Practice Questions for End term exam

4 Marks Problems
UNIT-1: Integral Calculus.
𝐝𝐱
1. Evaluate ∫
𝐱𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟐𝟓

dx
Ans: Let I =∫ ……… (1)
x2 + 4x + 25

Here coefficient of x 2 is 1.

1 2 1 2
Third term= (2 × coefficient of x) = (2 × 4) = 4

dx
∴ I=∫
x2 + 4x + 4 + 25 − 4

dx
⟹ I=∫
(x + 2)2 + 21

dx
⟹ I=∫ 2
(x + 2)2 + (√21)

1 x+2
⟹ I= tan−1 ( √ )+c
√21 21

𝐝𝐱
2. Evaluate ∫
√𝟏𝟑−𝟔𝐱−𝐱𝟐

dx
Ans: Let I =∫ ……… (1)
√13 − 6x − x2

2 2
1 1
Third term= (2 × coefficient of x) = (2 × (−6)) = 9

dx
∴ I=∫
√13 + 9 – 9 − 6x − x2

𝑑𝑥
⟹ I=∫
√22 − (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
 dx
⟹ I=∫
2
√(√22) − (x + 3)2

x+3
⟹ I = sin−1 ( √ )+c
22

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 𝐝𝐱
3. Evaluate I =∫
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐱 + 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟐𝟔

cosx dx
Ans: Let I =∫
sin2 x + 10 sin x + 26

Put sin x = t ∴ cosx dx = dt

dt
∴ I=∫
t2 + 10t + 26

1 2 1 2
Third term= ( × coefficient of t) = ( × 10) =25
2 2

dt
∴ I=∫
t2 + 10t + 25 + 26 − 25

𝑑𝑡
⟹ I = ∫ (𝑡 + 5)2 + 1

𝑑𝑡
⟹ I = ∫ (𝑡 + 5)2 + (1)2

1 t+5
⟹ I = 1 tan−1 ( 1 )

⟹ I = tan−1 (sinx + 5) + c

𝐞𝐱 (𝐱 + 𝟏)
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 (𝐱 𝐞𝐱 )

ex (x + 1)
Ans: Let I =∫ dx ……… (1)
cos2 (x ex )

Put x ex = t
∴ ( x ex + ex ) dx = dt
 ⟹ ex (x + 1) dx = dt
Equation (1) becomes

dt
I=∫
cos2 t

⟹ I = ∫ sec 2 t dt
⟹ I = tan t + c
⟹ I = tan(x ex ) + c

𝐞𝐱 (𝐱−𝟏)
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝐞𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐱 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( 𝐱 )

ex (x−1)
Ans: Let I =∫ ex dx ……… (1)
x2 sin2 ( x )

ex
Put =t
x
x ex − ex . 1
∴ dx = dt
x2
ex (x−1)
⟹ dx = dt
x2

Equation (1) becomes

dt
I=∫
sin2 t

⟹ I = ∫ cosec 2 t dt
⟹ I = −cot t + c
ex
⟹ I = −cot ( x ) + c
 𝟑
(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
(tan−1 𝑥)3
Ans: Here I =∫ 𝑑x
1+𝑥 2
1
Put tan − 1 x = t  dx = dt
1 + x2
 I = ∫ t 3 dt
t4
⟹ I= +c
4
𝟒
(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)
⟹ I= +c
4

𝟏
7. Evaluate I = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐱 { 𝟗 + ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 )𝟐 }

1
Ans: Here I = ∫ dx
x { 9 + ( log x )2 }

Put log x = t
1
 dx = dt
x

dt
 I=∫
(3)2 + (t)2

1 t
⟹ I= tan − 1 (3) + c
3
1 log x
⟹ I= tan − 1 ( ) +c
3 3

8. Evaluate ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Ans: Let I = ∫ sin3 x dx

3sin θ−sin 3θ
∵ sin 3θ = 3sinθ − 4 sin3 θ ∴ sin3 θ =
4

3sin x−sin 3x
∴ I=∫ dx
4
 3 1
⟹ I = ∫ sin x dx − ∫ sin 3x dx
4 4

3 1 −cos3x
⟹ I = (− cos x) − ( )+c
4 4 3
−3 cos x cos3x
⟹ I= + +c
4 12

9. Evaluate ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟕𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Ans: Let I = ∫ sin 3x cos7x dx

Multiply and divide by 2

1
⟹ I = ∫ 2 sin 3x cos7x dx
2
1
⟹ I = ∫[sin(3x + 7x) + sin(3x − 7x)] dx
2
1
⟹ I = ∫[sin 10x − sin 4x] dx
2

1 −cos10x −cos4x
⟹ I= [ −( )] + c
2 10 4
− cos 10x cos4x
⟹ I= + +c
20 8
−𝟏𝐱
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧
10. Evaluate I = ∫ dx
𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐

−1x
3 tan
Ans: Here I =∫ dx
1 + x2

1
Put tan − 1 x = t  dx = dt
1 + x2
 I = ∫ 3t dt
3t
⟹ I= +c
log 3
−1x
3tan
⟹ I= +c
log 3
 𝟏
11. Evaluate I = ∫ dx
𝐱 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 )

1
Ans: Here I =∫ dx
x ∙ cos2 ( log x )

Put log x = t
1
 dx = dt
x

dt
 I=∫
cos2 t

⟹ I = ∫ sec 2 t dt
⟹ I = tant + c
⟹ I = tan (log x) + c

12. Evaluate ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Ans: Let I = ∫ tan−1 x dx

Integrating by parts, we have

⟹ I= ∫ tan−1 x . 1 dx

d
⟹ I= tan−1 x ∫ 1 dx − ∫ [dx (tan−1 x). ∫ 1 dx] dx

1
⟹ I= tan−1 x ∙ x − ∫ [1+ x2 . x] dx

1 2x
⟹ I= x ∙ tan−1 x − 2 ∫ 1+ x2 dx

1
⟹ I= x ∙ tan−1 x − 2 log(1 + x 2 )+ c

13. Evaluate ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Solution: Let I = ∫ 𝑥. tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan−1 𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= tan−1 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑑𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥 ). ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ [1+ 𝑥 2 . ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 1+ 𝑥 2
𝑥2 1 1+𝑥 2−1
= tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1+ 𝑥 2
𝑥2 1 1+ 𝑥 2 1
= tan−1 𝑥 − 2 [∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥]
2

𝑥2 1
= tan−1 𝑥 − [𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥 ]+ c
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥 tan −1 𝑥
I = tan−1 𝑥 − 2 + +c
2 2

14. Evaluate ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Ans: Let I = ∫ sin−1 x dx

⟹ I= ∫ sin−1 x . 1 dx

Integrating by parts, we have

d
⟹ I= sin−1 x ∫ 1 dx − ∫ [dx (sin−1 x). ∫ 1 dx] dx

1
⟹ I= sin−1 x ∙ x − ∫ . x dx
√1− x2

1 −2x
⟹ I= x ∙ sin−1 x − −2 ∫ dx
√1− x2

1
⟹ I= x ∙ sin−1 x + 2 2√1 − 𝑥 2 + c

⟹ I= x ∙ sin−1 x + √1 − 𝑥 2 + c

15. Evaluate ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Ans: Let I = ∫ log x ∙ x dx

Integrating by parts, we have

d
⟹ I= log x ∫ x dx − ∫ [dx (log x). ∫ x dx] dx

x2 1 x2
⟹ I= log x − ∫ [ . ] dx
2 x 2
 x2 1
⟹ I= log x − ∫ x dx
2 2

x2 x2
⟹ I= log x − +c
2 4

16. Evaluate ∫ 𝐞𝟐𝐱 ∙ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Ans: Let I = ∫ e2x ∙ sin 3x dx

eax
We recall ∫ eax . sin(bx + c) dx = {a ∙ sin(bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)} + c1
a2 + b2
Comparing here a = 2 ; b = 3 and c = 0
∴ I = ∫ e2x ∙ sin 3x dx
e2x
⟹ I= {2 ∙ sin(3x + 0) − 3 cos(3x + 0)} + c1
22 + 32
e2x
⟹ I= {2 ∙ sin(3x) − 3 cos(3x)} + c1
4+ 9
e2x
⟹ I= {2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x} + c1
13

17. Evaluate ∫ 𝐞−𝟒𝐱 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟖𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Ans: Let I = ∫ e−4x ∙ cos 8x dx
eax
We recall  eax . cos (bx + c) dx = {a cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)} + c1
a2 + b2
Comparing here a = −4 ; b = 8 and c = 0
∴ I = ∫ e−4x ∙ cos 8x dx
e−4x
⟹ I= {−4 cos (8x + 0) + 8 sin (8x + 0)} + c1
(−4)2 + (8)2

e−4x
⟹ I= {−4 cos (8x) + 8 sin (8x)} + c1
16 + 64
e−4x
⟹ I= {−4 cos 8x + 8 sin 8x} + c1
80

𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏
18. Evaluate ∫ dx
(𝐱 + 𝟏)(𝐱 + 𝟐)(𝐱 + 𝟑)
 2x + 1
Ans: Let I=∫ dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)

A B c
⟹ I=∫[ + + ] dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(i)
x+1 x+2 x+3

2x + 1 A B c
Let = + +
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) x+1 x+2 x+3

⟹ 2x + 1 = A(x + 2)(x + 3) + B(x + 1)(x + 3) + C(x + 1)(x + 2) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(ii)

For A, Put x = −1 in (ii)

∴ −1 = A (1)(2) ∴ A = −1/2

For B, Put x = −2 in (ii)

∴ −3 = B (−1)(1) ∴ B=3

For C, Put x = −3 in (ii)

∴ −5 = C (−2)(−1) ∴ B = −5/2

Equation (i) Becomes,

−1/2 3 −5/2
∴ I =∫[ + + ] dx
x+1 x+2 x+3

1 1 1 5 1
⟹ I = − 2 ∫ x + 1 dx + 3 ∫ x + 2 dx − 2 ∫ x + 3 dx

1 5
⟹ I = − 2 log(x + 1) + 3 log(x + 2) − 2 log(x + 3) + c

𝐱
19. Evaluate ∫ dx
𝐱𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱 − 𝟒

x
Ans: Let I=∫ dx
x2 + 3x − 4

x
⟹ I=∫
(x + 4)(x − 1)

A B
⟹ I=∫[ + ] dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(i)
x+4 x −1
 x A B
Let = +
(x + 4)(x − 1) x+4 x −1

⟹ x = A(x − 1) + B(x + 4) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(ii)

For A, Put 𝑥 = −4 in (ii)

∴ −4 = A (−5) ∴ A = 4/5

For B, Put 𝑥 = 1 in (ii)

∴ 1 = B (5) ∴ B = 1/5

Equation (i) Becomes,

4/5 1/5
∴ I =∫[ + ] dx
x+4 x −1

4 1 1 1
⟹ I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
5 x+4 5 x−1

4 1
⟹ I = log(x + 4) + log(x − 1) + c
5 5

𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
20. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟑)

𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
Ans: Let I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 dx
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟑)

A B c
⟹ I=∫[ + + ] dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(i)
x−1 x+2 x+3

𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓 A B c
Let = + +
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟑) x− 1 x+2 x+3

⟹ 2𝑥 2 + 5 = A(x + 2)(x + 3) + B(x − 1)(x + 3) + C(x − 1)(x + 2) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(ii)

For A, Put x = 1 in (ii)

∴ 7 = A (3)(4) ∴ A = 7/12

For B, Put x = −2 in (ii)

∴ 13 = B (−3)(1) ∴ B = −13/3

For C, Put x = −3 in (ii)

 ∴ 23 = C (−4)(−1) ∴ C = 23/4

Equation (i) Becomes,

7/12 −13/3 23/4

∴ I =∫[ + + ] dx
x− 1 x+2 x+3

7 1 13 1 23 1
⟹ I = ∫ dx − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
12 x− 1 3 x+2 4 x+3

7 13 23
⟹ I = log(x − 1) − log(x + 2) + log(x + 3) + c
12 3 4

𝐞𝐱
21. Evaluate ∫ dx
(𝐞𝐱 − 𝟏)(𝐞𝐱 + 𝟏)

ex
Ans: Let I=∫ dx
(ex − 1)(ex + 1)

Put ex = t ∴ ex dx = dt

1
∴ I=∫ dt
(t – 1) (t + 1)

1 A B
Let = + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(i)
(t − 1)(t + 1) t−1 t+1

⟹ 1 = A(t + 1) + B(t − 1) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(ii)

For A, Put t = 1 in (ii)

∴ 1 = A (2) ⟹ A = 1/2

For B, Put t = −1 in (ii)

∴ 1 = B (−2) ⟹ B = −1/2

Equation (i) Becomes,

1/2 1/2
∴ I =∫[ − ] dt
t−1 t+1

1 1 1 1
⟹ I = ∫ dt − ∫ dt
2 t−1 2 t+1

1 1
⟹ I = log(t − 1) − log(t + 1) + c
2 2
 1 t−1
⟹ I = log ( )+c
2 t+1

1 ex − 1
⟹ I = log ( )+c
2 ex + 1

𝑥+1
22. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 2 −4)

𝑥+1
Ans: Let I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 dx
(𝒙)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐)

A B c
⟹ I=∫[ + + ] dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(i)
x x+2 x−2

𝑥+1 A B c
Let = + +
(𝒙)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐) x x+2 x−2

⟹ 𝑥 + 1 = A(x + 2)(x − 2) + B(x)(x − 2) + C(x)(x + 2) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(ii)

For A, Put x = 0 in (ii)

∴ 1 = A (2)(−2) ∴ A = −1/4

For B, Put x = −2 in (ii)

∴ −1 = B (−2)(−4) ∴ B = −1/8

For C, Put x = 2 in (ii)

∴ 3 = C (2)(4) ∴ C = 3/8

Equation (i) Becomes,

−1/4 −13/3 3/8

∴ I =∫[ + + ] dx
x x+2 x−2

−1 1 1 1 3 1
⟹ I = ∫ dx − ∫ dx + ∫ dx
4 x 8 x+2 8 x−2

−1 1 3
⟹ I = log(x) − log(x + 2) + log(x − 2) + c
4 8 8
 UNIT-2: Definite Integral and its Applications
π
2 cosx
23. Evaluate ∫ dx
cosx + sin x
0
π
2 cosx
Ans: Let I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
cosx + sin x
0
a a
∵ ∫0 f(x)dx = ∫0 f(a − x)dx
π
2 π
cos( 2 − x)
∴ I=∫ π π dx
cos( 2 − x) + sin( 2 − x)
0

π
2 sin x
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
sin x + cosx
0

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

π π
2 cosx 2 sin x
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
cosx + sin x cosx + sin x
0 0

π
2 cosx + sin x
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
cosx + sin x
0
π
⟹ 2I = ∫02 dx
π
⟹ 2I = [x]02
π
⟹ 2I = −0
2

π
⟹ 2I =
2
 π
⟹ I=
4

𝛑
𝟐 𝟏
24. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
𝟎
π
2 1
Ans: Let I=∫ dx
1 + tanx
0
π
2
dx
⟹ I= ∫ sinx
1+cosx
0
π
2 cosx
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
cosx + sin x
0
a a
∵ ∫0 f(x)dx = ∫0 f(a − x)dx
π
2 π
cos( 2 − x)
∴ I=∫ π π dx
cos( 2 − x) + sin( 2 − x)
0
π
2 sin x
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
sin x + cosx
0

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

π π
2 cosx 2 sin x
∴ 2I = ∫ dx ∫ dx
cosx + sin x cosx + sin x
0 0
π
2 cosx + sin x
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
cosx + sin x
0
π
⟹ 2I = ∫02 dx
π
⟹ 2I = [x]02
π
⟹ 2I = −0
2
 π
⟹ 2I = 2
π
⟹ I=
4

𝛑
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
25. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱
𝟎

π
2 tanx
Ans: Let I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
tanx + cotx
0

a a
∵ ∫0 f(x)dx = ∫0 f(a − x)dx

π
2 π
tan( 2 − x)
∴ I=∫ π π dx
tan( 2 − x) + cot( 2 − x)
0

π
2 cot x
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
cot x + tanx
0

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

π π
2 tanx 2 cot x
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ cot x + tanx dx
tanx + cotx 0
0

π
2 tanx + cotx
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
tanx + cotx
0

π
⟹ 2I = ∫02 dx

π
2
⟹ 2I = [x]0

π
⟹ 2I = 2 −0

π
⟹ 2I =
2
 π
⟹ I=
4

𝛑/𝟐
𝐝𝐱
26. Evaluate: ∫
𝟏 + √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱
𝟎

π/2
dx
Ans: Let I =∫
1 + √cot x
0
π/2
dx
⟹ I =∫ √cos x
1+
0 √sin x

π/2
√sin x
⟹ I =∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
√sin x +√cos x
0
a a
∵ ∫0 f(x) dx= ∫0 f(a − x) dx
π/2 π
√sin( − x)
2
∴ I =∫ dx
π π
√sin( − x) + √cos( − x)
0 2 2

π/2
√cos x
⟹ I =∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
√cos x + √sin x
0

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

π/2 π/2
√cos x √sin x
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
√cos x + √sin x √sin x + √cos x
0 0
π/2
√cos x √sin x
⟹ 2I =∫ { + } dx
√cos x + √sin x √sin x + √cos x
0
π/2
√sin x + √cos x
⟹ 2I =∫ dx
√cos x + √sin x
0
π
⟹ 2I = ∫02 dx
π
⟹ 2I = [x]02
 π
⟹ 2I = 2
π
⟹ I=
4

𝟒
√𝐱 + 𝟓
27. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱
√𝐱 + 𝟓 + √𝟗 − 𝒙
𝟎

4
√x + 5
Ans: Let I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
√x + 5 + √9 − 𝑥
0
a a
∵ ∫0 f(x)dx = ∫0 f(a − x)dx

4
√(4−x)+5
∴ I=∫ dx
√(4−x)+5+√9−(4−𝑥)
0

4
√9−x
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
√9−x+√x+5
0

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

4 4
√x + 5 √9−x
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
√x + 5 + √9 − 𝑥 0 √9−x+√x+5
0

4
√x + 5 + √9 − 𝑥
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
√x + 5 + √9 − 𝑥
0

4
⟹ 2I = ∫0 dx

⟹ 2I = [x]40

⟹ 2I = 4 − 0

⟹ 2I = 4
4
⟹ I=
2

⟹ I=2
 𝟓
√𝟓 – 𝐱
28. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱
√𝐱 – 𝟒 +√𝟓 – 𝐱
𝟒

5
√5 − x
Ans: Let I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
√x − 4 +√5 − x
4

b b
∵ [∫a f(x)dx = ∫a f(a + b − c)dx]

5
√5−(5 + 4 − x)
∴ I=∫ dx
√(5 + 4 − x)− 4 + √5 − (5 + 4 − x)
4

5
√x − 4
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
√5 − x +√x − 4
4

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

5 5
√5 − x √x − 4
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
√x − 4 +√5 − x 4 √5 − x +√x − 4
4

5
√x − 4 +√5 − x
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
√x − 4 +√5 − x
4

5
⟹ 2I = ∫4 dx

⟹ 2I = [x]54

⟹ 2I = 5 − 4

⟹ 2I = 1
1
⟹ I=
2
 𝟐 √𝐱 𝟏
29. Prove that ∫𝟏 𝐝𝐱 =
√𝐱+√𝟑−𝐱 𝟐

2
√𝐱
Ans: Let I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
√𝐱+√𝟑−𝐱
1

b b
∵ [∫a f(x)dx = ∫a f(a + b − c)dx]

2
√(1 + 2 − x)
∴ I=∫ dx
√(1 + 2 − x)− 4 + √3 − (1 + 2 − x)
1

2
√𝟑−𝐱
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
√𝟑−𝐱 +√x
1

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

2 2
√𝐱 √𝟑−𝐱
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ √ dx
√𝐱+√𝟑−𝐱 1 𝟑−𝐱 +√x
1

2
√𝐱+√𝟑−𝐱
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
√𝐱+√𝟑−𝐱
1

2
⟹ 2I = ∫1 dx

⟹ 2I = [x]54

⟹ 2I = 2 − 1

⟹ 2I = 1
1
⟹ I=
2

𝟓
√𝟗 − 𝐱
30. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱
√𝟗 − 𝐱 + √𝐱 + 𝟒
𝟎

5
√9 − x
31. Ans: Let I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
√9 − x + √x + 4
0
 a a
∵ ∫0 f(x)dx = ∫0 f(a − x)dx

5
√9−(5−x)
∴ I=∫ dx
√9−(5−x)+√(5−𝑥)+4
0

5
√x+4
⟹ I=∫ dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
√x+4+√9−x
0

Adding (i)and (ii) , we get

5 5
√9 − x √x+4
∴ 2I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
√9 − x + √x + 4 √x+4+√9−x
0 0

5
√9 − x + √x + 4
⟹ 2I = ∫ dx
√9 − x + √x + 4
0

5
⟹ 2I = ∫0 dx

⟹ 2I = [x]50

⟹ 2I = 5 − 0

⟹ 2I = 5

5
⟹ I=
2
32. Find the area of circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟗 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans: The equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 = 9
⟹ y2 = 9 − x2

⟹ y= √32 − x 2

 Area of circle = 4 × A [circle in I quadrant]

3
⟹ A = 4 ∫0 y dx
3
⟹ A = 4 ∫ √32 − x 2 dx
0

x a2 x
∵ ∫ √a2 − x 2 dx = 2 √a2 − x 2 + 2
sin−1 (a)

x 32 x 3
⟹ A = 4 {2 √32 − x 2 + 2 sin−1 (3)}
0
32
⟹ A = 4 {[0 + 2 sin−1 (1)] − 0}
9 π
⟹ A = 4[ × ]
2 2

⟹ A = 9π sq. units
33. Find the area of the circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 16 using integration.
Ans: The equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 = 16
⟹ y 2 = 16 − x 2

⟹ y= √42 − x 2
 Area of circle = 4 × A [circle in I quadrant]
4
⟹ A = 4 ∫0 y dx
4
⟹ A = 4 ∫ √42 − x 2 dx
0

x a2 x
∵ ∫ √a2 − x 2 dx = 2 √a2 − x 2 + 2
sin−1 (a)

x 42 x 4
⟹ A = 4 {2 √42 − x 2 + 2 sin−1 (4)}
0
42
⟹ A = 4 {[0 + 2 sin−1 (1)] − 0}
16 π
⟹ A = 4 [ 2 × 2]

⟹ A = 16π sq. units

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
34. Using integration find the area of ellipse + =𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐

x2 y2
Ans: The equation of ellipse is + =1
a2 b2
y2 x2
⟹ 2
=1−
b a2

y2 a2 − x2
⟹ 2
=
b a2

b2
⟹ y2 = (a2 − x2 )
a2
b
⟹ y=
a
√a2 − x2
 a
 Area of ellipse=4 ∫0 y dx

b a
⟹ A =4 × a ∫ √a2 − x 2 dx
0

4b x a2 x
a
−1
⟹ A= { √a 2
−x + 2
sin ( )}
a 2 2 a 0
x a2 𝑥
Formula ∵ ∫ √a2 − x 2 dx = 2 √a2 − x 2 + 2 sin−1 (𝑎)

4b a a2 a a2
⟹ A= {[ √a2 − a2 + sin−1 ( )] − [0 + sin−1 (0)]}
a 2 2 a 2

4b a2
⟹ A= {[0 + sin−1 (1)]}
a 2
4b a2 π
⟹ A= × ×
a 2 2
⟹ A = π ab sq units.

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
35. Find the area of the ellipse + =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
Ans: The equation of ellipse is + =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔

y2 x2
⟹ =1−
16 25

y2 25 − x2
⟹ =
16 25
16(25 − x2 )
⟹ 𝐲𝟐 =
25
 42
⟹ y2 = (52 − x2 )
52
4
⟹ y= √52 − x2
5

a
 Area of ellipse=4 ∫0 y dx

4 5
⟹ A =4 × 5 ∫ √52 − x 2 dx
0

16 x a2 x 5
⟹ A= { √52 − x2 + sin−1 ( )}
5 2 2 5 0
x a2 𝑥
Formula ∵ ∫ √a2 − x 2 dx = √a2 − x 2 + sin−1 ( )
2 2 𝑎

16 5 52 5 52
⟹ A= {[ √52 − 52 + sin−1 ( )] − [0 + sin−1 (0)]}
5 2 2 5 2
16 25
⟹ A= {[0 + sin−1 (1)]}
5 2
16 25 π
⟹ A= × ×
5 2 2
⟹ A = 20 π sq units.

36. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 = 𝐱.

Ans: Given equation
y 2 = x ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(1)
y = x ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Put y = x in equation (1) we get,
∴ x2 = x
⟹ x2 − x = 0
⟹ x(x − 1) = 0
⟹ x = 0, x = 1

1
Required area = ∫0 (y1 − y2 )dx

Let y1 = √x and y2 = x
1
∴ A = ∫0 (y1 − y2 )dx
1
⟹ A = ∫0 (x1/2 − x)dx

3 1
1
𝑥2 𝑥2
⟹ A=[ 3 ] −[ ]
2 0
2 0
2 3⁄ (1)2
⟹ A = 3 (1) 2 − 2
2 1
⟹ A =3−2
4−3 1
⟹ A= 6 ⟹ A = 6 sq. units
37. Find are between parabolas 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟖𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱.
Ans: Given equation
y 2 = 8x ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(1)
y = 2x ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
For limit of x , put y = 2x in equation (i)
⟹ (2𝑥)2 = 8𝑥
⟹ 4 x 2 = 8𝑥
⟹ 4 x 2 − 8𝑥=0
⟹ 4𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
⟹ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
2
Required area = ∫0 (y1 − y2 )dx
2 1⁄
⟹ A = ∫0 (√8 𝑥 2 − 2x) dx
2 1⁄ 2
⟹ A = √8 ∫0 𝑥 2 dx − 2 ∫0 x dx
3 2
𝑥2 𝑥2 2
⟹ A = √8 [ 3 ] −2[ ]
2 0
2 0
2 3⁄
⟹ A = √8 (2) 2 − (2)2
3
16
⟹ A = −4
3
4
⟹ A = 3 sq. units

38. Find area bounded by the curve 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟐 and the line 𝐲 = 𝐱

Ans: Given equation
y = x 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯(1)
y = x ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Put y = x in equation (1) we get,
∴ x2 = x
⟹ x2 − x = 0
⟹ x(x − 1) = 0
 ⟹ x = 0, x = 1

1
Required area = ∫0 (y1 − y2 )dx

Let y1 = x 2 and y2 = x
1
∴ A = ∫0 (y1 − y2 )dx
1
⟹ A = ∫0 (x 2 − x)dx
1 1
𝑥3 𝑥2
⟹ A = [3] −[2]
0 0
1 1
⟹ A=3−2
2−3
⟹ A=
6
−1
⟹ A= 6
1
⟹ A = 6 sq. units ∵ Area is always positive

UNIT-3: First order first degree differential equation and Applications

𝐝𝐲
39. Solve: = 𝐞𝟐𝐱−𝟑𝐲 + 𝟒𝐱 𝟐 𝐞−𝟑𝐲
𝐝𝐱
dy
Ans: Given: = e2x−3y + 4x 2 e−3y
dx
dy
⟹ = e2x e−3y + 4x 2 e−3y
dx
 dy
⟹ = e−3y (e2x + 4x 2 )
dx
dy
⟹ = (e2x + 4x 2 )dx
e−3y

⟹ e3y dy = (e2x + 4x 2 )dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯variable - separable form.

Integrating, we have
∴ ∫ e3y dy = ∫(e2x + 4x 2 )dx + c
e3y e2x x3
⟹ = +4 +c
3 2 3
40. Form a differential equation if 𝐲 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝐱) + 𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝐱)

Given: y = A sin(3x) + B cos(3x) ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)

Eqn. (i) contains two arbitrary constants.

Hence we differentiate (i) two times.

dy
∴ = A cos(3x) ∙ 3 − B sin(3x) ∙ 3
dx

d2 y
⟹ = −A sin(3x) ∙ 32 − B cos(3x) ∙ 32
dx2

d2 y
⟹ = −9 {A sin(3x) + B cos(3x)}
dx2

d2 y
⟹ = −9 y from (i)
dx2

d2 y
⟹ +9 y = 0
dx2

𝐝𝐲
41. Solve = 𝐞𝐱−𝐲 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐞−𝐲
𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝐲
Given: = 𝐞𝐱−𝐲 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐞−𝐲
𝐝𝐱
dy
⟹ = ex e−y + x 2 e−y
dx
dy
⟹ = e−y (ex + x 2 )
dx
dy
⟹ = (ex + x 2 )dx
e−y
 ⟹ ey dy = (ex + x 2 )dx ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯variable - separable form.
Integrating, we have
∴ ∫ ey dy = ∫(ex + x 2 )dx + c
x3
⟹ ey = ex + +c
3

𝛑 𝛑
42. Solve: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐲 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎 if 𝐱 = when 𝐲 = 𝟒
𝟒

Ans: Given: sec 2 x tany dx + sec 2 y tanx dy = 0

⟹ sec 2 x tany dx = −sec 2 y tanx dy

sec2 x sec2 y
⟹ dx = − dy ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯variable - separable form.
tanx tany

Integrating, we have

sec2x sec2 y
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ dy + C
tanx tany

⟹ log(tanx) = −log(tany) + c

⟹ log(tanx) + log(tany) = c ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)

π π
at 𝑥 = & 𝑦=
4 4

π π
⟹ log (tan 4) + log (tan 4) = c

⟹ log(1) + log(1) = c

⟹ 0+0 =c

⟹ c=0

Equation (i) becomes,

log(tanx) + log(tany) = 0
𝐝𝐲
43. Solve 𝐱 − 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐
𝐝𝐱
dy
Ans: Given: x − y = x2
dx

Divide both sides by x we get,

 dy y
− =x
dx x
−1
Here P= & Q=x
x

∴ I. F. = e∫ pdx
−1
∫ dx
⟹ I. F. = e x

⟹ I. F. = e−log(x)
1
⟹ I. F. = elog( x)
1
⟹ I. F. =
x
∴ The general solution is

y ∙ (I. F. ) = ∫ Q ∙ (I. F. )dx + c

1 1
⟹ y ∙ x = ∫ x ∙ x dx + c
y
⟹ = ∫ dx + c
x
y
⟹ = x+c
x

𝐝𝐲
44. Solve: (𝐱 + 𝟏) − 𝐲 = 𝐞 𝐱 ( 𝐱 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝐝𝐱
dy
Ans: Given: (x + 1) − y = ex (x + 1)2
dx
Divide both sides by (x + 1) we get,
dy 1
− y = ex (x + 1)
dx x+1
−1
Here P = x + 1 & Q = ex (x + 1)

∴ I. F. = e∫ pdx
−1
∫ dx
⟹ I. F. = e x+1

⟹ I. F. = e−log(x+1)
1
⟹ I. F. = elog(x + 1)
 1
⟹ I. F. =
x+1

∴ The general solution is

y ∙ (I. F. ) = ∫ Q ∙ (I. F. )dx + c

1 1
⟹ y ∙ x + 1 = ∫ ex (x + 1) ∙ x+1 dx + c

y
⟹ = ∫ ex dx + c
x+1
y
⟹ = ex + c
x+1

𝐝𝐲
45. Solve 𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟑
𝐝𝐱
dy
Ans: Given: x + y = x3
dx

Divide both sides by x we get,

dy y
+ = x2
dx x
1
Here P = x & Q = x2

∴ I. F. = e∫ pdx
1
∫ dx
⟹ I. F. = e x

⟹ I. F. = elog(x)
⟹ I. F. = x
∴ The general solution is
y ∙ (I. F. ) = ∫ Q ∙ (I. F. )dx + c
⟹ y ∙ x = ∫ x 2 ∙ x dx + c
⟹ xy = ∫ x 3 dx + c
x4
⟹ xy = +c
4
 𝐝𝐲
46. Solve + 𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱
𝐝𝐱

dy
Given: + ycotx = cosecx
dx

Here P = cotx Q= cosecx

∴ I. F. = e∫ pdx

⟹ I. F. = e∫ cotx dx

⟹ I. F. = elog(sin 𝑥)

⟹ I. F. = sin 𝑥

The general solution is

y ∙ (I. F. ) = ∫ Q ∙ (I. F. )dx + c
⟹ y ∙ sin 𝑥 = ∫ cosecx ∙ sin 𝑥 dx + c
1
⟹ y sin 𝑥 = ∫ ∙ sin 𝑥 dx + c
sin 𝑥

⟹ y sin 𝑥 = ∫ 1dx
⟹ y sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 +c

𝐝𝐲
47. Solve + 𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱
𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝐲
Ans: Given: + 𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱
𝐝𝐱

Here P = cotx Q= 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱

∴ I. F. = e∫ pdx

⟹ I. F. = e∫ cotx dx

⟹ I. F. = elog(sin 𝑥)

⟹ I. F. = sin 𝑥

The general solution is

 y ∙ (I. F. ) = ∫ Q ∙ (I. F. )dx + c
⟹ y ∙ sin 𝑥 = ∫ cosx ∙ sin 𝑥 dx + c
Multiply and divide on RHS
1
⟹ y sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 . cosx dx + c

Formula sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 . cosx

1
⟹ y sin 𝑥 = 2 ∫ sin 2𝑥 dx + c
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
⟹ y sin 𝑥 = 2 +c
2
−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
⟹ y sin 𝑥 = +c
4

𝐝𝐲
48. Solve = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐲
𝐝𝐱

dy
Ans: Given = cosx tany …………………(1)
dx
dy
⟹ = cosx dx
tany

⟹ cot y dy = cosx dx ……………………..variable - separable form.

Integrating, we have
⟹ ∫ cot y dy = ∫ cosx dx

⟹ log(sin 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 + c
𝐝𝟐 𝐲
49. Verify that y=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 is a solution of +𝒚=𝟎
𝐝𝐱 𝟐

Ans: Given y = cos 𝑥 …………………(1)

Differentiate w.r.t x
dy
= −sinx
dx

Again Differentiate w.r.t x

d2 y
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
dx2

d2 y
= −𝑦 …….. From (1)
dx2
d2 y
+𝑦 =0
dx2
 d2 y
i.e. y = cos 𝑥 is a solution of +𝑦=0
dx2

UNIT-5: Numerical Integration

1
𝟏
50. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱 by Trapezoidal rule taking n = 4. Hence obtain
𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐
0

approximate value of 𝛑.

Ans: Here a = 0, b = 1 , n = 4
b−a 1−0
∴ h= = = 0.25
n 4

∴ The table of values of x and y is as follows

x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

1
y= 1 0.9412 0.8000 0.6400 0.5000
1 + x2

∴ By Trapezoidal rule
b h
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(y0 + y4 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 )}

b 0.25
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(1 + 0.5000) + 2(0.9412 + 0.8000 + 0.6400)}

b 0.25
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {1.5000 + 4.7624}

1
1
∴ ∫ dx = 0.7828
1 + x2
0

Now, by actual integration

 1 1
1
∫ 2 dx = {tan−1 x}
1+ x 0
0

⟹ 0.7828 = tan−1 (1) − tan−1 (0)

π
⟹ 0.7828 =
4

⟹ 3.1312 = π

⟹ Value of π is 3.1312 approximately.

4
51. Using the Trapezoidal rule evaluate the ∫0 (x 2 + 1) dx by dividing the interval[0, 4] in 4

equal parts.

Ans: Here a = 0, b = 4 , n = 4
b−a 4−0
∴ h= = = 1
n 4

∴ The table of values of x and y is as follows

x 0 1 2 3 4

y = 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟏 1 2 5 10 17

∴ By Trapezoidal rule
b h
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(y0 + y4 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 )}

b 1
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(1 + 17) + 2(2 + 5 + 10)}

b 1
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {18 + 34}

𝟒
∴ ∫𝟎 (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝐝𝐱 = 26

𝟐
52. Using the Trapezoidal rule evaluate the ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟑 ) 𝐝𝐱 by taking n = 4

Ans: Here a = 0, b = 2 , n = 4
 b−a 2−0
∴ h= = = 0.5
n 4

∴ The table of values of x and y is as follows

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

y = 1 + x3 1 1.125 2 4.375 9

∴ By Trapezoidal rule
b h
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(y0 + y4 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 )}

b 0.5
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(1 + 9) + 2(1.125 + 2 + 4.375)}

b 0.5
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {10 + 15}

𝟐
∴ ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐱𝟑 ) 𝐝𝐱 = 6.25

1
53. Using the Trapezoidal rule evaluate the ∫0 x 2 dx by dividing the interval [0, 1] in 5

equal parts.

Ans: Here y = 𝐱 𝟐 , a = 0, b = 1 , n = 5
b−a 1−0
∴ h= = = 0.2
n 5

∴ The table of values of x and y is as follows:

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

y = 𝐱 𝟐 0 0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64 1

By Trapezoidal rule
b h
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(y0 + y5 ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 )}

b 0.2
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {(0 + 1) + 2(0.04 + 0.16 + 0.36 + 0.64)}
 b 0.2
⟹ ∫a y dx = 2 {1 + 2.4}

𝟏
∴ ∫𝟎 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 0.34

𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
54. Compute ∫ 𝐝𝐱 using Simpson’s 𝐫𝐝 rule by dividing the interval [1, 5] into four
𝐱+𝟐 𝟑
𝟏

equal parts.
1
Ans: Here y = , a = 1, b = 5 , n = 4
x+2

b−a 5−1
∴ h= = =1
n 4

∴ The table of values of x and y is as follows:

x 1 2 3 4 5
1
y= 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.14
x+2

1
∴ By Simpson’s rd rule,
3

b h
∫a y dx = {(y0 + y4 ) + 4(y1 + y3 ) + 2(y2 )}
3

b 1
∫a y dx = 3 {(0.33 + 0.14) + 4(0.25 + 0.17) + 2(0.20)}
5
1
⟹ ∫ dx = 0.85
x+2
1

𝛑/𝟐
55. Using Simpson’s one –third rule, Evaluate ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 by dividing the interval into eight
𝟎

sub-interval.
𝛑/𝟐
Ans: Let 𝐼 = ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝟎
π
Here y = √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱, a = 0, b= 2 ,
 π
b−a 2
−0 π
∵ h= = =
n 8 16

Prepare the table

x 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π π
16 8 16 4 16 8 16 2

y= √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 1 0.9903 0.9611 0.9118 0.8408 0.7453 0.6186 0.4416 0

1
∴ By Simpson’s rd rule,
3

b
h
∫ y dx = {(y + y ) + 4(y1 + y3 + y5 + y7 ) + 2(y2 + y4 + y6 )}
3 0 8
a

π
b
⟹ ∫a y dx = 16 {(1 + 0) + 4(0.9903 + 0.9118 + 0.7453 + 0.4416) +
3
2(0.9611 + 0.8408 + 0.6186)}
π
= {1 + 12.356 + 4.841}
48
π
= {18.197}
48
= 1.1909

𝟑
56. Using Simpson’s one –third rule, Evaluate ∫𝟏 (𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱) 𝐝𝐱 taking n=4.
𝟑
Ans: Let 𝐼 = ∫𝟏 (𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱) 𝐝𝐱

Here y = 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱, a = 1, b= 3 ,
b−a 3−1 2
∵ h= = = = 0.5
n 4 4

Prepare the table

 x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y= 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 5 9.75 16 23.75 33
1
∴ By Simpson’s rd rule,
3

b
h
∫ y dx = {(y + y ) + 4(y1 + y3 ) + 2(y2 )}
3 0 4
a

b 0.5
⟹ ∫a y dx = 3 {(5 + 33) + 4(9.75 + 23.75) + 2(16)}
0.5
= {38 + 134 + 32}
3
0.5
= {204}
3
= 34

𝟏 3
57. Evaluate the following integral by Simpson’s 𝐫𝐝 rule ∫−3 x 4 dx (Taken n=6).
𝟑
𝟑
Let 𝐼 = ∫−𝟑 𝐱 𝟒 𝐝𝐱

Here y = 𝐱 𝟒 , a = −3, b= 3 ,
b−a 3−(−3)
∵ h= = =1
n 6

Prepare the table

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y = 𝐱𝟒 81 16 1 0 1 16 81

1
∴ By Simpson’s rd rule,
3

b h
∫a y dx = 3 {(y0 + y6 ) + 4(y1 + y3 + y5 ) + 2(y2 + y4 )}

b 1
⟹ ∫a y dx = 3 {(81 + 81) + 4(16 + 0 + 16) + 2(1 + 1)}
1
= {(162) + 128 + 4}
3
 1
= {294}
3
= 98

1
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
58. Evaluate ∫ 𝐝𝐱 by Simpson’s th rule taking 𝐡 = .
𝟏+𝐱 𝟖 𝟔
0
1 1
Ans: Here y= , a = 0, b = 1 , h =
1+ x 6
b−a 1 1−0
∵ h= ∴ = ⟹ n=6
n 6 n

∴ The table of values of x and y is as follows.

x 0 1/6 1/3 1/2 2/3 5/6 1

1
y= 1 0.8571 0.75 0.6667 0.6 0.5455 0.5
1+ x

3
∴ By Simpson’s rule
8
b 3h
∫a y dx = 8 {(y0 + y6 ) + 2y3 + 3(y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 )}

b 3×1
⟹ ∫a y dx = 8 6 {(1 + 0.5 ) + 2(0.6667) + 3(0.8571 + 0.75 + 0.6 + 0.5455)}
1
1 1
⟹ ∫ dx = {(1.5) + 1.3334 + 8.2578}
0
1+ x 16

1
1 1
⟹ ∫ dx = {11.0912}
0
1+ x 16

1
1
⟹ ∫ dx = 0.6932
1+ x
0

𝛑 𝟑
59. Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 Using Simpson’s th rule, Divide the interval [0, 𝛑]
𝟖
Into 6 equal parts.
π
Ans: Let I = ∫0 sin x dx
Here y = sinx, a = 0, b= π ,
 b−a π−0 π
∵ h= = =6
n 6

Prepare the table

x 0 π /6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5 π /6 π

y = sinx 0 1/2 √3/2 1 √3/2 1/2 0

3
∴ By Simpson’s rule
8
b 3h
∫a y dx = {(y0 + y6 ) + 2y3 + 3(y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 )}
8
π
b 3×
⟹ ∫a y dx = 6
{(0 + 0 ) + 2(1) + 3(1/2 + √3/2 + √3/2 + 1/2)}
8
3×π
= {0 + 2 + 8.1961}
48
3×π
= {10.1961}
48

= 2.0019

UNIT -4: Probability Distribution

60. On an average 3 of 10 electric components in a packet are defective. If 4 items are selected
at random and tested, what is the probability that not more than one defective?

Given: 3 of 10 electric components are defective.

3
 Probability of defective components = p =
10
3 7
& Probability of non – defective components q = 1 – p = 1 – =
10 10
Four components are selected at random. n=4
 By Binomial Theorem
3 r 7 4−r
P(r) = n Cr pr qn−r = 4 Cr ( ) ( )
10 10
To find the probability that not more than one defective i.e. 𝑟 ≤ 1
  P(𝑟 ≤ 1) = P(0) + P(1)
3 0 7 4 3 1 7 3
⟹ P(1) = 4 C0 (10) ∙ (10) + 4 C1 (10) (10)

⟹ P(1) = 0.2401 + 0.4116

⟹ P(1) = 0.6517

𝟏
61. The probability that a pen manufactured by a company will be defective is
𝟏𝟎

If 12 such pens are manufactured. Find the probability that:i) Exactly two will be

defective ii) at least two will be defective.

1
Ans: Given p= =0.1
10

q = 1 − 𝑝 = 1 − 0.1 = 0.9

n = 12

By Binomial Theorem
P(r) = n Cr pr qn−r

(i) Exactly two will be defective i.e.r =2

12
P(2) = C2 (0.1)2 (0.9)12−2

P(2) = 0.2301

(ii) At least two will be defective. i.e. P(r ≥ 2)

P(r ≥ 2) = 1−[𝑝(0) + 𝑝(1)]

= 1−[ 12 C0 (0.1)0 (0.9)12−0 + 12

C1 (0.1)1 (0.9)12−1 ]

= 1 −[0.2824 + 0.3765]
= 0.3411
62. On an average 2% of the population in an area suffer from T.B. what is the probability that

out of 5 persons chosen at random from this area at least two suffer from T.B.
2
Ans: Given p = 2% = 100 = 0.02

q = 1 − 𝑝= 1 − 0.02 = 0.98
n=5

 By Binomial Theorem
P(r) = n Cr pr qn−r

Probability at least two suffer from T.B.

P(r ≥ 2) = 1−[𝑝(0) + 𝑝(1)]

= 1−[ 5 C0 (0.02)0 (0.98)5−0 + 5 C1 (0.02)1 (0.98)5−1 ]

= 1 −[0.903 + 0.092]

= 5 ×10−3 OR 0.005

63. If 2% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective. Find the probability that in

a sample of 100 bulbs. (i) Exactly 3 bulbs are defective. (ii) At the most two bulbs will be

defective.
2
Ans: In this case p= 2% =100 = 0.02

n = 100

Mean = n ×p = 100 × 0.02 = 2

e−m ∙ mr
By Poisson distribution P(r) = r!

(i) Exactly 3 bulbs are defective. i.e. r=3

e−m ∙ mr e−2 ∙ 23
P(r) = = = 0.1804
r! 3!

(ii) p(At the most two bulbs are defective)

= 𝑝 ( 0 ) + 𝑝( 1 ) + 𝑝( 2 )

e−2 ∙ 20 e−2 ∙ 21 e−2 ∙ 22

= + +
0! 1! 2!
 = e−2 [1 + 2 + 2]

= 5e−2

= 5 (0.1353)

= 0.6765

64. The no. of road accidents met with by taxi drivers follow Poisson distribution with mean 2.

Out of 5000 taxis in the city, find the number of drivers (i) who does not met with the

accident. (ii) Who met with an accident more than 3 items. Given: 𝒆−𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟑

Ans: Here, m = 2 & n = 5000

e−m ∙ mr e−2 ∙(2)r
 By Poisson distribution P(r) = =
r! r!

To find the probability of drivers not met with the accident i.e. r = 0

e−2 ∙(2)0 e−2

 P(r = 0) = =
0! 1

⟹ P(r = 0) = 0.1353

 No. of drivers = 0.1353 × 5000

⟹ No. of drivers = 676.67 ≈ 677

(ii) p(Who met with an accident more than 3 items)= 1− [𝑝(0) + 𝑝(1) + 𝑝(2) + 𝑝(3)]

e−2 ∙ 20 e−2 ∙ 21 e−2 ∙ 22 e−2 ∙ 23

= 1− [ + + + ]
0! 1! 2! 3!
=1− e−2 [1 + 2 + 2 + 86]
38 −2
= 1− e
6

= 0.1431

 No. of drivers = 0.1431 × 5000

⟹ No. of drivers = 715.5 ≈ 716

65. If the probability of a bad reaction from certain injection is 0.001. Determine the chance

that out of 2000 individuals more than two will get bad reaction. (𝒆𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟒)

Ans: In this case p=0.001, n= 2000

Mean = n ×p

= 2000 × 0.001 =2
e−m ∙ mr
By Poisson distribution P(r) = r!

P(more than two will get bad reaction)= 1− [𝑝(0) + 𝑝(1) + 𝑝(2)]

e−2 ∙ 20 e−2 ∙ 21 e−2 ∙ 22

= 1− [ + + ]
0! 1! 2!

=1− e−2 [1 + 2 + 2]
= 1− 5e−2

5
= 1−
𝒆𝟐

5
= 1− 𝟕.𝟒

= 0.3243

66. In a certain factory producing cycle tyres , there is a small change of 1 in 500 tyres to
defective. The tyres are supplied in lots of 10. Using poisson distribution find the
approximate number of lots of containing : (i) No defective (ii)One defective (iii) two

defective tyres respectively in consignment of 10000 lots.

1
Ans: Here, N = 10000,n = 10,p =
500

1
 Mean = m = np = 10 × 500 = 0.02

e−m ∙ mr
 By Poisson distribution P(r) =
r!

(i) No defective i.e. r=0 ⟹

 e−0.02 ∙ (0.02)0
⟹ P(0) =
0!

P(0) = 0.98

Number lots containing no defective= 10000× 0.98 = 980

(ii) One defective i.e. r = 1

e−0.02 ∙ (0.02)1
⟹ P(1) =
1!

⟹ p(1) = 0.9802 × 0.02

⟹ p(1) = 0.0196

Number lots containing one defective= 10000× 0.0196= 196 lots

(iii) Two defective i.e. r =2

e−0.02 ∙ (0.02)2
p(2) =
2!

p(2)= 0.000196

Number lots containing two defective= 10000× 0.000196= 1.9 = 2 lots (Appro.)

67. Using Poisson distribution, find the probability that the ace of spades will be drawn from a

pack of well-shuffled cards at least once in 104 consecutive trials.

1
Ans: The probability of an ace of spade = p = & n = 104
52

1
 m = np = 104 × 52 = 2

e−m ∙ mr e−2 ∙ 2r
 By Poisson distribution P(r) = =
r! r!

To find the probability of at least once in 104 trials i.e. r ≥ 1

⟹ P(r ≥ 1) = p(1) + p(2) + p(3) + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯+ p(104)

⟹ P(r ≥ 1) = 1 – P(0)
 e−2 × 20
⟹ P(r ≥ 1) = 1 –
0!

⟹ P(r ≥ 1) = 1 – e−2

⟹ P(r ≥ 1) = 1 – 0.1353

⟹ P(r ≥ 1) = 0.8647

68. If random variable has a Poisson distribution s.t. 𝐏(𝟏) = 𝐏(𝟐). Find 𝐏(𝟒).
Ans. Given 𝐏(𝟏) = 𝐏(𝟐)
e−m ∙ m1 e−m ∙ m2
 =
1! 2!
m
 1=
2

 Mean = m =2
By Poisson distribution
e−m ∙ mr
P(r) =
r!

e−2 ∙ 24
Now P(4)= = 0.09
4!

69. The probability of getting an item defective is 0.005. What is the probability that exactly 3

items in a sample of 200 are defective? (Given: 𝐞−𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟗)

Ans: Given: p = 0.005 & n = 200

 Mean = m = np = 200 × 0.005 = 1

e−m ∙ mr
 By Poisson distribution P(r) =
r!

e−1 ∙ (1)r
⟹ P(r) =
r!

To find the probability of getting exactly 3 items defective i.e. r = 3

e−1 ∙ (1)3
⟹ P(r = 3) =
3!
 0.3679
⟹ P(r = 3) =
6

⟹ P(r = 3) = 0.0613

𝟏
70. In a certain factory turning out blades, there is a small chance for any one blade to be
𝟓𝟎𝟎

defective. The blades are supplied in a packet of 10. Calculate the approximate number

packets containing one defective blade in a consignment of 10000 packets (𝐞−𝟑 =

𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗)
1
Ans: Here, N = 10000 n = 10 p=
500

1
 Mean = m = np = 10 × 500 = 0.02

e−m ∙ mr
 By Poisson distribution P(r) =
r!

e−0.02 ∙ (0.02)r
⟹ P(r) =
r!

To find the probability of one defective blade i.e . r = 1

e−0.02 ∙ (0.02)1
⟹ P(1) =
1!

⟹ P(1) = 0.9802 × 0.02

⟹ P(1) = 0.0196

 Number of packets having one defective = N × P(1)

⟹ Number of packets having one defective = 10000 × 0.0196

⟹ Number of packets having one defective ≅ 196 Packets .

71. The overall percentage of failures in a certain examination is 20. If 6 candidates appear

in the examination, what is the probability that at least five pass the examination?
 Ans: We are given 20% of candidates fail in an examination. In this case,
20
q = 100 = 0.2,P = 1−𝑞 = 1 − 0.2 = 0.8

n= 6 , r= 5 or 6

By Binomial Theorem P(r) = n Cr pr qn−r

P( At least 5) = P(5)+P(6)

= 6 C5 (0.8)5 (0.2)6−5 + 6
C6 (0.8)6 (0.2)6−6

= 0.393216+ 0.262144

P( At least 5) = 0.65536

72. Fit a Poisson distribution to set of observation

x 1 2 3 4 5

F 122 60 15 02 01

Ans.
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥 𝑖
We know, Mean= ∑ 𝑓𝑖

𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖

1 122 122

2 60 120

3 15 45

4 02 8

5 01 5
∑ 𝑓𝑖 =200 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 =300

300
Mean = m= 200 = 1.5

By Poisson distribution
 e−m ∙ mr
P(r) =
r!

e−1.5 ∙(1.5)r
P(r) =
r!