ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

EXPERIMENT 6:
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES
Aim:
To verify the truth table of OR, AND, NOT,NOR, NAND and X-OR logic gates.

Components required:
S.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. AND Gate IC 7408 1
2. OR Gate IC 7432 1
3. NOT Gate IC 7404 1
4. NAND Gate IC 7400 1
5. X-OR Gate IC 7486 1
6. NOR Gate IC 7402 1
7. IC Trainer kit - 1
8. Patch cords - Few

Theory:
Circuit that takes the logic decision and the process are called logic gates. Each gate has one
or more input and only one output.
OR, AND, and NOT are the basic logic gates. NAND, NOR are known as UNIVERSAL GATES
because can be used to construct other gates.
AND GATE:
The AND gate perform a logical multiplication commonly known as AND function. The output
is LOW when one of the input is LOW and the output is HIGH when both inputs are HIGH.
NOT GATE:
The NOT gate is called INVERTER or COMPLIMENT. The output is HIGH when input is LOW
and the output is LOW when the input is HIGH.
NAND GATE:
The NAND gate is a combination of AND and NOT gate. The output is HIGH when both input
are LOW and the output is HIGH when one or the input is LOW. The output is LOW when
both input is HIGH.
EX-OR GATE:
The output is HIGH when any one of the input is HIGH but not both input. The output is LOW
when both the inputs are LOW or HIGH.
OR GATE:
The output of OR gate is HIGH when one or both inputs are HIGH, and the output is LOW
when both inputs are LOW.

NOR GATE:
The output of NOR gate is LOW when one or both inputs are HIGH, and the output is HIGH
when both inputs are LOW.
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

Pin diagram and truth table:

NAND GATE

INPUT OUTPUT
A B ��������
𝑨𝑨 × 𝑩𝑩
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOT GATE

AND GATE

OR GATE
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

EX-OR GATE

NOR GATE

Procedures:
i. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
ii. Logic inputs are given as per circuit diagram.
iii. Observe the output and observe the truth table.

Result:
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

EXPERIMENT 8:
HALF ADDER AND FULL ADDER
Aim:
To design and construct a half adder and full adder.

Components required:
S.NO COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. Digital IC trainer kit - 1
2. AND Gate IC 7408 1
3. OR Gate IC 7432 1
4. EX-OR Gate IC 7486 1
5. Connecting wires - Few

Theory:
Half-Adder
The logic circuit for the addition of the two-bits input with sum and carry outputs.
Truth table
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B SUM CARRY
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵� = 𝐴𝐴 ⨁𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵𝐵

Full-Adder
The logic circuit for the addition of 2-bits input and 1-bit carry input (C-in). The outputs are
of sum and carry-out (C-out).
Truth table
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B C-in SUM C-out
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ����𝐶𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

���� + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = (𝑨𝑨⨁𝑩𝑩)⨁𝑪𝑪
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵� 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
= 𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵� ) + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶̅ )
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆; 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵� = 𝐴𝐴⨁𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶̅ = 1
∴ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 + 𝑪𝑪(𝑨𝑨⨁𝑩𝑩)
Circuit diagram:
HALF ADDER

FULL ADDER

Procedures:
i. Construct the half adder and full adder as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Provide the inputs and observe the outputs, Sum and Carry.
iii. Represent the adders in the truth table.

Results:
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

EXPERIMENT 9:
HALF AND FULL SUBTRACTOR
Aim:
To study and verify the truth table of half and full subtractor.

Component required:
S.NO COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. Digital IC Trainer kit - 1
2. EX-OR Gate IC 7486 1
3. NOT Gate IC 7404 1
4. AND Gate IC 7408 1
5. Connecting wires - Few

Theory:
Half subtractor
Half subtractor is a logic circuit consisting of 2-bits inputs and 2-bits outputs, difference and
borrow.
Truth table
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B DIFFERENCE BORROW
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
� 𝑩𝑩 + 𝑨𝑨𝑩𝑩
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 = 𝑨𝑨 � = 𝑨𝑨⨁𝑩𝑩
�
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑨𝑨𝑩𝑩

Full subtractor
Full subtractor is a logic circuit consisting of 3-bits inputs, A,B,Borrow-in(C) and 2-bits
outputs, difference and borrow.
Truth table
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B C DIFFERENCE BORROW
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = ����
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
���� ����
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝐶𝐶, 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵(𝐶𝐶̅ + 𝐶𝐶) = 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵
∴ 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 = 𝑪𝑪 + 𝑨𝑨 � 𝑩𝑩
����𝐶𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴̅𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶̅ + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ���� + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
���� ̅ ̅ ̅ � ̅ ̅ ����
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵⨁𝐶𝐶), 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ��������
���� + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵) = 𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵⨁𝐶𝐶)
∴ 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑨𝑨 � (𝑩𝑩⨁𝑪𝑪) + 𝑨𝑨(𝑩𝑩⨁𝑪𝑪) ��������

Circuit diagram:
Half subtractor

Full subtractor

Procedures:
i. Design and construct the half and full subtractor as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Apply inputs A, B, and C (for the full subtractor) , and observe the outputs, difference
and borrow.
iii. Present the subtraction process in the truth table.
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB [05 EC 407]

Result: