (2) PCO = 0.875 PN2 (3) PCO = 2 PN2 (4) PCO = ½ PN2

3.@ Equal volumes of two gases which do not react together are enclosed in separate vessel. Their
pressure at 100 mm and 400 mm respectively. If the two vessel are joined together, then what will be
the pressure of the resulting mixture (temperature remaining constant) ?
(1) 125 mm (2) 500 mm (3) 1000 mm (4) 250 mm

4. A gaseous mixture contains 56 g of N 2, 44 g CO2 and 16 g of CH 4. The total pressure of the mixture is
720 mm Hg. The partial pressure of CH4 is
(1) 180 mm (2) 360 mm (3) 540 mm (4) 720 mm

5.@ Equal weights of ethane and hydrogen are mixed in an empty container at 25°C. The fraction of the
total pressure exerted by hydrogen is :
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 1 : 16 (4) 15 : 16

6.@ a sample of O 2 gas is collected over water at 23°C at a barometric pressure of 751 mm Hg (vapour
pressure of water at 23°C is 21 mm Hg). The partial pressure of O 2 gas in the sample collected is
(1) 21 mm Hg (2) 751 mm Hg (3) 0.96 atm (4) 1.02 atm

Section (C) : Grahams Law of diffusion

1.@ If 4 g of oxygen diffuse through a very narrow hole, how much hydrogen would have diffused under
identical conditions ?
(1) 16 g (2) 1 g (3) 1/4 g (4) 64 g

2. Two gram of hydrogen diffuse from a container in 10 minutes. How many grams of oxygen would
diffuse through the same container in the same time under similar conditions ?
(1) 0.5 g (2) 4 g (3) 6 g (4) 8 g

3.@ The ratio of the rate of diffusion of a given element to that of helium is 1 : 4. The molecular weight of the
element is
(1) 32 (2) 64 (3) 16 (4) None of these

4. The molecular weight of a gas which diffuse through a porous plug at 1/6th of the speed of hydrogen
under identical conditions is
(1) 27 (2) 72 (3) 36 (4) 48

5. The time taken for a certain volume of a gas 'X' to diffuse through a small hole is 2 minutes. It takes
5.65 minutes for oxygen to diffuse under the similar conditions. The molecular weight of 'X' is
(1) 8 (2) 4 (3) 16 (4) 32

6.@ The ratio of rates of diffusion of SO 2, O 2 and CH4 is :

(1) 1 : 2 :2 (2) 1 : 2 : 4 (3) 1 : 2 :1 (4) 1 : 2 : 2
Gaseous State

7. If the four tubes of a car are filled to the same pressure with N 2 , O 2 , H 2 and Ne separately, then which
one will be filled first
(1) N2 (2) O2 (3) H2 (4) Ne

8. The densities of hydrogen and oxygen are 0.09 and 1.44 g L –1. If the rate of diffusion of hydrogen is 1
then that of oxygen in the same units will be :
(1) 4 (2) 1/4 (3) 16 (4) 1/16

9.@ The densities of two gases are in the ratio of 1 : 16. The ratio of their rates of diffusion is
(1) 16 : 1 (2) 4 : 1 (3) 1 : 4 (4) 1 : 16

10. Rate of diffusion of a gas is

(1) Directly proportional to its density
(2) Directly proportional to its molecular mass
(3) Directly proportional to the square root of its molecular mass
(4) Inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass

11. At constant temperature and pressure which gas will diffuse first H 2 or O2?
(1) Hydrogen (2) Oxygen
(3) Both will diffuse in same time (4) None of the above

12.@ X ml of H2 gas effuses through a hole in a container in 5 sec. The time taken for the effusion of the
same volume of the gas specified below under identical conditions is :
(1) 10 sec. He (2) 20 sec. O2 (3) 25 sec. CO2 (4) 55 sec. CO2

Section (D) : Kinetic theory of gases

1.@ The ratio of root mean square velocity to average velocity of gas molecules at a particular temperature
is
(1) 1.086 : 1 (2) 1 : 1.086 (3) 2 : 1.086 (4) 1.086 : 2

2.@ Which of the following is valid at absolute zero temperature ?

(1) Kinetic energy of the gas becomes zero but the molecuar motion does not become zero
(2) Kinetic energy of the gas becomes zero and the molecular motion also becomes zero
(3) Kinetic energy of the gas decreases but does not become zero
(4) None of the above

3. If a gas is expanded at constant tempertaure

(1) the pressure increase
(2) the kinetic energy of the molecules remains the same
(3) the kinetic energy of the molecules decrease
(4) the number of molecules of the gas increases

4. At the same temperature and pressure, which of the following gases will have the highest kinetic energy
per mole ?
(1) Hydrogen (2) Oxygen (3) Methane (4) All the same
Gaseous State

5.@ The ratio amongs most probable velocity, mean velocity and root mean square velocity is given by
(1) 1 : 2 : 3 (2) 1 : 2 : 3 (3) 2 : 3 : 8/ p (4) 2 : 8/ p : 3

6.@ The root mean square speeds at STP for the gases H 2, N2, O 2 and HBr are in the order :
(1) H2 < N2 < O2 < HBr (2) HBr < O2 < N2 < H2 (3) H2 < N2 = O 2 < HBr (4) HBr < O2 < H2 < N2

7. Which is not true in case of an ideal gas

(1) It cannot be converted into a liquid
(2) There is no interaction between the molecules
(3) All molecules of the gas move with same speed
(4) At a given temperature, PV is proportional to the amount of the gas

8. The r.m.s. velocity of a certain gas is u at 300 K. The temperature, at which the r.m.s. velocity becomes
double
(1) 1200 K (2) 900 K (3) 600 K (4) 150 K

9.@ The kinetic energy of N molecules of O 2 is x joule at - 123ºC. Another sample of O 2 at 27ºC has a
kinetic energy of 2 x. The latter sample contains _______ molecules of O 2
(1) N (2) N/2 (3) 2 N (4) 3 N

10.@ The kinetic energy for 14 grams of nitrogen gas at 127°C is nearly (mol. mass of nitrogen = 28 and gas
constant = 8.31 JK–1 mol–1)
(1) 1.0 J (2) 4.15 J (3) 2494 J (4) 3.3 J

11. The density of a gas A is three times at equal temperature, pressure that of a gas B. if the molecular
mass of A is M, the molecular mass of B is
(1) 3 M (2) 3M (3) M / 3 (4) M / 3

12. Kinetic energy and pressure of a gas per unit volume are related as
2
(1) P = K.E (2) P = 3 K.E (3) P = 1 K.E (4) P = 2 K.E
3 2 2

13.@ Helium atom is two times heavier than a hydrogen molecule at 298 K, the average kinetic energy of
helium is
(1) Two times that of a hydrogen molecule (2) Same as that of a hydrogen molecule
(3) Four times that of a hydrogen molecule (4) Half that of a hydrogen molecule

14. At 27ºC, the ratio of rms velocities of ozone to oxygen is

(1) 3/5 (2) 4/3 (3) 2/3 (4) 0.25

Section (E) : Real gases

1.@ The values of Vander Waals constant "a" for the gases O 2, N2, NH 3 & CH4 are 1.36, 1.39, 4.17, 2.253
L2 atm mole-2 respectively. The gas which can most easily be liquified is:
(1) O2 (2) N2 (3) NH3 (4) CH4
Gaseous State

2. The pressure of real gases is less than that of ideal gas because of
(1) increase in the number of collisions (2) finite size of particles
(3) intermolecular attraction (4) increase in kinetic energy of the molecules

3. At lower temperature, mostely gases show

(1) negative deviation (2) positive deviation
(3) positive and negative deviation (4) None

4. The Vander Waal’s equation explains the behaviour of

(1) Ideal gases (2) Real gases (3) Vapour (4) Non-real gases

5.@ Any gas shows maximum deviation from ideal gas at

(1) 0ºC and 1 atmospheric pressure (2) 100ºC and 2 atmospheric pressure
(3) –100ºC and 5 atmospheric pressure (4) 500ºC and 1 atmospheric pressure

6.@ A gas is said to behave like an ideal gas when the relation PV / T = constant . When do you expect a
real gas to behave like an ideal gas
(1) When the temperature is low
(2) When both the temperature and pressure are low
(3) When both the temperature and pressure are high
(4) When the temperature is high and pressure is low

7. The units of the van der Waal's constant 'b' are

(1) atmosphere (2) joules (3) L mol–1 (4) mol L–1

8.@ For the non-zero values of force of attraction between gas molecules, gas equation will be :
n2a nRT
(1) PV = nRT – (2) PV = nRT + nbP (3) PV = nRT (4) P =
V V -b

9.@ At low pressures, the van der Waal’s equation is written as :

é a ù
êp + V 2 ú V = RT
ë û
The compressibility factor is then equal to:
æ a ö æ RTV ö æ a ö æ RTV ö
(1) ç 1 - ÷ (2) ç 1 - (3) ç 1+ (4) ç 1+
è RTV ø è a ÷ø è RTV ÷
ø è a ÷ø

10.@ Gases deviate from the ideal gas behaviour because their molecules
(1) possess negligible volume (2) have forces of attraction between them
(3) are polyatomic (4) are not attracted to one another

11.@ A real gas most closely approaches the behaviour of an ideal gas at
(1) 15 atm and 200 K (2) 1 atm and 273 K (3) 0.5 atm and 500 K (4) 15 atm and 500 K

12. A gas can be liquiefied :

(1) above its critical temperature (2) at its critical temperature
(3) below its critical temperature (4) at any temperature
Gaseous State

13.@ Vander Waal’s constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ are related with..... respectively
(1) Attractive force and bond energy of molecules (2) Volume and repulsive force of molecules
(3) Shape and repulsive forces of molecules (4) Attractive force and volume of the molecules

14. The temperature at which real gases obey the ideal gas laws over a wide range of pressure is called
(1) Critical temperature (2) Boyle temperature
(3) Inversion temperature (4) Reduced temperature

15. At high temperature and low pressure, the Vander Waal’s equation is reduced to
æ a ö÷ æ a ö÷
ç ç
(1) ç p + 2 ÷ (Vm ) = RT (2) pV = RT (3) p(V - b) = RT (4) ç p + 2 ÷ (Vm - b ) = RT
è Vm ø m m è Vm ø

16.@ If for the gases, the critical temperature mentioned below i.e.,
Gas Critical temp.
A TC1
B TC2
C TC3
D TC4
TC1 > TC2 > TC3 > TC4
Which of the following can be predicted ?
(1) Ease of liquefaction is minimum in gas D
(2) Gas A has maximum value of van der Waal's constant 'a'
(3) Ease of liquefaction is directly proportional to van der Waal's constant 'a'
(4) All of these

Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

1. Densities of two gases are with equal mass in the ratio 1 : 2 and their temperatures are in the ratio 2 : 1,
then the ratio of their respective pressures is
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 2 : 1 (4) 4 : 1

2. Gas equation PV = nRT is obeyed by

(1) Only isothermal process (2) Only isobaric process
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these

3. Two separate bulbs contain ideal gases A and B. The density of gas A is twice that of gas B. The
molecular mass of A is half that of gas B. The two gases are at the same temperature. The ratio of the
pressure of A to that of gas B is
(1) 2 (2) 1/2 (3) 4 (4) 1/4
Gaseous State

4.@ A wheather balloon filled with hydrogen at 1 atm and 27 o C has volume equal to 12000 litres. On
ascending it reaches a place where the temperature is –23° C and pressure is 0.5 atm. The volume of
the balloon is
(1) 24000 litres (2) 20000 litres (3) 10000 litres (4) 12000 litres

5. Under what conditions will a pure sample of an ideal gas not only exhibit a pressure of 1 atm but also a
concentration of 1 mole litre–1 R = 0.082Latm mol–1 K –1
(1) At STP (2) When V = 22 .4 litres
(3) When T = 12 K (4) Impossible under any conditions

6.@ A gas is found to have a formula [CO] x . If its vapour density is 70, the value of x is
(1) 2.5 (2) 3.0 (3) 5.0 (4) 6.0

7.@ The molecular weight of O2 and SO2 are 32 and 64 respectively. If one litre of O2 at 15ºC and 750 mm
pressure contains ‘N’ molecules, the number of molecules in two litres of SO2 under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure will be
(1) N/2 (2) N (3) 2N (4) 4N

8. What will be the partial pressure of H2 in a flask containing 2g of H 2, 14 g of N 2 and 16 g of O2 :

(1) 1/2 the total pressure (2) 1/3 the total pressure
(3) 1/4 the total pressure (4) 1/16 the total pressure

9. Equal amounts of two gases of molecular weight 4 and 40 are mixed. The pressure of the mixture is 1.1
atm. The partial pressure of the light gas in this mixture is
(1) 0.55 atm (2) 0.11 atm (3) 1 atm (4) 0.12 atm

10.@ Three footballs are respectively filled with nitrogen, hydrogen and helium. If the leaking of the gas
occurs with time from the filling hole, then the ratio of the rate of leaking of gases ( rN2 : rH2 : rHe )
from three footballs (in equal time interval) is
(
(1) 1: 14 : 7 ) (2) ( 14 : 7 :1) (3) ( 7 :1 : 14 ) (
(4) 1: 7 : 14 )
11. Which of the following pairs will diffuse at the same rate through a porous plug
(1) CO, NO2 (2) NO2 ,CO2 (3) NH3 , PH3 (4) NO, C2H6

12.@ Which of the following statement is false

(1) The product of pressure and volume of fixed amount of a gas is independent of temperature
(2) Molecules of different gases have the same K.E. at a given temperature
(3) The ideal gas equation is not valid at high pressure and low temperature
(4) The gas constant per molecule is known as Boltzmann constant

13. If C1 , C2 , C3 ...... represent the speeds of n1 , n2 , n3 ..... molecules, then the root mean square speed is
1/2
æ n1C12 + n2 C 22 + n3 C32 + ..... ö (n1C12 + n2 C22 + n3 C32 + .....)1 / 2
ç ÷
(1) ç n1 + n2 + n3 + ..... ÷ (2) n1 + n2 + n3 + .....
è ø
1/ 2
(n1C12 )1 / 2 (n2C22 )1 / 2 (n3 C32 )1 / 2 é (n1C1 + n2C2 + n3C3 + ....) 2 ù
(3) + + + ...... (4) êê (n1 + n2 + n3 + ....)
ú
úû
n1 n2 n3 ë
Gaseous State

14. 50 ml of hydrogen diffuses out through a small hole from a vessel in 20 minutes. The time needed for
40 ml of oxygen to diffuse out is
(1) 12 min (2) 64 min (3) 8 min (4) 32 min

15. Molecular velocities of the two gases at the same temperature are u 1 and u 2. Their masses are m 1 and
m2 respectively. Which of the following expression is correct ?
m1 m m1 m
(1) 2
= 22 (2) m 1u1 = m2u2 (3) = 2 (4) m1 u12 = m 2 u22
u1 u2 u1 u2

16. At what temperature the RMS velocity of SO 2 be same as that of O2 at 303 K ?

(1) 273 K (2) 606 K (3) 303 K (4) 403 K

17.@ In a closed flask of 5 litres, 1.0 g of H2 is heated from 300 to 600 K. which statement is not correct.
(1) Pressure of the gas increases (2) The rate of collision increases
(3) The number of moles of gas increases (4) The energy of gaseous molecules increases

18.@ The root mean square velocity of an ideal gas in a closed container of fixed volume is increased from
5 ´ 10 4 cm s -1 to 10 ´ 10 4 cm s -1 . Which of the following statement correctly explains how the change is
accomplished.
(1) By heating the gas, the temperature is doubled
(2) By heating the gas, the pressure is quadrupled (i.e. made four times)
(3) By heating the gas, the volume is one fourth quadrupled
(4) By heating the gas, the pressure is doubled

19. The rms speed of N2 molecules in a gas is u. If the temperature is doubled and the nitrogen molecules
dissociate into nitrogen atoms, the rms speed becomes
(1) u / 2 (2) 2u (3) 4u (4) 14u

20. If the v rms is 30 R 1 / 2 at 27ºC then calculate the molar mass of gas in kilogram.
(*1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 0.001

21. The temperature at which real gases obey the ideal gas law over a wide range of pressure is called
(1) Critical temperature (2) Boyle temperature
(3) Inversion temperature (4) Reduced temperature

22. An ideal gas can't be liquefied because

(1) its critical temperature is always above 0°C
(2) its molecules are relatively smaller in size
(3) it solidifies before becoming a liquid
(4) forces operative between its molecules are negligible

23. When is deviation more in the behaviour of a gas from the ideal gas equation PV = nRT ?
(1) At high temperature and low pressure (2) At low temperature and high pressure
(3) At high temperature and high pressure (4) At low temperature and low high pressure
Gaseous State

24.@ For a real gas the P-V curve was experimentally plotted, and it had the following appearance. With
respect to liquefaction. Choose the correct statement.

(1) at T = 500 K, P = 40 atm, the state will be liquid.

(2) at T = 300 K, P = 50 atm, the state will be gas
(3) at T < 300 K, P > 20 atm, the state will be gas
(4) at 300 K < T < 500 K, P > 50 atm, the state will be liquid.

25.@ The van der Waal's parameters for gases W,X,Y and Z are
Gas a (atm L2 mol–2 ) b ( L mol–1 )
W 4 .0 0.027
X 8 .0 0.030
Y 6 .0 0.032
Z 12.0 0.027
Which one of these gases has the highest critical temperature ?
(1) W (2) X (3) Y (4) Z

26. An ideal gas obeying kinetic theory of gases can be liquefied if

(1) Its temperature is more than critical temperature T C
(2) Its pressure is more than critical pressure PC
(3) Its pressure is more than PC at a temperature less than T C
(4) It cannot be liquefied at any value of P and T

27. At high temperature and low pressure van der Waal's equation can be expressed as
æ a ö æ a ö
(1) ç P + 2 ÷ ( V - b ) = RT (2) ç P + 2 ÷ V = RT
è V ø è V ø
(3) P (V – b) = RT (4) PV = RT

28.@ At constant volume, pressure and temperature are related as (T 0 = STP temp.)
æ t ö T0
(1) Pt = P0 ç 1 + ÷ (t = º C) (2) Pt = P0 (T = in K)
è 273 ø T
æ 273 + t ö
(3) P0 = Pt ç ÷ (4) All of these
è 273 ø

29.@ The slope of the graph between log P and log V at constant temperature for a given mass of a gas is
1 1
(1) +1 (2) –1 (3) (4)
T n

30. The compressibility of a gas is less than unity at S.T.P. therefore,

(1) Vm > 22.4 litres (2) Vm < 22.4 litres (3) Vm = 22.4 litres (4) Vm = 44.8 litres
Gaseous State

31.@ The rms velocity of hydrogen is 7 times the rms velocity of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the
gas, then
(1) T(H2 ) = T(N2 ) (2) T(H2 ) > T(N2 ) (3) T(H2 ) < T(N2 ) (4) T(H2 ) = 7 T(N2 )

32. At 100°C and 1 atm, if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g cm –3 and that of water vapour is 0.0006 g cm –
3, that the volume occupied by water molecules in 1 liter of st eam at that temperature is :

(1) 6 cm3 (2) 60 cm 3 (3) 0.6 cm3 (4) 0.06 cm 3

33. The term that corrects for the attractive forces present in a real gas in the vander Waals equation is
an 2 an 2
(1) nb (2) (3) – (4) –nb
V2 V2

PART - I : NEET / AIPMT QUESTION (PREVIOUS YEARS )

1. At 25ºC and 730 mm pressure, 380 mL of dry oxygen was collected. If the temperature is constant,
what volume will the oxygen occupy at 760 mm pressure ? [AIPMT 1999]
(1) 365 mL (2) 300 mL (3) 400 mL (4) 350 mL

2. Which one of the following statements is wrong for gases ? [AIPMT 1999]
(1) Gases do not have definite shape and volume.
(2) Volume of the gas is equal to volume of container confining the gas.
(3) Confined gas exerts uniform pressure on the walls of its container in all directions.
(4) Mass of gas cannot be determined by weighing a container in which it is enclosed.

3. Which of the following expression correctly represents the relationship between the average molar
kinetic energy, KE of CO and N2 molecules at the same temperature ? [AIPMT 2000]
(1) KECO < KEN2 (2) KECO > KEN2 (3) KECO = KEN2
(4) Cannot be predicted unless volumes of the gases are given.

4. The rate of diffusion of a gas having molecular weight just double of nitrogen gas is 56 ml s –1. The rate
of diffusion of nitrogen will be : [AIPMT 2000]
(1) 79.19 ml s –1 (2) 112.0 ml s –1 (3) 56 ml s–1 (4) 90.0 ml s–1

5. The beans are cooked earlier in pressure cooker, because : [AIPMT 2001]
(1) b.p. increases with increaing pressure
(2) b.p. decreases with increaing pressure
(3) extra pressure of pressure cooker, softens the beans
(4) internal energy is not lost while cooking in pressure cooker

6. Vander Waal's real gas, act as an ideal gas, at which condition ? [AIPMT 2002]
(1) High temperature, low pressure (2) Low temperature, high pressure
(3) High temperature, high pressure (4) Low temperature, low pressure
Gaseous State

7. The surface tension of which of the following liquids is maximum ? [AIPMT 2005]
(1) H2O (2) C6H6 (3) CH3OH (4) C2H5OH

8. If a gas expands at constant temperature, it indicates that : [AIPMT 2008]

(1) kinetic energy of molecules decreases.
(2) pressure of the gas increases.
(3) kinetic energy of molecules remains the same.
(4) number of the molecules of gas increases.

9. 50 mL of each gas A and of gas B takes 150 and 200 seconds respectively for effusing through a pin
hole under the similar condition. If molecular mass of gas A is 36, the molecular mass of gas B will be :
[AIPMT 2012]
(1) 96 (2) 128 (3) 32 (4) 64

10. A certain gas takes three times as long to effuse out as helium. Its molecular mass will be :
[AIPMT 2012]
(1) 27 u (2) 36 u (3) 64 u (4) 9 u

11. For real gases van der Waals equation is written as [AIPMT 2012]
æ an2 ö
ç p + 2 ÷ (V – nb) = n RT
è V ø
where 'a' and 'b' are van der Waals constants.
Two sets of gases are :
(I) O2, CO2, H2 and He (II) CH4, O 2 and H2
The gases given in set-I in increasing order of 'b' and gases given in set-II in decreasing order of 'a', are
arranged below. Select the correct order from the following :
(1) (I) He < H2 < CO 2 < O2 (II) CH4 > H2 > O2 (2) (I) O2 < He < H 2 < CO2 (II) H2 > O 2 > CH4
(3) (I) H2 < He < O 2 < CO2 (II) CH4 > O 2 > H2 (4) (I) He < H2 < O2 < CO2(II) CH4 > O2 > H2

12. Maximum deviation from ideal gas is expected from : [NEET 2013]
(1) N2 (g) (2) CH4 (g) (3) NH3 (g) (4) H2 (g)

13. A gas such as carbon monoxide would be most likely to obey the ideal gas law at : [AIPMT 2015]
(1) high temperatures and low pressures. (2) low temperatures and high pressures.
(3) high temperatures and low pressures. (4) low temperatures and low pressures.

14. Equal moles of hydrogen and oxygen gases are placed in a container with a pin-hole through which
both can escape. What fraction of the oxygen escapes in the time required for one-half of the hydrogen
to escape ? [NEET -2016]
(1) 1/2 (2) 1/8 (3) 1/4 (4) 3/8

15. The correction factor 'a' to the ideal gas equation corresponds to [NEET -2018]
(1) Density of the gas molecules
(2) forces of attraction between the gas molecules
(3) electric field present between the gas molecules
(4) volume of the gas molecules

16. Given vander Waals constant for NH3, H2, O2 and CO2 are respectively 4.17, 0.244, 1.36 and 3.59,
which one of the following gases is most easily liquefied ? [NEET -2018]
(1) NH3 (2) CO2 (3) O2 (4) H2
Gaseous State

17. A gas at 350 K and 15 bar has molar volume 20 percent smaller than that for an ideal gas under the
same conditions. The correct option above the gas and its compressibility factor (Z) is :
[NEET-1 -2019]
(1) Z < 1 and repulsive forces are dominant. (2) Z > 1 and attractive forces are dominant.
(3) Z > 1 and repulsive forces are dominant. (4) Z < 1 and attractive forces are dominant.

18. Under isothermal condition, a gas at 300 K expands from 0.1 L to 0.25 L against a constant external
pressure of 2 bar. The work done by the gas is : [Given that 1 L bar = 100 J] [NEET-1 -2019]
(1) 30 J (2) – 30J (3) 5 kJ (4) 25 J

19. In water saturated air, the mole fraction of water vapour is 0.02. If the total pressure of the saturated air
is 1.2 atm, the partial pressure of dry air is - [NEET-2 -2019]
(1) 1.18 atm (2) 1.76 atm (3) 1.176 atm (4) 0.98 atm

20. The volume occupied by 1.8 g of water vapour at 374ºC and 1 bar pressure will be –
[NEET-2 -2019]
[Use R = 0.083 bar LK–1 mol–1]
(1) 96.66 L (2) 55.87 L (3) 3.10 L (4) 5.37 L

PART - II : AIIMS QUESTION (PREVIOUS YEARS )

1. The volume-temperature graphs of a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure are shown below
[AIIMS 2008]

What is the correct order of pressures ?

(1) p1 > p3 > p2 (2) p1 > p2 > p3 (3) p2 > p3 > p1 (4) p2 > p1 > p3

2. The root mean square velocity of one mole of a monatomic gas having molar mass M is U rms. The
relation between the average kinetic energy (E) of the gas and U rms is : [AIIMS 2010]

3E 2E 2E E
(1) Urms = (2) Urms = (3) Urms = (4) Urms =
2M 3M M 3M

3. In the vander Waals equation, ‘a’ signifies : [AIIMS 2011]

(1) intermolecular attraction
(2) intramolecular attraction
(3) attraction between molecular and wall of container
(4) volume of molecules

4. X ml of H2 gas effuse through a hole in a container in 5 seconds. The time taken for the effusion of the
same volume of the gas specified below under identical conditions is : [AIIMS 2012]
(1) 10 seconds : He (2) 20 seconds : O2 (3) 25 seconds : CO (4) 55 seconds : CO2
Gaseous State

5. The rate of diffusion of SO2, CO2, PCl3 and SO3 are in the following order [AIIMS 2013]
(1) PCl3 > SO3 > SO2 > CO2 (2) CO2 > SO2 > PCl3 > SO3
(3) SO2 > SO3 > PCl3 > CO2 (4) CO2 > SO2 > SO3 > PCl3

6. The gas with the highest critical temperature is [AIIMS 2014]

(1) H2 (2) He (3) N2 (4) CO2

7. Assertion : Greater the value of van der Wall's constant 'a' greater is the liquefaction of gas.
Reason : 'a' indirectly measures the magnitude of attractive forces between the molecules.
[AIIMS 2015]
(1) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(2) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(3) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(4) If both assertion and reason are false.

8.@ Which of the following volume (V)-temperature (T) plots represent the behaviour of one mole of an ideal
gas at one atmospheric pressure. [AIIMS 2015]
(30.6L, 373 K) V(L)
V(L) (22.4L, 273 K)

(1) (22.4L, 273 K) (2) (14.2.6L, 373 K)

T(K)
T(K)
V(L) V(L)
(38.8L, 373 K) (28.6L, 373 K)

(3) (4)
(22.4L, 273 K) (20.4L, 273 K)

T(K) T(K)

9. At a moderate pressure, the van der Waals equation is written as [AIIMS 2016]
é a ù
êP + 2 ú V = RT
ë V û
The compressibility factor is equal to
æ a ö æ RTV ö æ a ö æ RTV ö
(1) ç 1– RTV ÷ (2) ç 1– a ÷ (3) ç 1 + RTV ÷ (4) ç 1 + a ÷
è ø è ø è ø è ø

10. Assertion : Critical temperature of CO2 is 304 K, it cannot be liquiefied above 304 K. [AIIMS 2016]
1
Reason : At a certain temperature for a fix amount of idea gas, volume µ
pressure
(1) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(2) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(3) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(4) If both assertion and reason are false.

11. In van der Waals' equation of state for non-ideal gas, the term that accounts for intermolecular force is
[AIIMS 2017]
æ a ö
(1) (V = b) (2) (RT)–1 (3) ç P + 2 ÷ (4) RT
è V ø
Gaseous State

12. A gas (1g) at 4 bar pressure. If we add 2gm of gas B then the total pressure inside the container is 6
bar. Which of the following is true ? [AIIMS 2018]
(1) MA = 2MB (2) MB = 2MA (3) MA = 4MB (4) MB = 4MA

13. Assertion :The surface tension of water is more than other liquid. [AIIMS 2018]
Reason : Water molecules have strong inter molecular H-bonding as attractive force.
(1) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(2) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(3) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(4) If both assertion and reason are false.

14. In vanderwaal equation at const temperature 300 K, a = 1.4 atm lt 2 mole–2 , v = 100 ml, n = 1 mole,
what is pressure of gas : [AIIMS 2018]
(1) 42 atm (2) 210 atm (3) 500 atm (4) 106 atm

15. Gas in a cylinder is maintained at 10 atm pressure and 300 K temperature. The cylinder will explode if
pressure of gas beyond 15 atm. What is maximum temperature to which gas can be heated ?
(1) 400 K (2) 500 K (3) 450 K (4) 250 L [AIIMS 2018]

16. At constant temperature Gases A & B, density of (A) is twice that of B and molar mass of A is half of B.
PA
Ratio of their pressures is is : [AIIMS 2018]
PB
(1) ¼ (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) 2

PART - III : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Value of gas constant R is : [AIEEE 2001]
(1) 0.082 litre atm. (2) 0.987 cal mol –1 K–1 (3) 8.3 J mol–1 K–1 (4) 83 erg mol–1 K–1

2. Kinetic theory of gases proves : [AIEEE 2002]

(1) Only Boyle’s law (2) Only Charles law
(3) Only Avagadro's law (4) All of these
3. For an ideal gas, number of moles per litre in terms of its pressure P, gas constant R and temperature T
is: [AIEEE 2002]
(1) PT/R (2) PRT (3) P/RT (4) RT/P
4. According to kinetic theory of gases in an ideal gas between two successive collisions a gas molecule
travels: [AIEEE 2003]
(1) In a straight line path (2) With an accelerated velocity
(3) In a circular path (4) In a wavy path

5. What volume of hydrogen gas, at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6g of
elemental boron (atomic mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride by hydrogen?
[AIEEE 2003]
(1) 89.6 L (2) 67.2 L (3) 44.8 L (4) 22.4 L

6. As the temperature is raised from 20oC to 40oC, the average kinetic energy of neon atoms changes by a
factor : [AIEEE 2004]
313 313 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
293 293 2
Gaseous State

7. In vander Waal’s equation of state of the gas law, the constant ‘b’ is a measure of : [AIEEE 2004]
(1) Intermolecular collisions per unit volume (2) Intermolecular attractions
(3) Volume occupied by the molecules (4) Intermolecular repulsions

8. Which one of the following statements is not true about the effect of an increase in temperature on the
distribution of molecular speeds in a gas ? [AIEEE 2005]
(1) The area under the distribution curve remains the same as under the lower temperature
(2) The distribution becomes broader
(3) The fraction of the molecules with the most probable speed increases
(4) The most probable speed increases

9. For gaseous state, if most probable speed is denoted by C*, average speed by C and mean square
speed by C, then for a large number of molecules the ratios of these speeds are : [JEE(Main) 2013]
(1) C* : C : C = 1.225 : 1.128 : 1 (2) C* : C : C = 1.128 : 1.225 : 1
(3) C* : C : C = 1 : 1.128 : 1.225 (4) C* : C : C = 1 : 1.225 : 1.128

10. If Z is a compressibility factor, vander Waals equation at low pressure can be written as :
[JEE(Main) 2014]
RT a Pb Pb
(1) Z = 1 + (2) Z = 1 – (3) Z = 1 – (4) Z = 1 +
Pb VRT RT RT

11. Two closed bulbs of equal volume (V) containing an ideal gas initially at pressure p i and temperature T1
are connected through a narrow tube of negligible volume as shown in the figure below. The
temperature of one of the bulbs is then raised to T 2. The final pressure pf is: [JEE(Main) 2016]
T1 T1 T1 T2
p i,V pi ,V p f,V pf ,V

æ T1 ö æ T2 ö æ T1T2 ö æ T1T2 ö
(1) 2pi ç T + T ÷ (2) 2pi ç T + T ÷ (3) 2pi ç T + T ÷ (4) pi ç T + T ÷
è 1 2ø è 1 2ø è 1 2ø è 1 2 ø

12. 0.5 moles of gas A and x moles of gas B exert a pressure of 200 Pa in a container of volume 10 m 3 at
1000 K. Given R is the gas constant in JK –1 mol–1, x is : [JEE(Main) 2019]
4–R 2R 2R 4 +R
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2R 4 +R 4 -R 2R

13. An open vessel at 27°C is heated until two fifth of the air (assumed as an ideal gas) in it has escaped
from the vessel. Assuming that the volume of the vessel remains constant, the temperature at which the
vessel has been heated is: [JEE(Main) 2019]
(1) 750 K (2) 750°C (3) 500 ºC (4) 500 K

14. The volume of gas A is twice than that of gas B. The compressibility factor of gas A is thrice than that of
gas B at same temperature. The pressures of the gases for equal number of moles are :
[JEE(Main) 2019]
(1) 2PA = 3PB (2) PA = 2PB (3) 3PA = 2PB (4) PA = 3PB
Gaseous State

EXERCISE - 1
SECTION (A)
1. (4) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (3)
8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (3)
15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (1)
22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (3) 25. (3) 26. (2) 27. (1) 28. (3)
29. (3) 30. (2)
SECTION (B)
1. (4) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (3)
SECTION (C)
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (3)
8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4) 11. (1) 12. (2)
SECTION (D)
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (2) 7. (3)
8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (3)
SECTION (E)
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (3)
8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (2) 11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (2)
15. (2) 16. (4)

EXERCISE - 2
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (3)
8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (1) 14. (2)
15. (4) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (1) 21. (2)
22. (4) 23. (2) 24. (4) 25. (4) 26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (1)
29. (2) 30. (2) 31. (3) 32. (3) 33. (2)

EXERCISE - 3
PART-I
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (1) 6. (1) 7. (1)
8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (2) 11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (2)
15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (4)
PART-II
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (4) 7. (1)
8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (2) 11. (3) 12. (4) 13. (1) 14. (4)
15. (3) 16. (2)
PART-III
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (2) 6. (3) 7. (3)
8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (2) 11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (4) 14. (1)
Gaseous State

Self Practice Paper (SPP)

1. 2.5 L of a sample of a gas at 27°C and 1 bar pressure is compressed to a volume of 500 mL keeping
the temperature constant, the percentage increase in pressure is
(1) 100 % (2) 400 % (3) 500% (4) 80%

2. For two gases, A and B with molecular weights M A and MB, it is observed that at a certain temperature,
T, the mean velocity of A is equal to the root mean square velocity of B. Thus the mean velocity of A
can be made equal to the mean velocity of B, if
(1) A is at temperature, T 1 and B at T 2 T1 > T 2
(2) A is lowered to a temperature T 2 < T while B is at T
(3) Both A and B are raised to a higher temperature
(4) Both A and B are lowered in temperature.

3. At what temperature, the average speed of gas molecules be double of that at temperature, 27ºC?
(1) 120ºC (2) 108ºC (3) 927ºC (4) 300ºC

4. Two glass bulbs A and B at same temperature are connected by a very small tube having a stop-corck.
Bulb A has a volume of 100 cm 3 and contained the gas while bulb B was empty. On opening the stop-
corck, the pressure fell down to 20%. The volume of the bulb B is :
(1) 100 cm 3 (2) 200 cm 3 (3) 250 cm 3 (4) 400 cm 3

5. The product of PV is plotted against P at two temperatures T 1 and T2 and the 'result is shown in figure.
What is correct about T1 and T 2?

(1) T1 > T 2 (2) T2 > T 1 (3) T1 = T 2 (4) T1 + T 2 = 1

6. Match of following (where Urms = root mean square speed, U av = average speed, Ump = most probable
speed)
List I List II
(a) Urms / Uav (i) 1.22
(b) Uav / Ump (ii) 1.13
(c) Urms / Ump (iii) 1.08
(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i) (2) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii) (4) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i).

7. N2 + 3H2 ¾¾® 2NH3. 1 mol N2 and 4 mol H2 are taken in 15 L flask at 27°C. After complete conversion
of N2 into NH3, 5 L of H 2O is added. Pressure set up in the flask is :
3 x 0.0821 x 300 2 x 0.0821 x 300
(1) atm (2) atm
15 10
1 x 0.0821 x 300 1 x 0.0821 x 300
(3) atm (4) atm
15 10
Gaseous State

8. Which of the following is not the correct set of pressure and volume at constant temperature and
constant moles of gas ?
P V P V
(1) 1 atm 200 ml (2) 760 mm 0.2 L
(3) 0.5 atm 100 L (4) 2 atm 100 mL

9. 2 litres of moist hydrogen were collected over water at 26 0C at a total pressure of one atmosphere. On
analysis, it was found that the quantity of H 2 collected was 0.0788 mole. What is the mole fraction of H 2
in the moist gas
(1) 0.989 (2) 0.897 (3) 0.953 (4) 0.967

10. When CO2 under high pressure is released from a fire extinguisher, particles of solid CO 2 are formed,
despite the low sublimation temperature (– 77ºC) of CO2 at 1.0 atm. It is
(1) the gas does work pushing back the atmosphere using KE of molecules and thus lowering the
temperature
(2) volume of the gas is decreased rapidly hence, temperature is lowered
(3) both (1) and (2)
(4) None of the above

11. At what temperature will the total KE of 0.3 mol of He be the same as the total KE of 0.40 mol of Ar at
400 K ?
(1) 533 K (2) 400 K (3) 346 K (4) 300 K

12. Potassium hydroxide solutions are used to absorb CO 2. How many litres of CO 2 at 1.00 atm and 22ºC
1
would be absorbed by an aqueous solution containing 15.0 g of KOH ? (Take R = l atm / K/mole)
12
2KOH + CO2 ¾¾® K2CO3 + H2O
(1) 3.24 L (2) 1.62 L (3) 6.48 L (4) 0.324 L

13. The volume of a gas increases by a factor of 2 while the pressure decreases by a factor of 3. Given that
the number of moles is unaffected, the factor by which the temperature changes is :
3 2 1
(1) (2) 3 × 2 (3) (4) ×3
2 3 2

14. If V0 is the volume of a given mass of gas at 273 K at constant pressure , then according to Charle's
law , the volume at 10 ºC will be :
2 10 283
(1) 10 V0 (2) (V0 + 10) (3) V0 + (4) V
273 273 273 0

15. When a gas is compressed at constant temperature :

(1) the speeds of the molecules increase (2) the collisions between the molecules increase
(3) the speeds of the molecules decrease (4) the collisions between the molecules decrease

16. A cylinder is filled with a gaseous mixture containing equal masses of CO and N2 . The partial pressure
ratio is :
1
(1) PN2 = PCO (2) PCO = 0.875 PN2 (3) PCO = 2 PN2 (4) PCO = PN
2 2
Gaseous State

17. Helium atom is two times heavier than a hydrogen molecule at 298 k , the average kinetic energy of
helium is :
(1) two times that of hydrogen molecule (2) same as that of the hydrogen molecule
(3) four times that of a hydrogen molecule (4) half that of a hydrogen molecule

18. Two flasks A and B have equal volumes. A is maintained at 300 K and B at 600 K, while A contains H 2
gas, B has an equal mass of CO 2 gas. Find the ratio of total K.E. of gases in flask A to that of B.
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 11 : 1 (3) 33 : 2 (4) 55 : 7

19. A quantity of gas is collected in a graduated tube over the mercury. The volume of gas at 18 ºC is 50 ml
and the level of mercury in the tube is 100 mm above the outside mercury level. The barometer reads
750 torr. Hence , volume at S.T.P. is approximately :
(1) 22 ml (2) 40 ml (3) 20 ml (4) 44 ml

20. If equal weights of oxygen and nitrogen are placed in separate containers of equal volume at the same
temperature, which one of the following statements is true?
(mol wt: N2 = 28, O2 = 32)
(1) Both flasks contain the same number of molecules.
(2) The pressure in the nitrogen flask is greater than the one in the oxygen flask.
(3) More molecules are present in the oxygen flask.
(4) Molecules in the oxygen flask are moving faster on the average than the ones in the nitrogen flask.

21. Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
(1) The molecules possess a volume that is negligibly small compared to the of the container
(2) The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related
(3) Gases consist of discrete particles that are in random motion
(4) The average kinetic energy of the molecules is directly proportional to the temperature

22. What is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of 7.0 g of N2 , 2g of hydrogen and 8.0 g of sulphur
dioxide gases in a vessel of 6 L capacity that has been kept in a reservoir at 27°C?
(1) 2.5 bar (2) 4.5 bar (3) 10 atm (4) 5.7 bar

23. At what temperature root mean square speed of N 2 gas is equal to that of propane gas at S.T.P.
conditions.
(1) 173.7°C (2) 173.7 K (3) S.T.P. (4) – 40°C

24. 10 L of O 2 gas is reacted with 30 L of CO (g) at STP. The volume of each gas present at the end of the
reaction are :
(1) O2 = 10 L, CO2 = 20 L (2) CO = 10 L, CO2 = 20 L
(3) CO = 20 L, CO 2 = 10 L (4) CO = 15 L, CO2 = 15 L

25. 1 mol of a gaseous aliphahatic compound C nH3nOm is completely burnt in an excess of oxygen. The
contraction in volume is (assume water get condensed out)
æ 1 3 ö æ 3 1 ö æ 1 3 ö æ 3 1 ö
(1) ç 1 + n - m ÷ (2) ç 1 + n - m ÷ (3) ç1 - 2 n - 4 m ÷ (4) ç 1 + n - m ÷
è 2 4 ø è 4 4 ø è ø è 4 2 ø

26. One mole of a gas is defined as -

(1) The number of molecules in one litre of gas
(2) The number of molecules in one formula weight of gas
(3) The number of molecules contained in 12 grams of (12 C) isotope
(4) The number of molecules in 22.4 litres of a gas at S.T.P.
Gaseous State

27. If two moles of an ideal gas at 546 K occupies a volume of 44.8 litres, the pressure must be -
(1) 2 atm (2) 3 atm (3) 4 atm (4) 1 atm

28. At STP the order of mean square velocity of molecules of H 2, N 2, O 2 and HBr is -
(1) H2 > N2 > O2 > HBr (2) HBr > O2 > N2 > H2
(3) HBr > H2 > O 2 > N2 (4) N2 > O2 > H2 > HBr

29. If all the oxygen atoms present in 4 mole H2SO4 2 mole P4O10 & 2mole NO2 are collected for the
formation of O 2 gas molecules then calculate volume of O2 gas formed at 2 atm pressure & 273 K
temperature.
(1) 224 L (2) 448 L (3) 336 L (4) 112 L

30.

If the partition is removed the average molar mass of the sample will be (Assume ideal behaviour).
5 10 3
(1) gm/mol (2) gm/mol (3) gm/mol (4) 3 gm /mol
3 3 2

31. Which of the following relationship is false :

2RT 1
(1) Most probable velocity, µ = (2) PV = 2
mnCrms
M 3
PV 1
(3) Compresibility factor Z = (4) Average kinetic energy of a gas = kT
nRT 2

32. At constant temperature, the pressure for same mass of the gas is
(1) proportional to the volume (2)inversely proportional to the volume.
(3) remain same (4) none

33. The root mean square speed is always

(1) more than the average speed of molecules. (2) less than the average speed of molecules.
(3) remain constant (4) none

34. Which of the following exhibits the weakest intermolecular forces ?

(1) NH3 (2) HCl (3) He (4) H2O

35. At 0°C and one atm pressure, a gas occupies 100 cc. If the pressure is increased to one and a half-
time and temperature is increased by one-third of absolute temperature, then final volume of the gas
will be :
(1) 80 cc (2) 88.9 cc (3) 66.7 cc (4) 100 cc

36. The rms velocity of CO 2 at a temperature T (in kelvin) is x cm s–1. At what temperature (inkelvin) the
rms. velocity of nitrous oxide would be 4 x cm s –1 ?
(1) 16 T (2) 2T (3) 4T (4) 32 T
Gaseous State

37. N2 is found in a litre flask under 100 k Pa pressure and O 2 is found in another 3 litre flask under 320 k
Pa pressure. If the two flasks are connected, the resultant pressure is
(1) 310 k Pa (2) 210 k Pa (3) 420 k Pa (4) 265 k Pa

38. The numerical value of N/n (where N is the number of molecules in a given sample of the gas and n is
the number of moles of the gas) is.
(1) 8.314 (2) 6.02 ´ 1023 (3) 0.0821 (4) 1.66 ´ 10 –19

39. Slope of the plot between PV and P at constant temperature is :

(1) zero (2) 1 (3) 1/2 (4) 1/ 2

40. What is the pressure of 2 mole of NH 3 at 27°C when its volume is 5 litre in van der waals equation ?
(a = 4.17, b = 0.03711)
(1) 10.33 atm (2) 9.33 atm (3) 9.74 atm (4) 9.2 atm

41. Equation for Boyle's law is

dP dV dP dV d 2P d2 V d 2P d2 V
(1) =– (2) =+ (3) =– (4) =+
P V P V P dT P dT

42. Two gas bulbs A and B are connected by a tube having a stopcock. Bulb A has a volume of 100 ml and
contains hydrogen. After opening the gas from A to the evacuated bulb B, the pressure falls down by
40%. The volume (mL) of B must be :
(1) 75 (2) 150 (3) 125 (4) 200

43. Which of the following diagram correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas ?
(T is measured in K)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

44. A 4.0 dm3 flask containing N2 at 4.0 bar was connected to a 6.0 dm 3 flask containing helium at 6.0 bar,
and the gases were allowed to mix isothermally, then the total pressure of the resulting mixture will be
(1) 10.0 bar (2) 5.2 bar (3) 1.6 bar (4) 5.0

45. In order to increase the volume of a gas by10%, the pressure of the gas should be
(1) decreased by 10% (2) decreased by 1%
(3) increased by 10% (4) increased by 1%
Gaseous State

SPP Answers
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (4)

8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (4)

15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (2) 21. (2)

22. (4) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (4) 26. (4) 27. (1) 28. (1)

29. (1) 30. (2) 31. (4) 32. (2) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (2)

36. (1) 37. (4) 38. (2) 39. (1) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (2)

43. (4) 44. (2) 45. (1)

SPP Solutions
1. Using p1V1 = P2V2 1 × 2.5 = 0.5 × P2 = 5 bar.
(5 – 1)bar
% increase in pressure = × 100% = 400 %.
1bar

8RT 3RT
2. Given = Þ 8MB = 3p MA
pMA MB
3RTA 3RTB TA T
& = Þ = B Þ MB . T A = MA . T B
MA MB MA MB
3p
Þ MA . T A = M A . T B Þ TB > TA Hence (2)
8

8RT 8 ´ R ´ 300
3. =2 Þ T = 1200 K = 927ºC
pM p M

4. 100 P = 0.2 P × 100 + 0.2 P × V

1000
= 100 + V
2
V = 400 ml
5. PV T

2RT 3RT
6. UMPS = ; URMS =
M M
8RT
Uav =
pM

7. N2 + 3H2 ¾¾
® 2NH3
t=0 1 mole 4 mole 0
t = tfinal 0 1 mole 2 mole
NH3 will absorb by water and volume will be 15 – 5 = 10 L
nRT 1´ 0.0821´ 300
P= = atm
V 10
Gaseous State

1´ 0.2
8. (1) Total moles =
RT
1´ 0.2
(2) Total moles =
RT
0.5 ´ 100
(3) Total moles =
RT
2 ´ 0.1
(4) Total moles =
RT

PV 1´ 2
9. nTotal = = = 0.081 moles
RT 0.0821´ 299
nH2 0.0788
XH2 = = = 0.967
n total 0.0821
´ 299
2

10. K.E. µ Temperature

é3 ù 3
11. ê 2 nRT ú = 2 nRT
ë û He
0.3 T = 0.4 × 400
T = 533 K

15 1 0.0821 ´ 295
12. V= × × = 3.24 L
56 2 1

13. PV = nRT
P
´ 2V = nRT
3
2
T' = T
3

V1 V
14. = 2
T1 T2
V0 V 283
= 2 Þ V2 = V
273 283 273 0

15. Frequency of collision will increase.

PN2 X n x ´ 28
16. = N2 = N2 = = 1 PN2 = Pco
PCO X CO nco 28 ´ x
Where xn2, x co is mole fraction of N2 & CO and x is wt. of N2 & CO taken.

3
17. Average K.E. = RT and T is constant 298 K
2
K.E. is same for all gases at same Temperature.

n A TA m 44 300
18. = × ×
nB TB 2 m 600
Gaseous State

19. Net pressure of gas = Pgas

Pgas = 650 mm.
P1V1 æP V ö
= ç 2 2÷
T1 è T2 øSTP
650 ´ 50 760 ´ V2
=
291 273
V2 = 40.11 ml P1 = 9 atm P2 = 6 atm
V1 = 5l V2 = 10 l

20. nN2 > nO2 where 'n' is no of moles of gases.

PN2 > PO2 because Pgasa n.

7 1
22. No. of moles of N2 = =
28 4
1 1
No. of moles of H2 = 1 Mole Total moles = +1 +
4 8
1 1 11
No. of moles of SO2 = moles = (2 + 8 + 1) =
8 8 8
nRT 11 0.0821 ´ 300
P= = × = 5.64 » 5.7 atm.
V 8 6

23. Let Temp (T) where Vrms of N2 = Vrms of C3H8 at STP

3RT1 3RT2 3 ´ 8.314 ´ 273
= = =
MN2 MC3H8 44 ´ 10 -3

3RT1
= = 393.38
MN2
T1 = 173.72 K

24. 2CO + O2 ¾® 2CO2

30/22.4 10/22.4
O2 is limiting reagent
10/22.4 0 20/22.4
\ at the end of reaction CO2 = 20 L
CO = 10 L

25. CnH3nOm + yO2 ¾¾® nCo2 (g) + H2O (l)

3n m
Contraction in volume = Contraction in moles of gas = 1 + –
4 2
3n m
=1+ –
4 2
æ 3n ö 1 3n m
Þ ç 2n + 2 - m ÷ × =y Þ n+ – =y
è ø 2 4 2
Gaseous State

26. No. of molecules in 22.4 L at STP

is 6.021023 = 1 mole of gas.

nRT 2 ´ 0.0821 ´ 546

27. P= = = 2 atm
V 44.8

1
28. Vrms µ 'M' is Molecular wt.
M
order of M.wt. = H 2< N2 < O 2 < HBr
order of Vrms = H2 > N2 > O2 > HBr.

29. moles of O2 in 4 mole (H2SO4) = 4 × 2

moles of O2 in 2 mole (P4O10) = 10
moles of O2 in 2 mole (NO2) = 2
\ total moles of O 2 = 20 mole
volume of 20 mole at 1 atm = 22.4 × 20 L
1
\ at 2 atm = ´ 22.4 ´ 20 = 224 L
2

3 ´ 16.42
30. mole of H2 = =2
0.0821 ´ 300
6 ´ 16.42
mole of D2 = =4
0.0821 ´ 300
2´2 + 4´ 4 10
average molecular weight = =
4+2 3

3
31. Average kinetic energy of a gas/ molecule = KT.
2

32. PV = nRT (at constant n,T)

1
Pµ
V

3RT 8RT
33. >
M pM
8
3 >
p
When T and M are same.

34. He contain very weak vanderwall force i.e. London force.

35. P1V1/T 1 = P2V2/T 2

i.e. (1 × 100) / 273 = (1.5 × V2)/ (273 + 91)
or V2 = 88.9 cc.
Gaseous State

3RT uCO2 TCO2 MN2O

36. u= \ = ´
M uN2O MCO2 TN2 O

x T 44
i.e. = ´ or TN2O = 16 T.
4x 44 TN2O

37. P1V1 + P2V2 = P3(V1 + V 2),

100 × 1 + 320 × 3 = P 3(1 + 3) or P3 = 265 kPa

39. Plot is a horizontal line. hence, slope = 0.

æ an2 ö
40. çP + ÷ (V – nb) = n RT
è V ø
n RT an2
or P= -
V - nb V 2
2 ´ 0.0821 ´ 300 4.17 ´ 2 2
= -
5 - 2 ´ 0.03711 52
= 10 – 0.66 = 9.33 atm.

41. By Boyle's law, PV = constant. Differentiating this equation, we get

PdV + VdP = 0 or VdP = – PdV
dP dV
or = -
P V

42. Applying Boyle's law

PAVA = (0.40 PA) (VA + VB)
PA × 100 = 0.40 P A (100 + VB)
or 100 = 0.4 (100 + V B) or 100 + VB = 250
or VB = 150 mL.

V
43. By Charle's law, at constant P and n = const. i.e., V = k.T. Hence, plot of V vs T is a straight line
T
passing through the origin.

44. At constant temperature,

P1 V1 + P2 V2 = P3 (V1 + V2)
(4.0 bar) (4.0 dm 3) + (6.0 bar) (6.0 dm3) = P 3 (4.0 + 6.0 dm 3)
16 + 36 52
or P3 = = = 5.2 bar.
10 10

45. P1V1 = P2 V2. If V1 = V,

10 V 11V
V2 = V + V = V+ =
100 10 10
11V 10
P1V = P2 or P2 = P1 = 0.9 P1 = 90% of P 1
10 11
\ Decreases in pressure = 10%.