Computer Network (BCS603)

Unit – 4 Transport Layer

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 Introduction to Transport layer :

The Transport Layer is the fourth layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model.
🔑 Think of it like a delivery service that ensures your data goes from one software
(process) on a device to the right software on another device — correctly, in order, and
without loss.
Transport layer is responsible for delivery of entire message from one process running on
source to another process running on destination. This is called process-to-process delivery.
For example:
When you watch a video on YouTube, your browser (application) is receiving data from
YouTube’s server. The transport layer makes sure that the video data reaches your browser
smoothly.
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✅ Main Responsibilities of the Transport Layer(Design Issue):- (IMP)

1. Process-to-Process Delivery
Sending data from one specific software on one device to another specific software on
another device.
📦 Example:
When you send a message through WhatsApp on your phone, it should go to WhatsApp
app on your friend’s phone — not to YouTube or Facebook!
This is done using port numbers. (Like room numbers in a hotel.)
2. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Many applications can use the internet at the same time (multiplexing).
The transport layer helps send and receive data from the correct app (demultiplexing).
📦 Example:
You’re using Zoom, WhatsApp, and YouTube at the same time. The transport layer keeps
the data of each app separate so that video calls, chats, and videos don’t mix.
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3. Connection Control
Some protocols like TCP create a connection before sending data.
📦 Example:
Before talking to someone, we say “Hello” first. Similarly, TCP does a 3-way
handshake to start a connection. UDP, however, sends without saying "Hello"
(connectionless).
4. Reliable Delivery
Making sure that the data reaches safely, completely, and in the right order.
📦 Example:
If you're downloading a file, the transport layer checks whether all parts of the file have
arrived. If any part is missing, it requests it again.
This is done using acknowledgments (ACKs) and retransmissions.

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5. Error Control
Checks for errors in the data and fixes them if possible.
📦 Example:
If a video frame is corrupted during download, the transport layer can detect it and
request again. It uses a method like a checksum to do this.
6. Flow Control
Prevents fast senders from overloading slow receivers.
📦 Example:
You are sending messages to a friend, but your friend is replying slowly. You should wait.
The transport layer ensures this wait happens using a mechanism called a sliding window.
7. Congestion Control
Prevents the entire network from getting overloaded.
📦 Example:
If many people are watching YouTube at the same time, the transport layer may slow
down some connections so the network doesn’t crash.
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🔹 What is a Process?
A process is simply a running program or application on a computer.
Example:
• WhatsApp is one process
• YouTube is another process
• Gmail is also a process
🔹 What is Process-to-Process Delivery?(Port to port)
When you send data (like a message, video, or file) from one device to another, the data
should not just reach the computer — it should reach the correct application (process)
on that computer.
✅ This is called Process-to-Process Delivery.

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🔹 Real-Life Example:
Imagine you are sending letters to a big building 🏢 (a computer). Inside the building,
there are many people (processes).
You don’t just send the letter to the building — you write the name of the person on the
envelope (port number) so the letter reaches the correct person.
💡 Similarly, the transport layer uses port numbers to deliver data to the correct
application/process.
“Transport layer is responsible for making sure that the message goes from the right app
on sender’s computer to the right app on receiver’s computer. This is called process-to-
process delivery”

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 Computer Network (BCS603)

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 Services Provided by Transport Layer :

Two type of services provided by transport layer –
i. Connection Oriented Services
ii. Connection Less Services
🔗 1. What is Connection-Oriented Service?
Think of it like making a phone call 📞.
• First, you establish a connection (like calling and saying "hello").
• Then you talk (send and receive data).
• At the end, you hang up (close the connection).
🧠 Protocols that use this:
i. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
ii. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)

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📨 2. What is Connectionless Service?

Think of it like sending a letter or a message without checking if the other person is there.
• You just send the data, no need to connect first.
• You don’t know if it arrived, or if it came in order.

❌ No guarantee it reaches
✅ But it's very fast and has less overhead
🧠 Protocol that uses this:
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

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Feature Connection-Oriented Service Connection-Less Service
Needs to establish a connection No need to establish a
Setup
first connection
Reliable – guarantees delivery Unreliable – does not guarantee
Reliability
of data delivery
Order of data Data is received in correct order Data may arrive out of order
TCP (Transmission Control
Example Protocol UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Protocol)
Tracks sent and received data
Data tracking No tracking of data
(acknowledgment)
More overhead – uses more
Overhead (extra work) Less overhead – simple and fast
resources
Slower due to extra steps Faster because it skips extra
Speed
(handshaking, ACK, etc.) steps
File transfer, emails, web Live streaming, online gaming,
Use case examples
browsing video calls
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Transport layer Protocol :

TCP SCTP UDP

Now let discuss each protocol in detail 

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1. 💡 What is TCP?
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol.
This means before sending data, it sets up a connection between two devices.
👉 It makes sure the data is:
• Delivered correctly
• Delivered in the correct order
• Delivered without loss

TCP uses something called a 3-way

handshake to start the connection.
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🖥🧠 Top Part – TCP 3-Way Handshake :

This is how two devices create a secure connection before sending data.
Step 1: SYN
• Client says: "Hey, I want to connect!"
• It sends a message called SYN (Synchronize).
Step 2: SYN-ACK
• Server replies: "Okay, I got you. Let's connect!"
• It sends back a message called SYN-ACK (Synchronize + Acknowledgment).
Step 3: ACK
• Client confirms: "Thanks, I’m ready!"
• Sends final message ACK (Acknowledgment).
✅ Now connection is successfully established!
This whole process ensures that both devices are ready and can communicate reliably.
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🔸 Bottom Part – Unicast (One-to-One)

This part shows how TCP sends data to one specific device only, not to many.
• The orange circle is the sender.
• The green circle is the receiver.
• Arrows show that data is going from one to one.
📦 Example: When you visit a website, your browser (client) talks only to that specific
server — not to all servers on the internet.

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🔑 Features of TCP (in easy words):

(i) Numbering of Bytes
 It gives each byte of data a number.
This helps the receiver know the order of the data, even if it arrives out of order.
📦 Like numbering boxes: Box 1, Box 2, Box 3.
(ii) Stream Data Transfer
 It sends data as a continuous stream, not as fixed chunks.
This means TCP lets programs keep sending and receiving smoothly without worrying about
how data is broken down internally.
(iii) Reliability
• TCP makes sure that data reaches the receiver.
• If any data is lost or damaged, TCP resends it.
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(iv) Flow Control

 It controls the speed of data.
If the receiver is slow, TCP tells the sender to slow down, so no data is lost.
(v) Full-Duplex
 Data can go both ways at the same time.
📞 Just like a phone call — you can talk and listen at once.
(vi) Multiplexing
 It allows multiple connections from one device to another.
📶 Like opening several tabs in your browser — all using the same network but for
different apps or websites.
(vii) Connection-Oriented Service : discussed previous

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 TCP Header Format : (V.V.VIMP)

Imagine you're sending a file through a chat app:
The file is broken into segments.
Each segment has:
i. Header (info about where it should go, how to put the pieces back together),
ii. Data (a piece of your file).
These segments are reassembled at the receiver’s side into the original file.
 Each TCP segment has two parts:
Header Part
– This part contains control information like source port, destination port, sequence
number, etc.
– Think of it like a label on a parcel with instructions for delivery.
Data Part
– This is the actual content/message
- Download you want to send.
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– Like the item inside the parcel.
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Fields of a TCP Header :

1. Source Port Number
This is the port number of the device that is sending the data.
Example: Your browser might use port 3000 to send a request.
Think of ports like doors on a computer. The source port is the door number from
where the data is coming,
2. Destination Port Number
This is the port number of the device that is receiving the data.
Example: A web server receives data on port 80 or 443.
Imagine destination port is the door number where the data is going.
3. Sequence Number:
It shows the position of the first byte of data in this segment. It helps in putting
pieces of data in the correct order.
Imagine you're sending a big letter in 10 envelopes. Each one gets a number, so
the person receiving can Notes
Download arrange them properly. The sequence number tells the
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receiver what position this piece of data is in.
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4. Acknowledgment Number
This is used to confirm that data was received.
Example: If a device gets data with sequence number 1001, it will send back an
acknowledgment number of 1002.
This is used to say “Hey, I received your data successfully up to this number.” It
confirms that the other side got the data.
5. Data Offset (Header Length)
It tells how long the header is so the receiver knows where the actual data starts.
This tells the receiver where the TCP header ends and the real data (message) begins.
6. Reserved
These are a few bits kept for future use. Normally set to 0.
These are just empty boxes saved for future features. They are not used currently and are se
7. Control Flags
These are important signals that help manage the connection:
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• SYN: Start a connection

• ACK: Acknowledge received data
• FIN: Finish or close connection
• RST: Reset the connection
• PSH: Push data to the application
• URG: Data is urgent
8. Window Size
This is used for flow control. It tells how much data the sender can send before waiting for
an acknowledgment.
This tells how much data the sender can send before needing an acknowledgment. It helps in
flow control, so the receiver doesn't get overloaded.
9. Checksum
A value used to check for errors in the data during transmission. If the data is changed or
broken, the checksum will help detect it.
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10. Urgent Pointer

If the URG flag is set, this field tells where the urgent data ends.
If some data is marked as "urgent", this field tells where that urgent data ends.
11. Options
This is an optional field for extra settings like setting the maximum segment size.
Sometimes, extra information is added. Options field allows that.
12. Padding
This is just extra 0s added to make sure the header length is a multiple of 4 bytes.
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Q. The following is the dump of TCP header in hexadecimal format :(V.VV.IMP)

05320017 00000001 00000000 500207FF 00000000
a. What is the sequence number
b. what is the destination port number
c. what is the acknowledgement number
d. what is the window size solve in easy way
Solution : Ye niche table yaad honi chahiye
Field Size
Source Port 2 Bytes (4 hex digits) -> 16 bits
Destination Port 2 Bytes (4 hex digits) -> 16 Bits
Sequence Number 4 Bytes (8 hex digits) -> 32 Bits
Acknowledgment Number 4 Bytes (8 hex digits) -> 32 Bits
Data Offset + Flags 2 Bytes (4 hex digits) -> 16 Bits
Window Size 2 Bytes (4 hex digits)-> 16 bits
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(And more, but not needed here)
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Ye yaad rakhna  Har 2 character = 1 byte

05320017 00000001 00000000 500207FF 00000000
0532 → Source Port
0017 → Destination Port
00000001 → Sequence Number
00000000 → Acknowledgment Number
5002 → Data Offset + Flags
07FF → Window Size
✅ a. What is the Sequence Number?
Sequence number is: 00000001
👉 In decimal: 1
✅ b. What is the Destination Port Number?
Destination port is: 0017
👉 Hex 0017 = 23 in decimal
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✅ c. What is the Acknowledgment Number?

Acknowledgment number is: 00000000
👉 In decimal: 0
✅ d. What is the Window Size?
Window size is: 07FF
👉 Hex 07FF = 2047 in decimal
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 Three way handshaking Protocol (Connection Establishment) : (V.V.VIMP)

The 3-way handshake is a process used by the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to
establish a reliable connection between a client and a server before starting data
transmission.
This handshake ensures that:
• Both client and server are ready.
• Sequence numbers are synchronized.
• The connection is reliable and secure.
✅ Step 1: Client sends SYN
• The client wants to start a connection.
• It sends a TCP segment with the SYN (synchronize) flag set.
• It also sends an initial sequence number (say, m).
• This means: “I want to connect. My sequence number is m.”
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Passive
Open

Active
Open
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✅ Step 2: Server sends SYN + ACK

• The server receives the SYN request.
• It replies with a TCP segment that has both SYN and ACK flags set.
• The server sends:
• Its own sequence number (say, n)
• Acknowledgement number = m + 1 (to confirm it received the client’s SYN)
• This means: “Okay, I’m ready. I received your message. My sequence number is n.”
✅ Step 3: Client sends ACK
• The client receives the server’s SYN + ACK.
• It sends back an ACK (acknowledgement).
• Acknowledgement number = n + 1 (to confirm it received the server’s SYN)
• This means: “I received your message. Now we are connected.”

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🌐 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) :

• UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a communication protocol used for fast
and simple data transfer over the internet.
• UDP works at the Transport Layer (Layer 4 of the OSI model), just like TCP, but it is
much faster and lighter.
✅ Key Features of UDP:
1. Connectionless:
• UDP does not establish any connection before sending data.
• It just sends data directly — like sending a message without checking if the receiver is
ready.
2. No Acknowledgement:
• UDP does not wait for confirmation (ACK) from the receiver.
• No guarantee that the data will reach correctly.
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3. Faster Speed:
Because there is no connection setup and no error checking, UDP is very fast.
4. Lightweight Protocol:
UDP has less overhead (no extra steps or headers), making it efficient for time-sensitive
applications.
 UDP Header Format (Total 8 Bytes = 64 bits) : (V.V.VIMP)
The UDP header is very small and simple — it is always 8 bytes long, and contains 4
fields, each 16 bits (2 bytes).
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1. Source Port (16 bits)

• It tells from which port the data is coming.
• Used by the receiver to reply back to the correct sender.
• Example: If a message comes from port 12345, this value will be 12345.
2. Destination Port (16 bits)
• It tells to which port the data should go on the receiving side.
• Example: Port 53 is used for DNS.
3. Length (16 bits)
• It gives the total length of the UDP segment (header + data).
• Minimum value = 8 bytes (if there is no data).
• For example, if the header is 8 bytes and data is 20 bytes → total = 28 bytes.

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4. Checksum (16 bits)

• It is used for error checking.
• The sender calculates a value using the data, and the receiver checks it to see if
the data is correct or got corrupted.
• Optional in IPv4 but mandatory in IPv6.
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 Application of UDP (2 Mark ) :

• Live Streaming – Used for video/audio streaming (e.g., YouTube Live)
• Online Gaming – Fast data transfer for real-time games (e.g., PUBG)
• VoIP – Voice calls over internet (e.g., WhatsApp, Skype)
• DNS – Resolving domain names to IP addresses
• DHCP – Assigning IP addresses in networks
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 Difference between TCP & UDP : (IMP)

TCP (Transmission Control

Feature UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Protocol)
Connection-oriented (makes a
Type of Connection Connectionless (no setup needed)
connection first)
Speed Slower (more checks and control) Faster (less checking)
Reliability Reliable (guarantees delivery) Not reliable (no guarantee)
Yes, with acknowledgment and
Error Checking Yes, but no retransmission
retransmission
Order of Data Keeps data in correct order May arrive out of order
Online games, video streaming,
Use Case Examples Web browsing, email, file transfer
VoIP
Data Flow Control Yes (uses window size) No flow control
Overhead DownloadMore
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(extra bits for control) Less (lightweight protocol)
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 Difference between TCP & UDP in context of Header format : (IMP)

Feature / Field TCP Header UDP Header
Header Size 20 to 60 bytes (because of options) 8 bytes (fixed size)
Source Port Yes Yes
Destination Port Yes Yes
Sequence Number ✅ Yes (for ordering data) ❌ No
Acknowledgment Number ✅ Yes (for confirming data receipt) ❌ No
Header Length Field ✅ Yes (Data Offset) ❌ No (fixed size)
Flags ✅ Yes (like SYN, ACK, FIN, etc.) ❌ No
Window Size ✅ Yes (for flow control) ❌ No
Checksum ✅ Yes ✅ Yes
Urgent Pointer ✅ Yes (if urgent flag is used) ❌ No
Options Field ✅ Yes (optional extra features) ❌ No
Total Control More control, reliable Less control, faster
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 Multiplexing :
Multiplexing in the transport layer means:
 Sending data from many applications through a single network connection.
Imagine your phone is running:
• WhatsApp
• YouTube
• Instagram
All these apps want to send and receive data — but your phone only has one IP
address and one network connection (like Wi-Fi or mobile data).
So how does your device know which data belongs to which app?
That’s where Multiplexing comes in.

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1. Multiplexing 2. Demultiplexing
• Happens at Sender side • Happens at Receiver side
• Takes data from multiple apps • Looks at port number in the header
• Adds headers (with port numbers) • Sends data to the correct app
• Sends it over the network
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Real-Life Example (To Understand Easily):

Think of a delivery truck (the network). It’s carrying parcels for different people (apps
like WhatsApp, Instagram).
Each parcel has:
• The name of the sender (source port)
• The name of the receiver (destination port)
This way, when the truck reaches, each parcel goes to the right person.
🔸 In networking:
• The delivery truck is the transport layer
• The parcels are segments
• The name tags (ports) help deliver the data to the correct app

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Example:
You’re watching a YouTube video and chatting on WhatsApp at the same
time.
• YouTube uses port 8080
• WhatsApp uses port 5222
When packets come in, your system checks:
• “Is this for port 8080?” → send to YouTube
• “Is this for port 5222?” → send to WhatsApp
That’s demultiplexing in action.

💡 Why is Multiplexing Important?

• Lets you run many apps over one internet connection
• Keeps data organized and directed to the right place
• Avoids confusion between different services
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🚦 What is Flow Control?

Flow Control is like traffic control between sender and receiver in data communication.
It makes sure the sender doesn't send data too fast, and the receiver doesn't get overloaded.
💡 Real-Life Example:
Imagine you’re pouring water (data) from a jug (sender) into a glass (receiver).
• If you pour too fast, the glass will overflow (data loss).
• So you pour slowly or stop until the glass is ready again.
That’s exactly what flow control does!
📦 Why is Flow Control Needed?
i. Sender is usually faster than receiver
ii. Receiver has limited buffer (memory)
iii. To avoid data loss
iv. To ensure smooth communication

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🔁 What is Retransmission?
Retransmission means:
• Sending the data again if it was lost, damaged, or not acknowledged by the receiver.
• It’s a method used by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to ensure reliable delivery of
data.
🧠 Real-Life Example:
Imagine you sent a WhatsApp message to a friend, but they didn’t reply.
You might think: “Maybe they didn’t get it.”
So, you send the message again.
That’s retransmission — repeating the message to make sure it’s received.

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📦 When Does Retransmission Happen?

In networking, retransmission happens if:
🔸 A data packet is lost
🔸 A packet is damaged (fails checksum)
🔸 The sender doesn’t receive an acknowledgment (ACK) in time
🚦 How Does TCP Retransmit?
o TCP assigns a sequence number to each segment.
o Receiver sends an acknowledgment (ACK) for received data.
o If no ACK comes within a timeout, TCP assumes the segment is lost.
o The sender retransmits that segment.

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A timer is started when a segment is sent.

If the timer ends before receiving ACK → retransmit the segment.
📖 Types of Retransmission Techniques
✅ 1. Go-Back-N(Already Covered)
✅ 2. Selective Repeat(Already Covered)
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 TCP Window Management :

TCP Window Management is a method used to control how much data the sender can
transmit before it must stop and wait for an acknowledgment from the receiver.
This helps in:
• Efficient use of the network
• Preventing the receiver from being overloaded
• Managing flow control
Think of it like this:
Imagine you're sending parcels to a friend.
They say:
• "I can only open 3 parcels at a time. Don’t send more until I tell you I’m ready again."
So you send 3 parcels → wait for a signal → send the next batch.
That’s window management.
Now again if you want to explain more write sliding window protocol(Already Covered)
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🔁 How It Works (Step-by-Step):

• Sender sends multiple segments (as per window size)
• Receiver receives them and sends ACKs
• As ACKs arrive, the window “slides,” allowing more data to be sent
💡 Example:
Let’s say the receiver window size is 3 segments.
• Sender sends segment 1, 2, 3
• Receiver receives all → sends ACKs
• Window slides → sender can now send 4, 5, 6
• If segment 5 is lost → sender may retransmit 5, 6, etc.

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🧠 Why It Matters:
✅ Helps avoid congestion
✅ Adjusts to receiver’s capacity
✅ Speeds up or slows down based on need
✅ Supports reliable and efficient communication
 Congestion Control Techniques : Already Covered Same to same Unit 3 me hai.
🔄 How Does TCP Handle Congestion?(IMP) :
TCP uses 4 phases to control congestion:

Slow Start Congestion Avoidance Congestion Detection Fast Retransmit

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1. Slow Start
• TCP starts sending data slowly.
• Begins with 1 segment, then doubles the data each time (1 → 2 → 4 → 8…).
• This continues until it reaches a limit called the threshold or congestion window
(cwnd).
✅ Goal: Check how much the network can handle.

2. Congestion Avoidance
• When TCP reaches the threshold, it stops doubling.
• Now it increases slowly (1 segment at a time).
• This avoids sudden overload.
✅ Goal: Grow carefully without causing congestion.

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3. Congestion Detection (Loss Occurs)

If packets are lost or no acknowledgment (ACK) comes, it means: → The network is
congested.
TCP reacts by:
• Reducing the congestion window to half
• Setting a new threshold
• Going back to slow start or avoidance phase
✅ Goal: Back off when there is trouble.
4. Fast Retransmit & Fast Recovery
• If TCP gets 3 duplicate ACKs, it guesses a packet was lost.
• It quickly resends the lost packet (fast retransmit)
• Instead of slow start, it does fast recovery to avoid restarting completely.
✅ Goal: React quickly without starting from scratch.

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💡 Simple Example:
• Start: Send 1 packet
• Got ACK → Send 2 packets
• Got ACK → Send 4 packets
• Got ACK → Send 8 packets
• Then network drops a packet ❌ → congestion!
Now:
• TCP reduces sending speed
• Slowly increases again

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 Computer Network (BCS603)

 Quality of Service (QoS) : (V.VIMP)

Quality of Service (QoS) means how good and reliable the network service is while
sending and receiving data.

 Main Parameters of QoS:

i. Bandwidth – Maximum data that can be sent per second
ii. Delay (Latency) – Time taken for data to reach the destination
iii. Jitter – Variation in delay
iv. Packet loss – Number of lost or dropped packets

🔧 Techniques to Improve QoS :

Here are common methods used to improve Quality of Service:
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 Computer Network (BCS603)

✅ 1. Scheduling
• Traffic is arranged so that important packets go first.
Example: Give priority to video call data over file downloads.
🛠 Method:
• FIFO (First In First Out)
• Priority Queuing
• Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)
✅ 2. Traffic Shaping
• Controls the flow of outgoing data.
• It delays packets if too many are being sent at once.
🛠 Example: Leaky Bucket or Token Bucket algorithm
✅ 3. Resource Reservation
• Before sending, the sender reserves bandwidth and resources in the network.
• Ensures that when data is sent, the network is ready and not congested.
🛠 Protocol: RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol)
 Computer Network (BCS603)

✅ 4. Admission Control
• Before accepting a new traffic flow, the network checks if it can handle it.
• If not, it rejects or delays that flow to maintain QoS for existing traffic.

✅ 5. Packet Classification and Marking

• Packets are marked based on type (e.g., video, voice, file).
• Routers then treat each type according to its priority.

Quality of Service (QoS) is the ability of a network to provide better service to certain
types of traffic. It ensures that important applications like voice, video, and gaming work
smoothly without delay or data loss. To improve QoS, techniques like scheduling, traffic
shaping, resource reservation, admission control, and packet marking are used. These
help manage bandwidth, reduce delay, and give priority to critical data.
 Computer Network (BCS603)

Thank You…

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