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Assignment Crypto

The document provides an overview of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), highlighting its advantages over older algorithms like DES and Triple DES. AES is a symmetric encryption algorithm that operates on 128-bit blocks with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits, utilizing a series of substitution and permutation operations. The document also outlines the encryption and decryption processes, as well as the significance of various steps involved in AES, while emphasizing its widespread adoption and security against cryptanalytic attacks.

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4 views

Assignment Crypto

The document provides an overview of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), highlighting its advantages over older algorithms like DES and Triple DES. AES is a symmetric encryption algorithm that operates on 128-bit blocks with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits, utilizing a series of substitution and permutation operations. The document also outlines the encryption and decryption processes, as well as the significance of various steps involved in AES, while emphasizing its widespread adoption and security against cryptanalytic attacks.

Uploaded by

aakashsharma6217
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name-Aashish Panwar, Father's name-SK,

Rollno.-02
ADVANCED ENCRYPTIION STANDARD
The more popular and widely adopted symmetric encryption algorithm likely to be
encountered nowadays is the Advanced Encryption Standard AES. It is found at least six time
faster than triple DES.
A replacement for DES was needed as its key size was too small. With increasing computing
power, it was considered vulnerable against exhaustive key search attack. Triple DES was
designed to
overcome this drawback but it was found slow.
The features of AES are as follows −

Symmetric key symmetric block


cipher 128-bit data, 128/192/256-bit
keys
Stronger and faster than Triple-DES
Provide full specification and design
details Software implementable in C and
Java
Operation of AES
AES is an iterative rather than Feistel cipher. It is based on ‘substitution–permutation network
’. It comprises of a series of linked operations, some of which involve replacing inputs by
specific
outputs substitutions and others involve shuffling bits around permutations.
Interestingly, AES performs all its computations on bytes rather than bits. Hence, AES treats
the 128 bits of a plaintext block as 16 bytes. These 16 bytes are arranged in four columns
and four rows for processing as a matrix −
Unlike DES, the number of rounds in AES is variable and depends on the length of the key. AES
uses 10 rounds for 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys and 14 rounds for 256-bit keys. Each
of these rounds uses a different 128-bit round key, which is calculated from the original AES
key.
The schematic of AES structure is given in the following illustration −
Encryption Process
Here, we restrict to description of a typical round of AES encryption. Each round comprise of
four sub-processes. The first round process is depicted below −

Byte Substitution SubBytes


The 16 input bytes are substituted by looking up a fixed table S - box given in design. The result
is in a matrix of four rows and four columns.

Shiftrows
Each of the four rows of the matrix is shifted to the left. Any entries that ‘fall off’ are re-inserted
on
the right side of row. Shift is carried out as follows
− First row is not shifted.
Second row is shifted one byte position to the
left. Third row is shifted two positions to the left.
Fourth row is shifted three positions to the left.
The result is a new matrix consisting of the same 16 bytes but shifted with respect to
each other.

MixColumns
Each column of four bytes is now transformed using a special mathematical function. This
function takes as input the four bytes of one column and outputs four completely new bytes,
which replace the original column. The result is another new matrix consisting of 16 new bytes.
It should be noted that this step is not performed in the last round.

Addroundkey
The 16 bytes of the matrix are now considered as 128 bits and are XORed to the 128 bits of the
round key. If this is the last round then the output is the ciphertext. Otherwise, the resulting 128
bits are interpreted as 16 bytes and we begin another similar round.
Decryption Process
The process of decryption of an AES ciphertext is similar to the encryption process in the
reverse order. Each round consists of the four processes conducted in the reverse order −
Add round
key Mix
columns
Shift rows
Byte substitution

Since sub-processes in each round are in reverse manner, unlike for a Feistel Cipher, the
encryption and decryption algorithms needs to be separately
implemented, although they are very closely related.
AES Analysis
In present day cryptography, AES is widely adopted and supported in both hardware and
software . Till date, no practical cryptanalytic attacks against AES has been discovered.
Additionally, AES has built-in flexibility of key length, which allows a degree of ‘future-proofing’
against progress in the
ability to perform exhaustive key searches.
However, just as for DES, the AES security is assured only if it is correctly implemented and
good

key management is employed.


1. AES uses a ____________ bit block size and a
key size of __________ bits.
a) 128; 128 or 256
b) 64; 128 or 192
c) 256; 128, 192, or 256
d) 128; 128, 192, or 256

2. Which one of the following is not a cryptographic


algorithm- JUPITER, Blowfish, RC6, Rijndael and Serpent?
a) JUPITER
b) Blowfish
c) Serpent
d) Rijndael

3. Which algorithm among - MARS, Blowfish, RC6, Rijndael


and Serpent - was chosen as the AES algorithm?
a) MARS
b) Blowfish
c) RC6
d) Rijndael

4 . How many rounds does the AES- 1 9 2 perform?


a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 16
5 . How many rounds does the AES- 2 5 6 perform?

a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 16

6. What is the expanded key size of AES-192?


a ) 4 4 words
b ) 6 0 words
c) 52 words
d ) 3 6 words

7. The 4×4 byte matrices in the AES algorithm are


called
a) States
b ) Words
c) Transitions
d) Permutations

8. In AES the 4×4 bytes matrix key is transformed into


a keys of size __________
a ) 3 2 words
b ) 6 4 words
c ) 5 4 words
d) 44 words
9. For the AES-128 algorithm there are __________
similar rounds and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ round is different.
a) 2 pair of 5 similar rounds ; every alternate
b) 9 ; the last
c) 8 ; the first and last
d) 10 ; no

10. Which of the 4 operations are false for each round


in the AES algorithm
i) Substitute Bytes
ii) Shift Columns
iii) Mix Rows
iv) XOR Round Key

a) i) only
b) ii) iii) and iv)
c) ii) and iii)
d) only iv)

1 1 . What is the substitution box ( S - box) used in AES


?
a) 4x4 matrix
b) 8x8 matrix
c) 16x16 matrix
d ) 3 2 x 3 2 matrix

1 2 . What does AES stand for?


a) Advanced Encryption Standard
b) Algorithm Encryption System
c) Applied Encryption Standard
d) All of the above
13. AES is a block cipher, meaning it encrypts data
in:
a ) Streams
b) Chunks
c) Blocks
d) Bytes

14. Which organization chose AES as the Advanced


Encryption Standard?
a) NSA
b) NIST
c) IEEE
d) ISO

15. What is the name of the 4x4 byte matrix used


in AES?
a) State
b) Matrix
c) Array
d) Table

16. How many round keys are generated in the AES


algorithm?
a) 11
b) 10
c) 8
d) 12
17.What is the purpose of the "SubBytes" step in AES?
a) To mix the bytes in the state array
b) To shift the rows of the state array
c) To add a round key to the state array
d ) To substitute the bytes in the state array

18. What is the purpose of the "Add Round Key" step in


AES?
a) To mix the bytes in the state array
b) To shift the rows of the state array
c) To add a round key to the state array
d) To substitute the bytes in the state array

19. What is the purpose of the "ShiftRows" step in AES


?
a) To mix the bytes in the state array
b) To shift the rows of the state array
c) To add a round key to the state array
d) To substitute the bytes in the state array

20. What is the purpose of the "MixColumns" step in


AES?
a) To mix the bytes in the state array
b) To shift the rows of the state array
c) To add a round key to the state array
d) To substitute the bytes in the state array

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