MEE 035: Machine Design 11

Students’ Activity Sheet Module #5

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: WIRE ROPE Materials:

Module, Paper, Pen, Calculator.
Lesson Objectives: References:
1. Design of Machine Elements,
1. The major objective is to learn to apply basic theories of 4e, by: Virgil Moring Faires
strength of materials and other pertinent theories to the 2. Design of Machine Members,
actual design of the most common machine elements; 4e
Flexible Power-Transmitting Elements, Power Chains, Wire By: Daughtie and Vallance
Ropes, Flywheel, Brakes and Clutches, etc. especially as 3.Required: Problem Book on
they are affected by the variation in the loading. Design of Machine Elements 4e
2. To give the safe answer hence by nature most machines, by: Virgil Moring Faires
the loads vary and the most important consideration is to 4. Strength of Materials by:
have minimum weight but do not compromise the Ferdinand L. Singer and Andrew
durability, economy, and esthetics. Pytel 4e
5. Machine design reviewer by:
Subaran

• “The scientist discovers a new type of material or energy and the engineer discovers a new
use for it.” ...

Productivity Tip:

Try the Pomodoro Technique! Set

your timer to 25 minutes and work on
the module during this time period.
After this period, take a 5-minute
break and then continue working on
the module again.

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A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)

Wire Ropes: Wire ropes were once favored for long distance transmission of power. The
chief use of wire ropes at the present time is in elevators, mine hoists, cranes, oil-well drilling,
aerial conveyors, tramways, haulage devices, and suspension bridges.
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the
years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony,
Germany. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior to ropes made of hemp or to metal
chains, such as had been used before.
Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of three strands consisting of four wires each. In
1840, Scotsman Robert Stirling Newall improved the process further. In America wire rope was
manufactured by John A. Roebling, starting in 1841 and forming the basis for his success in
suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials
and manufacture of wire rope. Ever with an ear to technology developments in mining and
railroading,
Wire ropes are made from cold-drawn wire that are first wrapped into strands; the strands
are then wrapped into helices about a core or central elements, which is usually hemp or pulp.
Wire ropes were once favored for long-distance transmission of power. Electric transmission has
made this use practically obsolete. The chief use of wire ropes at the present time is in elevators,
mine hoist, cranes, oil-well drilling, aerial conveyors, tramways, haulage devices and suspension
bridges

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

Before we start the topic answer the questions in column 2. Write your answers in the column 1. Leave
the third column blank (will be answered during Activity 4).

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. What is 6 x 7 rope

2. Uses of wire ropes

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3. How many concrete or steel

building shall be advised to
install passenger elevators.

4. How many persons

occupying in one elevator

5. What is the average density

of the occupancy per person

B.MAIN LESSON

1) Activity 2: Content Notes (25 mins)

WIRE ROPES

Wire rope is several strands of metal wire twisted into a helix forming a composite rope, in a pattern
known as laid rope. Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern
known as cable laid.

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12.2. Designation of rope.

Table 12.1. Most common type of steel wire ropes used in the industry
Wire Nominal diameter (mm)
type

6×7 8, 9, 10.11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35

6 × 19 8, 9, 1013, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 38

6 × 17 8, 9, 1013, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 38

6 × 37 8, 9, 1013, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 38, 40, 44, 48, 52, 58

8 × 19 8, 9, 1013, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29

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 Wire ropes are used for long distance transmission of power.
MEE 035: Machine Design 11
In present time they are used in:
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #5
1. Elevators
2. Mine hoist
3. Cranes
Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
4. Oil-well drilling
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________
5. Aerial conveyor
6. Trim ways
7. Haulage devices
8. Suspension bridges

Wire ropes is made with two types of windings

a) The regular lay
b) The lang lay

Or see Fig 18-1 pp. 418, Vallance

The regular lay – the wire twisted in one

direction to form the strands, 2nd strands
twisted in the opposite direction to form a
rope.
In the completed rope the visible wires
are approximately parallel to the axis
of the rope

The lang lay ropes have the wires in the strand,

2dn strand of the rope is twisted in the
Same direction. The outer wire run diagonally across the axis of the rope.
Both regular and lang lay are available in either right or left hand.

Refer to Fig 18-2 pp/ 419, Vallance

Types of ropes construction

Ropes available
1
6x7 16
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
5
¼ to 8

1
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
8
5
𝑡𝑜 1½
8

1
6 x 19 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
16

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1 5
𝑡𝑜
4 8

1 5 1
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑡𝑜 2
8 8 4

1 1 3
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠, 2 𝑡𝑜 2
4 4 4

Ultimate Strength of plow steel ropes:

Fu = 76,000𝑑 2 for 6x7 and 6 x 19 ropes, lbs

Fu = 75,000𝑑 2 for 6 x 37 ropes, lbs

Rope 6 x 7
Means that the rope is made of six strands and each containing seven wires.

For rope strength, the classification are:

a) Wrought iron
b) Cast steel
c) Extra strong cast steel
d) Plow steel

For extra high strength ropes – alloy steel ropes are used.

For certain purpose, ropes are made of:

a) Aluminum alloys
b) Copper
c) Bronze
d) Stainless steel

For wire ropes selection, the following are considered:

a) Flexibility

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b) Wear resistance
c) Strength
d) Reserve strength
e) Gross strength
f) Corrosion resistance

Minimum strength of various grades of steel wires:

1. Iron – 85 000 psi
2. Cast steel – 170 000 psi
3. Extra strong cast steel – 190 000 psi
4. Plow steel – 210 000 psi
5. Alloy steel – 230 000 psi

Bending stresses

• When the rope passes around the drums and sheaves

• The wire on the outside increase in length
• The wire on the inside decrease in length
On this case it produces additional tension in the outer wires

The rope does not bend (as solid bar)

Only the wire will move and rearrange to determine the bending stress, since there are variety of
results

For 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 12,000,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

18−1
Refer to table DME Vallance and Daughtie
421

𝑙𝑏
Weight of Rope = 1.58𝑑 2 , 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑡
d = rope diameter

Rope diameter is the diameter of a circle that just enclose the rope.

Bending Stress:

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𝑆𝑏 = 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝐸𝑟 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒

𝑑𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐷 = 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐸𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 12,000,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Table 18-1 pp 421 Vallance, approx.. wire diameters and areas

Rope dw A

6x7 0.106d 0.38d²

6 x 19 0.063d 0.38d²
6 x 37 0.045d 0.38d²
8 x 19 0.050d 0.35d²

A = cross sectional area

Bending Load, 𝐹𝑏

In most cases the bending stress is converted to equivalent bending load, in equation form,
𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑤
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐴 , 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐷

Fatigue Strength

The correlation between fatigue failure the total working stress, bending stress and the bearing pressure
of the rope.

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For 180 degrees approximate contact angle

The equation of nominal bearing pressure here, the fatigue strength is base
2𝐹𝑡
𝑃= = 𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑢
𝐷𝑑

where
Ft = tensile load of the rope
Ft = (total working load – bending load)
D = diameter of the sheave, inches
d = diameter of the rope, inches
c = constant, desired rope life

Equation for number of bends to failure

𝑃
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 422 𝐷𝑀𝐸 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑢

Stu = Ultimate tensile strength of the rope

Nominal Bearing Pressure

𝐹𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.

2𝐹𝑡
𝑃=
𝐷𝑑

D = diameter of the sheave

Table 18-2, p 422, Vallance (Common wire ropes applications)

Table 18-3, p 426, Vallance (Efficiency of wire ropes fasteners)

Table 18-4 (Factor of safety for wire ropes)

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𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
F.S. =
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CODE ELEVATOR DESIGN.

6.4.8 CAPACITY AND LOADING.

Minimum Rated Load

a) All concrete or steel building with more than 3 storeys shall be advised to install passenger
elevators.
b) For determining the no, of elevators the following shall be used as a basis.
1. There shall be one elevator per 220 persons occupying a building other than the first floor.
2. By floor area, 9.3 𝑚2 of floor area is the average density of the occupancy per person.
3. Floor area divided by 9.3 equals the number of persons.
4. Number of persons divided by 220 is the number of elevators.
c) For determining capacities of elevators, the following shall be used as basis for elevator capacities.
1. For apartments . . . . . . 8 – 10%
2. For offices . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 13%
3. For dep’t. stores . . . . . 13 – 15%
d) There shall be 3 ropes for traction type
𝑆 𝑥𝑁
e) Factor of safety, F.S. =
𝑊
Where:
S = manufacturer’s rated breaking strength
N = No. of ropes
W = max. static load

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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
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WIRE ROPE by: SUBARAN ( SI UNITS)

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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #5

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #5

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
Students’ Activity Sheet Module #5

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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 MEE 035: Machine Design 11
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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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Mechanical engineering is actually one of the oldest branches

of engineering, involving the principles of physics, engineering,

mathematics, and material science to analyze, design, and

manufacture mechanical systems.

Example 1.
Select a wire rope for a vertical mine hoist to lift 1200 tons of ore in each 8-hr shift from a depth of
2400 ft. A maximum rope velocity of 2500 fpm with acceleration and deceleration of 12 seconds each and
a rest period of 10 seconds for discharging and loading are assumed.

SOLUTION:

1
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑡
2
2500
𝑆= 𝑓𝑡/min (12 sec)(1𝑚𝑖𝑛/60sec )
2
𝑆 = 250 ft

At full speed the total distance travelled

S = 2400 – 500 = 1900 ft.

𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡

𝑣
𝑎=
𝑡

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𝑓𝑡 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
2500 ( )
𝑎= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
12𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑓𝑡
𝑎 = 3.47
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑆 = 𝑣𝑡

𝑆 1900𝑓𝑡
𝑡= =
𝑣 𝑓𝑡
2500
𝑚𝑖𝑛
60𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡 = 0.76 min ( )
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡 = 45.6 𝑠𝑒𝑐

For one trip it will take

t = 45.6 + 12 + 12 + 10 = 79.6 seconds

3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
For eight hours = 8 hrs x
ℎ𝑟

= 28 800 seconds

28 800 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
79.6
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
= 361.8 trips

𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 1200 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 =
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠 361.8𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠

= 3.32 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

For the skips (assume that its weight is 0.6 of the load), (skips is the bucket or a cage for the passenger
elevator)

Total weight supported by the rope = 3.32 + 0.6(3.32) = 5.3 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

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𝑙𝑏𝑠
Weight of the rope = 1.58𝑑 2
𝑓𝑡

𝟏
Assume 6 x 19 rope: d = 1 𝒊𝒏.
𝟒

𝑙𝑏𝑠
Wt. of rope = 1.58(1.25)2 (2400 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡
1𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 5925 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ( ) = 2.96𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
2000𝑙𝑏

𝑓𝑡
(3.47 )
Acceleration of load = 5.3 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑓𝑡
32.2
𝑠𝑒𝑐2

= 0.57 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑓𝑡
(3.47 )
Acceleration of rope = 2.96 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑓𝑡
32.2
𝑠𝑒𝑐2
= 0.32 𝑡𝑜𝑛

Bending Load, 𝐹𝑏

𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑤
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐴 , 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐷

From table 18-2 recommended sheave dia. is 72d (60-100)d

D = 72(1.25) = 90 inches

(12 000 000)(0.063 𝑥 1.25)

𝐹𝑏 = 0.38(1.25)2 = 3.12 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
90 𝑥 2000

Total load = working load + bending load

= 5.3+2.96+0.57+0.32+3.12 = 12.27 tons

1𝑡𝑜𝑛
Ultimate Strength, Fu = 76 000(1.25)2 = 118 750 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ( )
2000𝑙𝑏𝑠

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𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ,𝐹𝑢
F.S. =
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

118750
F.S. = 2000
= 4.84
12.27

F.S. for elevator ranges from 2.5 – 5, just refer to tables.

Example 2.
An 18-storey building having a net floor area of 4000 𝑚2 exclusive of the ground floor is to be
provided with traction type elevators. The rope velocity is 250 fpm and the acceleration deceleration
1
occur at of the distance. The weight of the cage is 1.5 tons. Select a wire rope for the elevators.
10

SOLUTION:

4000
No. of elevators = 9.3
= 1.95 = 2 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
220

WORKING LOAD

Basing on 5-minute trip

Loading/unloading = 40% of 5 minutes

= 0.40 x 5 = 2 min.

𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡

𝑣
𝑎=
𝑡

𝑣 2− 𝑣𝑜 2 = 2𝑎𝑠

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But 𝑣𝑜 = 0

𝑣 2− 𝑣𝑜 2 = 2𝑎𝑠

𝑣 2 = 2𝑎𝑠

𝑣2
𝑎=
2𝑠

𝑣2 𝑣
=
2𝑠 𝑡

2𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡

2𝑠
𝑡=
𝑣

𝑓𝑡
For 18-storey building = 12
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟

S = (18-1)(12) = 204 ft

1
Acce/dece = (204) = 20.4 𝑓𝑡
10

Accelerate = 10.2 ft

Decelerate = 10.2 ft

Acce/dece distance = 20.4 ft

20.4
Acce/dece time = 250 = 4.89 𝑠𝑒𝑐
60

Time at full speed

𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡

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𝑠 (204−20.4)
𝑡= = 250 = 44.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣
60

Total time per trip

Total = 2(60) + 4.89 + 44.1 = 169 sec = 2.82 min.

Basing on 5-minute trip

5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
No. of trips = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.77 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
2.82
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

At 10% capacity elevator

4000
Cap = 10%( ) = 43 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
9.3

Since there two elevators

43
Capacity each elevator = = 22 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
2

LIVE LOAD, assuming each person weighs 150 lbs

150
Live Load, 𝑊𝐿 = 1.5 + 22 = 3.15 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
2000

𝑣 2 = 2𝑎𝑠

𝑣2
𝑎=
2𝑠

250 2 𝑓𝑡 2
() 𝑓𝑡
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑎= = 0.425
2(20.4)𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

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3.15
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑥 0.425
Acceleration load = 3
= 0.014 𝑡𝑜𝑛
32.2

WORKING LOAD

3.15
1. Live load, 𝑊𝐿 = = 1.05 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
3

2. Acceleration load, 𝐹𝑙 = 0.014 𝑡𝑜𝑛

1
3. Weight of the rope, (6 x 19) rope, d = 1 𝑖𝑛.
4
1.58(1.25)2 (204)
Weight of rope 𝑊𝑟 = = 0.252 𝑡𝑜𝑛
2000

0.425
4. Acceleration of rope, 𝐹𝑟 = 0.252 = 0.0033 𝑡𝑜𝑛
32.2

𝐴𝑤 𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑤 0.38(1.25)2 (12 000 000)(0.063𝑥1.25)

5. Bending load, 𝐹𝑏 = = = 4.98 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐷 45(1.25)(2 000)
WORKING LOAD = 6.3 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠

76 000(1.25)2
𝐹𝑢 = 76 000𝑑 2 = = 59.375 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
2000

𝐹𝑢 59.375
F.S. = = = 9.42
𝑊.𝐿 6.3

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Example 3.

A block and tackle with two sheaves at the bottom block and two at the top block is used to raise a

load W by means of a wire rope. Determine the following:

a. An expression for the pull F needed to raise the load, in terms of W and the coefficient C.

b. The pull F required to raise a load of 17.8 kN, if C = 1.076.

c. The efficiency of the hoist.

SOLUTION:

There are four ropes attached to the ;pad W. Therefore, n = 4

𝑊
a. Under idea; conditions: 𝐹=
𝑛

Under actual conditions:

𝐹
𝐹 = 𝐶𝑇1 𝑜𝑟 𝑇1 =
𝐶
𝐹
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑇2 𝑜𝑟 𝑇2 =
𝐶2
𝐹
𝑇2 = 𝐶𝑇3 𝑜𝑟 𝑇3 = 3
𝐶

𝐹
𝑇3 = 𝐶𝑇4 𝑜𝑟 𝑇4 =
𝐶4

𝑊 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4

= 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4

𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
= 𝐶+ + 3 +
𝐶2 𝐶 𝐶4

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For n = 4

𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
𝑊= + 2+ 3+ 4
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

4
𝐹 3 (𝐶 − 1) 𝐹 (𝐶 − 1)
2
𝑊 = 4 (𝐶 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 + 1) = 4
𝐶 (𝐶 − 1) 𝐶 (𝐶 − 1)
𝑜𝑟

𝑊𝐶4 (𝐶 − 1)
𝑊𝐶𝑛 (𝐶 − 1)
𝐹= =
4
(𝐶 − 1) (𝐶𝑛 − 1)

(17.8)(1.076)4(1.076−1)
b. 𝐹 = (1.076)4−1)

= 5.332 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑟 5332 𝑁

c. Without friction:

𝑊 17.8
𝐹= = = 4.45 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑟 4450 𝑁
4 4
𝐹 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4450
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = = 𝑥 100% = 83.46%
𝐹 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5332

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“As engineers, we were going to be in a position to

change the world – not just study it.” ...

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (28 mins + 2 mins checking)

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this TG. Write your
score on your paper

A load of 33.36 kN is to be raised by a force, F, as shown, by means of a hoist, Select the size of wire

rope of 6 x 19 steel rope if the factor of safety is 4 and the coefficient C is 1.10. Disregard the weight

of the rope.

3. Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. What is 6 x 7 rope Means that the rope is
made of six strands and

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each containing seven

wires.
2. Uses of wire ropes

3. How many concrete or steel All concrete or steel

building shall be advised to building with more than 3
install passenger elevators. storeys shall be advised to
install passenger
elevators.

4. How many persons There shall be one

occupying in one elevator elevator per 220 persons
occupying a building other
than the first floor.

5. What is the average density By floor area, 9.3 m^2 of

of the occupancy per person floor area is the average
density of the occupancy
per person.

Use another sheet of paper if necessary.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (20 mins)

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this
TG. Write your score on your paper

QUIZ!!!

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Problem 1

Given:

5-storey PHINMA COC Engineering building

Height = 12 ft per storey
V = 200 ft/min
14 rooms per storey excluding ground floor
50 persons per room
Acceleration time = 5 sec.
Wt. of cage = 0.30 x capacity
No. of ropes = 4
Ave. wt. per persons = 50 kg

Required,
Design an elevator basing the above data.

Problem 2

A load of 33.36 kN is to be raised by a force, F, as shown, by means of a hoist. Select the size of wire rope
of 6 x 19 steel rope if the factor of safety is 4 and the coefficient C is 1.10. Disregard the weight of the
rope.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
5) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

Check for Understanding (5 mins)

LET ME HEAR FROM YOU…

In your opinion, why do studying “BELTING” important for us as engineers?
Write your opinion on the space provided below.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

TEACHER'S GUIDE…
The following questions were recommended to be used to evaluate the
understanding of the students about the lesson. It is recommended
that they answer it on a separate sheet of paper.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Activity 3: (20 min)

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Problem 2

A load of 33.36 kN is to be raised by a force, F, as shown, by means of a hoist. Select the size of wire rope
of 6 x 19 steel rope if the factor of safety is 4 and the coefficient C is 1.10. Disregard the weight of the
rope.

A load of 33.36 kN is to be raised by a force, F, as shown, by means of a hoist, Select the size of wire

rope of 6 c 19 steel rope if the factor of safety is 4 and the coefficient C is 1.10. Disregard the weight

of the rope.

SOLUTION:1

𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑇2 = 𝐶 2 𝑊
= (1.10)2 (33.36)
= 40.3656 𝑘𝑁
= 40.3656 𝑥 103 𝑁

𝑇2 = 𝐶𝑊 = (1.10)(33.36)
= 36.696 𝑘𝑁
= 36.696 𝑥 103 𝑁

F = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝐶 2 𝑊 + 𝐶𝑊 = 𝐶𝑊(𝐶 + 1)

= (1.10 x 33.36)(1.10 + 1) = 77.0616 kN

= 77.0616 x 103 N

𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛.

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If Fu = ultimate strength of wire rope, N

= 496.55𝑑 2

d = rope diameter, mm

fs = factor of safety = 4
𝑑𝑤
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴𝑘
𝐷

A = metallic cross-sectional area of wire rope, 𝑚𝑚2

= 0.38𝑑 2

k = modulus of elasticity of wire rope, MPa

= 83 000 MPa unless otherwise specified.

𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑚𝑚 = 0.063𝑑
D = pitch diameter of sheave, mm = 45d

By the relation:
𝐹𝑢
= 𝐹𝑏 + 𝑇1
𝑓. 𝑠

Substituting:
496.55𝑑 2 (83 000)(0.38𝑑 2 )
= + 40.3656 𝑥 103
4 45𝑑
40.3656 𝑥 103
d2 = = 505 𝑚𝑚2
124.14−44.16

𝑑 = 22.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑆𝐸 24 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 6 𝑥 19

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KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Activity 5: (32 min)

Given:

5-storey PHINMA COC Engineering building

Height = 12 ft per storey
V = 200 ft/min
14 rooms per storey excluding ground floor
50 persons per room
Acceleration time = 5 sec.
Wt. of cage = 0.30 x capacity
No. of ropes = 4
Ave. wt. per persons = 50 kg

Required,
Design an elevator basing the above data.

SOLUTION:

Use 6 x 19 as recommended

S = height travelled by an elevator

= 12(5 − 1) = 48 𝑓𝑡

𝑆𝑎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣2 𝑣
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎 =
2𝑎 𝑡

1
= 𝑣𝑡
2

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1 200
= ( ) (2)(5) = 16.66𝑓𝑡
2 60

Multiplied by 2 hence time for acceleration and deceleration

𝑣 200⁄ 𝑓𝑡
60
𝑎= = = 0.667
𝑡 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

Distance at full speed

𝐷𝐹 = 48 − 16.66 = 31.34 𝑓𝑡

𝑆 31.34 𝑓𝑡
Time at full speed, 𝑡𝑓 = = 200 𝑓𝑡 = 9.402 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Total time per trip = 9.402 + 5 +5 + 120 = 139.4 sec, 120 sec is time loading/unloading

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 14 𝑥 4 𝑥 50
No. of elevators 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 = = 13 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
220𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 220

FROM PHIL. MECH’L ENG’G CODE

In determining the elevator’s capacity

Use 15% same as dep’t stores

2800 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
Capacity/elevator = = 215.4
13 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

Basing on 5 minutes travel and having a 40% of loading and unloading

Loading/unloading time, = 0.40 𝑥 5 = 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛.

No. of trips basing on 5 minutes

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(5)(60)𝑠𝑒𝑐
No. of trips = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 2.152 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
139.4𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

215.4(0.15)
No. of persons per trip = = 15 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
2.152

Add 3 persons to make it 18 persons as a maximum capacity per trip which is to be expected during rush
hours.

18(50)(2,2)
Elevator capacity per trip = = 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
2000

Weight of the cage = 0.30(1) = 0.30 𝑡𝑜𝑛

WORKING LOAD

1+0.30
1. Live load, 𝑊𝐿 = = 0.325 𝑡𝑜𝑛
4

0.325(0.667)
2. Acceleration force due to the load, 𝐹𝐿 = = 0.00673 𝑡𝑜𝑛
32.2

3. Weight of the rope, (6 x 19) rope, d

1.58𝑑 2 (48)
Weight of rope 𝑊𝑟 = = 0.0379𝑑 2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
2000

0.667
4. Acceleration force due to the wire rope, 𝐹𝑟 = 0.0379𝑑 2 = 0.000785𝑑 2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
32.2

𝐴𝑤 𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝑤 0.38𝑑 2 (12 000 000)(0.063𝑑)

5. Bending load, 𝐹𝑏 = = = 3.192𝑑 2 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐷 45𝑑(2 000)

76 000𝑑 2
𝐹𝑢 = 76 000𝑑 2 = = 38𝑑 2 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
2000

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From relation

𝐹𝑢
= 𝑊𝐿 +𝐹𝐿 + 𝑊𝑟 + 𝐹𝑟 + 𝐹𝑏
𝐹. 𝑆.

Where: F.S. = 8 – 12, use 8.9

38𝑑 2
= 0.325 + 0.00673 + 0.0379𝑑 2 + 0.000785𝑑 2 + 3.192𝑑 2
8.9

38𝑑 2 = 8.9(0.325 + 0.00673 + 0.0379𝑑 2 + 0.000785𝑑 2 + 3.192𝑑 2 )

38𝑑 2 = 2.8925 + 0.056 + 0.337𝑑 2 + 0.00698𝑑 2 + 28.41𝑑 2 )

2.95
𝑑2 = = 0.319
(38 − 28.754)
𝑑 = 0.565 in. wire dia.

5
USE 𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛.
8

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