Biology Reviewer - Cell Parts and Functions
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beatrixmoonrabbitBiology Reviewer - Cell Parts and Functions
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beatrixmoonrabbitNOTE: THIS REVIEWER DOES NOT INCLUDE CELL Prokaryotic – First cell type on earth, it is the
HISTORY cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
o No membrane bound nucleus
o Nucleoid – region of DNA concentration
Cytology – study of cells o Organelles are NOT bound by
membranes
Cell theory -
Normal flora – Bacteria that live on and in us without
All living things are composed of a cell or cells-
usually causing harm
nothing less than a cell is alive.
Cells are the functional units of life. All
biochemical processes are carried out by cells.
Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus bound by
All cells come from preexisting cells. Cells
membrane, it is the cell types of fungi, protists,
contain the information necessary for their own
plant, and animal cells, it possess many
reproduction. No new cells are originating
organelles
spontaneously on earth today.
Cell Diversity –
Size
Shape
Internal Organization
Female Egg - largest cell in the human body; seen
without the aid of a microscope
FACT: MOST cells are ONLY visible with a microscope.
Cells are small becayse of their OUTER SURFACE AREA
and VOLUME.
Meaning….A small cell has more SURFACE AREA than a
large cell for a given volume of CYTOPLASM.
Characteristics of All Cells:
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles – structures for cell function
Control center with DNA
TWO CELL TYPES:
Two types of Membrane Proteins:
Channels or transporters – Move molecules in
particular directions
Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals
Glycoproteins – Identify cell type
Enzymes – Catalyze production of substances
Cell Walls – surrounds plasma membrane (found in
plants, fungi, & many protists (Protists are cells
eukaryotic cells)
Cell walls of plants contain – cellulose
Cell walls of fungi contain – chitin
Cytoplasm – viscous fluid containing organelles
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid is made of cytosol
Organelles but NOT nucleus
Storage substances
Cytoskeleton – is used as mechanical support, anchor
organelles and HELP move substances.
3 TYPES OF FIBER:
Organelles – Cellular machinery Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Two types of organelles:
Derived from membranes
Cilia – short, used to move substances outside human
Bacteria-like organelles
cells
Flagella – whip-like extensions, sperm cells
Plasma Membrane – contains cell contents, double layer
Cilia and Flagella are BASAL BODIES LIKE CENTRIOLES
of phospholipids & proteins.
What can pass through: Small uncharged
molecules (Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, STRUCTURE:
Oxygen), Lipid-soluble substances
Bundles of microtubules
Plasma membrane
What can NOT pass through: Water-soluble
substances, Ions.
Centrioles – plays an important role in cell division, pairs
of microtubular structures.
Phospholipids - major membrane lipids that consist of
lipid bilayers. It has a hydrophylic head and a Membranous Organelles – functional components
Hydrophobic tail. within cytoplasm and are bound by membranes.
Nuclear Envelope – Contains pores and a double Golgi Apparatus – Involved in synthesis of plant cell
membrane that separates nucleus from rest of cell. wall, packaging and shipping station of cell.
- Molecules are packaged into vesicles and then
delivered
Nucleus – Contains chromosomes and nucleolus, has
double membrane as well.
Nucleolus – directs synthesis of RNA and forms
ribosomes.
Lysosomes – It aids in cell renewal, breaks down old cell
parts and digests invaders through digestive enzymes.
DNA (Deoxyribo-nucleic acid)– hereditary material,
chromatin
Vacuoles – Membrane bound storage sacs as they store
Chromosomes – DNA, Proteins, Form for cell division. water, food, and wastes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum – It is a network of Mitochondria - break down glucose and fatty acids
interconnected membranes, helps move substances (cellular respiration) into an energy molecule known as
within cells. adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In order to fuel other
cellular processes.
TWO TYPES:
Chloroplasts – Derived from photosynthetic bacteria, it
Rough ER
produces energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-
Smooth ER
release processes.
Rough ER – ribosomes are attached to its surface,
Photosynthesis – makes cellular food (glucose)
manufacture proteins and modify proteins from
ribosomes.
*not all ribosomes are attached Ribosomes – small, complex assemblies of protein and
RNA, often bound to ER. Sites of protein synthesis.
Smooth ER – Has enzymes that help build molecules
(mainly Carbohydrates and Lipids), no attached
ribosomes.
