SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

COIMBATORE–641 035.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

19EEB302 POWER SYSTEMS-II

LABORATORY
Academic Year (2024-2025)

PRACTICAL RECORD

Name:
Reg. No:
Class:
Semester:
 SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
COIMBATORE – 641 035.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

19EEB302 POWER SYSTEMS-II

LABORATORY

Name _____________________________________
Class ____________Semester ___________________

Register No: ……………………….

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above student
oft the 19EEB302 Power Systems-II Laboratory during the
academic year 2024-2025 (EVEN).

Signature of Lab In charge HoD / EEE

Submitted for practical examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

1 Computation of Parameters and Modeling of Transmission Lines

Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrices and

2
Solution of Networks

3 Load Flow and Related Problems Using Gauss-Seidel Method

4 Economic Dispatch in Power Systems

5a Load-Frequency Dynamics of Single-Area PowerSystems

5b Load-Frequency Dynamics of Two-Area power systems

EX. NO: 1

OBJECTIVE
To determine the transmission line parameters and verify using MATLAB
simulation.
LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

 To analyze the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer
of a three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different Conductor
arrangements
 To understand modeling and performance of medium lines

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 MATLAB 7.14
FORMULA
Single phase Inductance=10-7[1+4log(d/r) ]
Capacitance=3.14*8.854*10-12/log (d/r)
Three phase Inductance=10-7 [0.5+2log(d/r)]
Capacitance=2*3.14*8.854*10-12 /log(d/r)
D equivalent =[d1*d2*d3]1/3
Where ,
d=Spacing of conductors
r=radius of conductor
THEORY
An AC transmission line has resistance, inductance and capacitance uniformly
distributed along its length. These are known as constants or parameters of the line .The
performance of a transmission line depend to a considerable extent upon these constants. For
instance, these constants determine whether the efficiency and voltage regulation of the line
will be good or poor. Therefore, a sound concept of these constant is necessary in order to make
the electrical design of a transmission line a technical success. Constants of transmission line
are resistance, inductance and capacitance uniformly distributed along the whole length of the
line.
FLOW CHART
RESISTANCE:
It is the opposition of line conductors to current flow .The resistance is distributed
uniformly along the whole length of the line.
INDUCTANCE:
An alternating current flows throw a conductor, a changing flux is setup which links the
conductor. Due to this flux linkage, the conductor possesses inductance. Inductance defined as
the flux linkage per ampere.

CAPACITANCE:
The capacitance between the conductors is the charge per unit potential difference.

ALGORITHM
1. Find that given transmission line is single phase or three phases.

2. If it is single phase get the distance between the conductors.

3. Get the radius of the conductor.

4. Using the appropriate formula find inductance and capacitance.

5. If the given system is three phase classify weather it is symmetrical or unsymmetrical.

6. If symmetrical get the distance between the conductors and radius of the conductor

7. Using the appropriate formula find inductance and capacitance.

8. If unsymmetrical get the distance between the conductors and radius of the conductor.

9. Using the appropriate formula find inductance and capacitance.

PROGRAM
clear all
clc
ph=input('single-1or 3ph-3:-')
if ph==1
D=input('distance between cond in mtrs=')
R=input('radius_cond in mtrs=')
L=(10^(-7)*(1+4*log(D/R)))
C=((pi*(8.854*10^(-12))))/log(D/R)
else
if ph==3
spacing=input('sym-4 unsym-5:')
if spacing==4
D=input('distance between cond in mtrs=')
R=input('radius_cond in mtrs=')
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(D/R)
L=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*log(D/R))
else
end
if spacing==5
D12=input('distance between cond 1&2 in mtrs=')
D23=input('distance between cond 2&3 in mtrs=')
D31=input('distance between cond 3&1 in mtrs=')
R=input('radious_cond in mtrs=')
D=(D12*D23*D31)^(1/3)
L=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*log(D/R))
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(D/R)
else
end
end
end
OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the transmission line parameters were determined by MATLAB simulation.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the classifications of transmission line?

2. Define Skin effect.
3. What is meant by transposition of conductor?
4. Define Transmission efficiency.
5. Define power factor.
6. What is Ferranti effect?
7. Give the need for voltage regulation.
8. Why are you going for simulation in power system?
9. What do you mean by surge impedance loading?
DATE:

OBJECTIVE

To develop a program to obtain a bus admittance and impedance matrix for a given
power system network

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

 Understand the need of bus admittance and impedance matrix for fault analysis.
 Obtain network solution to determine the bus voltage given bus current
injections

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

 MATLAB 7.14

THEORY

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

TWO-RULE METHOD (BASED ON NODE - VOLTAGE ANALYSIS)

Consider a three-bus power system shown in Fig.2.1 .The equivalent power network for the
system is shown in Fig.2.2 in which the generator is replaced by Norton equivalent, the loads
by equivalent admittances and the lines by π - equivalent circuits.

Fig.2.1 A Sample Power System Fig.2.2 Equivalent Power Network

 In Fig.2.2, the admittances of the generator, loads and transmission lines are given in
per unit to system MVA base. The ground is taken as reference node.

Applying Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) to nodes 1, 2 and 3.

yg1 V1 + y12 (V1 –V2) + y13 (V1-V3) = I1

yd2 V2 + y12 (V2 –V1) + y23 (V2 – V3) + y’23 V2 = 0 (2.3)

yd3 V3 + y30 V3 + y23 (V3 – V2) + y’23 V3 + y13 (V3 – V1) = 0

Rearranging these equations

(yg1 + y12 +y13) V1 + (-y12) V2 + (-y13) V3 = I1

(-y12) V1 +(yd2 + y12 + y23 + y’23) V2 +(-y23) V3 =0 (2.4)

(-y13) V1 + (-y23) V2 + (yd3 + y30 + y23 + y’23 + y13) V3 =0

In matrix form

Y11 Y12 Y13 V1 I1

Y21 Y22 Y23 V2 = 0 (2.5)

Y31 Y32 Y33 V3 0

Where,

Y11 = (yg1 + y12 +y13)

Y22 = (yd2 + y12 + y23 + y’23) (2.6)

Y33 = (yd3 + y30 + y23 + y’23 + y13)

Y12 = Y21 = -y12

Y13 = Y31 = -y13

Y23 = Y32 = -y23

The matrix equation (2.5) can be extended to an ‘n’ node system. The steps involved in
assembling bus admittance matrix may be extracted from equations (2.5) and (2.6) and are given
below.
TWO-RULE METHOD FOR ASSEMBLING ADMITTANCE MATRIX

1. The diagonal element Yii of the matrix is equal to the sum of the admittances of all
elements connected to the ith node.
2. The off-diagonal element Yij of the matrix is equal to the negative of the sum of the
admittances of all elements connected between the nodes i and j.

FORMATION OF Z BUS MATRIX

3.
In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving point
impedance and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the buses
or nodes. The bus impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis.

The bus impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we
can form the bus admittance matrix and then taking its inverse to get the bus impedance
matrix. In another method the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the
reactance diagram and this method requires the knowledge of the modifications of existing
bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or addition of a new line (or impedance)
between existing buses.

ALGORITHM

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results.

FLOW CHART

PROGRAM
clear all;
clc;
nbus=input('enter number of buses=');
for p=1:nbus
for q=p+1:nbus
y(p,q)=input('Enter the Line Admittance Value:');
y(q,p)=y(p,q);
end
end
for p=1:nbus
y1(p)=input('enter the ground admittance');
end
for p=1:nbus
for q=1:nbus
if p==q
ybus(p,q)=0;
for k=1:nbus
 ybus(p,q)=ybus(p,q)+y(p,k);
end
else

ybus(p,q)=-1*y(p,q);
end
end
end

for p=1:nbus
ybus(p,p)=ybus(p,p)+y1(p);
end
disp('Bus Admittance Matrix:');
disp(ybus)
zbus =inv (ybus)

OUTPUT

RESULT

The program for the Y-bus formation by the method of inspection is written and
the line data are given and input and output is verified using hand calculation.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is single line diagram?
2. Define bus.
3. How Bus admittance matrices are formed?
4. What is a bus impedance matrix?
5. What is called as driving point and transfer impedances?
6. What are the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix?
7. What is bus incidence matrix
8. Mention the advantage of bus admittance matrix.
 DATE:

OBJECTIVE
To determine and verify load flow solution by gauss-seidel method using MATLAB.
LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

 Analyze the non linear load flow equations using Gauss Seidel method.

 Analyze the convergence characteristics of GSLF algorithm for normally loaded

small system for different acceleration factors.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 MATLAB 7.14
THEORY
The gauss-seidel method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non linear load
flow equations. The process of computing all the bus voltages is called one itera-tion .the
iterative process is then repeated till the bus voltage converges with in prescribed accuracy. the
converges of bus voltage is quite sensitive to the initial values assumed. Based on practical
experiences it is easier to get a set of initial voltages very close to final solution. To compute
the (k+1)th iteration value of the bus –p voltage, the (k+1)th iteration values of voltages are
used for all buses less than p and kth iteration values of voltages are used for all buses greater
than or equal to p.
It is important to note that the slack bus is a reference bus and so its voltage will not
change .therefore in each iteration the slack bus voltage is not modified.
For generator bus, the reactive power is not refer specified .thee in order to calculate the
phase of bus voltage of a generator bus. The non-linear load flow equation is given by
1 Pp – j Qp p-1 n
Vp k+1
= -  Ypq Vqk+1 -  Vqk
Ypp (Vpk)* q=1 q=p+1

The reactive power of bus-p is given by

p-1 n

QP k+1
=(-1) x Im (Vpk)*  Ypq Vq k+1
+  Ypq Vqk
q=1 q=p
FLOWCHART
ALGORITHM
1. Assume a flat voltage profile for all nodal voltage except the slack bus
2. Set iteration count k=0.
3. Set bus count p=1.
4. Check for the slack bus. If it is not slack bus go to next step.
5. Calculate the bus voltage Vpk+1 using equation
Vp= [1/Ypp]{[(Pp-jQp)/Vp*] – ΣnYpqvq q=1,q≠p
and difference in bus p=1,2,….n, voltage ΔVpk=Vpk+1-Vpk.
6. Advance the bus count by 1 to evaluate other values of Vpk+1&ΔVpk.
7. Check if all buses have been taken in to account ,if yes ,go to next step otherwise go to
step4.
8. Determine the largest absolute value of change in voltage |ΔV| max .
9. If |ΔV| max is Less than a specified tolerance& evaluate line flows &print the voltage &line
flows.
10. If not ,advance the iteration count k=k+1 &go to step3.
PROGRAM
%Gauss Sedial
clc;
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20 2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32] elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3))); y=zeros(bus,bus);

for p=1:bus,
for q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:bus,
if (p~=q)
for r=1:elements
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW:'); b1=input('enter q2 in
MVAR:');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW:');
b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR');
pu=input('enter the base value in
MVA'); p2=(a1/pu);
q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu);
dx1=1+j*0;
dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0;
iter=0;
disp('iter v2 v3'); while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7;
iter=iter+1; g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-
y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2); g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-
y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3); dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3; v2=v2+dx1;
 v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf
('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]);
end

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the power flow analysis using gauss seidal method was done and voltage to the
all bus were calculated and verified with MATLAB.

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. What is load flow study?
2. Classify different types of buses.
3. What is slack bus and explain the need of slack bus?
4. What are all the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss Seidal method?
5. When the generator buses are treated as load bus?
6. What is jacobian matrix?
7. Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load flow problems?
8. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in load flow solution algorithm
EX.NO:4
DATE:

OBJECTIVE
To understand the basic problem of economic dispatch (ED) of optimally adjusting the
generation schedules of thermal generating units to meet the system load. To understand the
coordination equations without loss, operating constraints and solution of these equations using
iterative methods.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 To understand the effect of change in fuel cost on the economic dispatch for a
given load.

 Analyze the use of ED in finalizing the unit commitment for tomorrow’s

operating condition of power system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

 MATLAB 7.14

THEORY:

The facts influencing power generation at minimum cost are operating efficiencies of
generators, fuel cost and transmission losses. The most efficient generator in the system does
not guarantee minimum cost as it may be located in an area where fuel cost is high. Also, if the
plant is located far away from the load centre, transmission losses may be considerably higher
and hence the plant may be overly uneconomical. Hence, the problem is to determine the
generation of different plants such that the total operating cost is minimum which plays an
important role in the economic scheduling.

PROBLEM FORMULATION:

Total fuel cost of operating N generators is given by,

 (2.2)

Neglecting transmission losses, total generation should meet the total load. Hence, the
equality constraint is,

(2.3)

Based on the maximum and minimum power limits of the generators, following
inequality constraints can be imposed:

(2.4)

This is a constrained optimization problem that can be solved by Lagrange multiplier

method. The Lagrange method is formulated as,

(2.5)

Where accounts for the equality constraint (2.3); λ is the Lagrange Multiplier. The
necessary condition for FT to be minimum is that the derivative of Lagrange function with
respect to each independent variable is zero. Hence the necessary conditions for the
optimization problem are:

(2.6)

and

(2.7)

Rewriting (2.6)

(2.8)

Equation (2.8) states that, to minimize the fuel cost, the necessary condition is to have
all the incremental fuel costs same. Equation (2.8), along with (2.3) and (2.4) are called the
coordination equations for economic load dispatch without considering network losses.
Note:

Using (2.1), fuel cost characteristics of all the generators are expressed as,

(2.9)

Using (2.8), the necessary conditions for the optimal solutions are given by,

(2.10)

Or,

(2.11)

Substituting Pi from above in (2.3),

Or,

(2.12)

Hence λ can be calculated by (2.10), and then Pi, i=1,2,...,N can be calculated by (2.9
ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Compute λ using equation

N
b
Pi  
 2ai
 N
i1 i
1

i1 2ai

STEP 2: Compute using equation PGi=( λ-bi)/2ai for economic schedules

PGi =1, 2, 3… .............. , N.

STEP 3: If the compound PGi satisfies the operating limits

PGi, min ≤ PGi ≤ PGi,max; i = 1, 2, 3… ....... ,N

STEP 4: Fix the schedule of the violating units whose generation

If PGi >PGi,max then PGi = PGi,max .

If PGi <PGi,min then PGi= PGi,min

STEP 5: Distribute the remaining system load PD minus the sum of the fixed generation
schedules to the remaining units.

STEP 6: Check whether optimality is satisfied. If yes, stop. The solution is reached. Otherwise,
keep the generation schedule of the violating units are fixed. Go to step 1.
FLOW CHART:
PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
alpha=[500;400;200];
beta=[5.3;5.5;5.8];
gamma=[0.004;0.006;0.009];
pd=800;
delp=10;
lambda=input('enter the estimated values of lambda');
fprintf('');
disp(['lambda p1 p2 p3 dp grand delambda']);
inter=0;
while abs(delp)>=0.001
inter=inter+1;
p=(lambda-beta)./(2*gamma);
delp=pd-sum(p);
j=sum(ones(length(gamma),1)./(2*gamma));
delambda=delp/j;
disp([lambda,p(1),p(2),p(3),delp,j,delambda]);
lambda=lambda+delambda;
end
totalcost=sum(alpha+beta.*p+gamma.*p.^2);
disp('total cost');
disp(totalcost);

OUTPUT
 RESULT:-
Thus the economic dispatch control was determined and verified using MATLAB
simulation.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by incremental cost curve?

2. What is meant by unit commitment?
3. What is known as Lagrange function?
4. What are the methods of unit commitment?
5. Write the coordination equations with and without losses.
6. Differentiate unit commitment and economic dispatch
7. Write the condition for the optimal dispatch in a lossless system
8. What is participation factor?
EX. NO: 5a
DATE: POWER SYSTEMS

OBJECTIVE
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design
better controllers for getting better responses.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

 Understand load frequency control of single area system

 To simulate the transient analysis of load frequency control model
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 MATLAB 7.14
THEORY:
Real or Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed
during normal operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously
changing load ,in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a tolerable limit of
±5%. A change in system load causes a change in the speed of all Turbine generator system,
leading to change in system frequency.
PRIMARY CONTROL:
The speed change from synchronous speed initiates the governor con-trol action
resulting in all the participating generator- turbine units taking up the change in load, and
stabilizes the system frequency.
SECONDARY CONTROL:
It adjusts the load reference set points of selected turbine- generator units so as to give
nominal value of frequency.
An isolated power station has the following parameters
Turbine time constant TT=0.5 sec
Governor time constant TG=0.2 sec
 Generator inertia constant H=5 sec
Governor speed regulation =R per unit
DPL=0.2 Using MATLAB SIMULINK obtain dynamic response of the lode frequency
control system without PI controller and with PI controller assume Ki=7 and KP=20 A the-area
system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA common base.
SIMULINK DIAGRAM 1

SIMULINK OUTPUT GRAPH:

SIMULINK DIAGRAM 2
SIMULINK OUTPUT GRAPH:
OUTPUT

RESULT

Modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a single area
power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) was studied and responses are
simulated using simulation software.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define control area
2. What is load frequency controller?
3. Define electric stiffness of the interconnected system.
4. What is Area control error?
5. Define transient reactance.
6. How to improve transient stability limit
7. Define load reference set p
EX. NO: 5b
DATE:

OBJECTIVE:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line low
dynamics of a two area power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC)
and to design better controllers for getting better responses.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the experiment, the students are expected to

 Understand load frequency control of two area system.

 Analyze the effect of changes in controller parameters on the response and
select the set of parameters for best response.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 MATLAB 7.14
THEORY

Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system
load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is
one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load
cases a change in the speed of all rotating masses (Turbine – generator rotor systems) of the
system leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed
initiates the governor control (primary control) action result in the entire participating
generator – turbine units taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency.
Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjusts the
load - reference set points of selected (regulating) generator – turbine units. The primary
objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set
nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each area to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load – frequency
control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new Model by selecting File - New – Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.

EXERCISE

1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base

Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency –sens. load co-eff. D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia Constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Constant g1 = 0.2sec g1 = 0.3sec
Turbine Time Constant T1 =0.5sec T1 =0.6sec

The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing
power coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps =
2 p.u. A load change of 187.5 MW occurs in area1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation
response for the condition in part (a).
SIMULINK DIAGRAM FOR TWO AREA SYSTEM

SIMULINK OUTPUT
RESULT

Modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a two area power
system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) was studied and responses are
simulated using simulation software

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the advantages of interconnected power system?

2. Why the system frequency is not allowed to deviate from a chosen constant value?
3. State the basic role of ALFC.
4. List the advantages of multi area operation.
5. What is AFRC?
6. Define AGC
7. Define tie line control.
8. What is the boundary of control area