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Cardiovascular System- The Heart

The document provides a detailed overview of the heart's anatomy, including its size, location, layers, chambers, and conducting system. It describes the heart's structure, such as the pericardium, heart wall layers, and the functions of various chambers and valves. Additionally, it outlines the conduction system responsible for the heart's rhythmic contractions and the innervation of the myocardium.

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dagimd458
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2 views

Cardiovascular System- The Heart

The document provides a detailed overview of the heart's anatomy, including its size, location, layers, chambers, and conducting system. It describes the heart's structure, such as the pericardium, heart wall layers, and the functions of various chambers and valves. Additionally, it outlines the conduction system responsible for the heart's rhythmic contractions and the innervation of the myocardium.

Uploaded by

dagimd458
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Size, Location, and Orientation

Coverings
Layers of the heart wall
Chambers
Conducting system of the heart
Location;
• Same size as your closed fist
• About 12 cm long, 9 cm wide (at its broadest
point), 6 cm thick
• Average mass, in adult
– 250 g in females
– 300 g in males.
• Located in the mediastinum, with two-thirds of
its mass to the left of the midline
Mediastinum;
An anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, the first rib
to the diaphragm, and between the lungs
Heart has; Apex , Base, surfaces and borders
Apex
• Pointed
• Formed by the tip of The left ventricle
• It is directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left.
The base
• is its posterior surface
• formed by the atria (upper chambers) of the heart,
mostly the left atrium
Four surface
• Anterior (sternocostal) surface, formed mainly by the
right ventricle
• Inferior (Diaphragmatic) surface, formed mainly by the
left ventricle
• Right pulmonary surface, formed mainly by the right
atrium
• Left pulmonary surface, mainly by the left ventricle
– it forms the cardiac impression in the left lung.
4 boarders
• Right border
– Formed by the right atrium extending between the SVC and
the IVC
• Inferior border
– Formed mainly by the right ventricle
• Left border,
– Formed mainly by the left ventricle
• Superior border,
– Formed by the right and left atria and auricles
Pericardium
• Triple-layered sac (membrane) that surrounds and
protects the heart
• It confines the heart to its position in the
mediastinum
• Allowing sufficient freedom of movement for
vigorous and rapid contraction.
• Consists of two main parts
– Fibrous pericardium (superficial)
– Serous pericardium (deeper)
Pericardium
Fibrous pericardium (superficial)
• Rests on and attaches to the diaphragm
• its open end is fused to the connective tissues of
the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart.
Function
• Prevents overstretching of the heart,
• Provides protection, and anchors the heart in the
mediastinum
Serous pericardium
• Is a thinner, and deeper
• Forms a double layer around the heart
– The outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is
fused to the fibrous pericardium.
– The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium,
also called the epicardium (Outer layer of heart wall)
• Between the two cavities is pericardial Cavity,
containing a pericardial fluid,
– Reduces friction between the layers as the heart
moves
Pericardium and Heart wall
Layers of the Heart Wall
• Consists of three layers
– Epicardium (external layer),
• Also called the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
– Myocardium (middle layer), and
• Makes up about 95% of the heart
• Responsible for its pumping action.
– Endocardium (inner layer)
• Provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart
• Covers the valves of the heart.
• Is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood
vessels attached to the heart
Chambers of the Heart

The heart has four chambers.


• Two superior receiving chambers (atria)
– At their anterior surface , wrinkled pouchlike
structure called an auricle
• Two inferior pumping chambers (ventricles)

• The greater the workload of a heart chamber,


the thicker its myocardium.
Chambers of the Heart
External boundary ;
Coronary sulcus
• Encircles most of the heart and marks the boundary
between the atria and ventricles.
Anterior interventricular sulcus
• A groove on the anterior surface of the heart
• Marks the external boundary between the right and
left ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus
• Continuation of anterior interventricular sulcus
• Marks the external boundary between the ventricles
on the posterior aspect of the heart
Right Atrium
• Forms the right border
of the heart
• Receives blood from
three veins:
– Superior vena cava,
– Inferior vena cava, &
– Coronary sinus
• Anterior wall formed by
pectinate muscles
• Interatrial septum-
separating from Left atrium
Right Atrium
• Fossa ovalis, the
remnant of the foramen
ovale
• Tricuspid valve, blood
pass into the right
ventricle
Right Ventricle
• Thickness about 4–5 mm
• Forms most of the
anterior surface of the
heart.
• Inside, wall formed by
trabeculae carneae
• Tricuspid valve connected
to tendonlike cords, the
chordae tendineae
– which in turn are
connected to papillary
muscles
Right Ventricle
• Separated from the left
ventricle by a partition
called the interventricular
septum.
• Blood passes from the
right ventricle through the
pulmonary valve
(pulmonary semilunar
valve) into pulmonary
trunk.
Left atrium
• Forms most of the base
of the heart
• Smooth anterior and
posterior wall
• Receives blood from
the lungs through four
pulmonary veins.
• bicuspid (mitral) valve
– Blood into the left
ventricle through
left ventricle
• The thickest chamber
(10–15 mm)
• Forms the apex of the heart
• Contains; trabeculae
carneae , chordae tendinae
and papillary muscles.
• Aortic valve (aortic
semilunar valve)
– Blood into the Ascending
Aorta
– Some blood Flows into the
coronary arteries
Heart valves (atria removed)
The paired atrioventricular valves and two semilunar valves
Heart valves prevent backflow of blood within the heart

The fibrous skeleton (cardiac


skeleton)

•Attaches to the heart valves and


prevents overstretching of the valves
as blood passes through them

•Serves as support and site of origin &


attachment for the cardiac muscles.
Anatomical differences between the right and left ventricles.
The left ventricle has a thicker wall and its cavity is circular.
The right ventricle cavity is crescent shaped and wraps around the left
ventricle
The heart (primitive heart) begins to contract by the
day 22 of gestation

Blood from right atrium pass in to left atrium via


foramen ovalea
Partitioning of the heart is complete by the end of the
5th week
Blood Flow Through the Heart
Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont.)
Blood supply of the heart
The Conduction System of Heart
• An inherent and rhythmical electrical activity is
the reason for the heart’s lifelong beat.
Sinoatrial (SA) node,
• located in the right atrial wall just inferior and
lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava
– Pacemaker (generates impulses)
Atrioventricular (AV) node,
• located in the interatrial septum, just anterior
to the opening of the coronary sinus
The Conduction System of Heart
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His).
• is the only site where action potentials can
conduct from the atria to the ventricles.
Right and left bundle branches.
– Extend through the interventricular septum toward
the apex of the heart.
Purkinje fibers
• Rapidly conduct the action potential beginning
at the apex of the heart upward to the
remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
The conduction system ensures that the chambers of the
heart contract in a coordinated manner
The cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata controls both sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerve that innervate the heart.

The ventricular myocardium receives innervation from the sympathetic division only.

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