V V FORMULAE, INV.

TRIGONOMETRY & CALCULUS(FOR CL-12)

Sum and difference formulas

1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

2. sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B

3. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

4. cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Products as sums
5. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

6. 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

7. 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

8. − 2 sin A sin B = cos (A + B) – cos (A – B)

Sums as products

C+D C−D
9. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2

C+D C−D
10. sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2

C+D C−D
11. cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2

C+D C−D
12. cos C – cos D = −2 sin sin
2 2

13. sin 2 A – sin 2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A – B)

14. cos 2 A – sin 2 B = cos (A + B) cos (A – B)

tan A + tan B
15. tan (A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B

tan A − tan B
16. tan (A – B) =
1 + tan A tan B

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 Double-Half angle formulas
17. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

18. cos 2A = cos 2 A – sin 2 A

19. cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2 A

20. cos 2A = 2 cos 2 A – 1

2 tan A
21. sin 2A =
1 + tan 2 A

2 tan A
22. tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A

1 − tan 2 A
23 cos 2A =
1 + tan 2 A

24. 2 sin 2 A = 1 – cos 2A

25. 2 cos 2 A = 1 + cos 2A

26. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin 3 A

27. cos 3A = 4 cos 3 A – 3 cos A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
28. tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C

29. tan (A + B + C) =
1 − tan B tan C − tan C tan A − tan A tan B

1 + tan A
30. tan (45 + A) =
1 − tan A

1 − tan A
31. tan (45 – A) =
1 + tan A

1 − tan A
32. cot (45 + A) =
1 + tan A

1 + tan A
33. cot (45 – A) =
1 − tan A

2
34. 1 + sin 2A = (cos A + sin A)2. 35. 1 – sin 2A = (cos A – sin A)2.

5 −1
36. sin 18 = cos 72 =
4

5 +1
37. sin 54 = cos 36 =
4

10 + 2 5
38. cos 18 = sin 72 =
4
10 − 2 5
39. cos 54 = sin 36 =
4
cot x. cot y −1 cot x. cot y + 1
40. cot ( x + y ) = 41. cot ( x − y ) =
cot y + cot x cot y − cot x
42. sin 5A = 5 sin A – 20 sin3 A + 16 sin5 A

Co-Function Identities

A. 1. sin (90 – A) = cos A

2. cos (90 – A) = sin A 1. sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1
3. tan (90 – A) = cot A 2. sec 2 A – tan 2 A = 1
4. cot (90 – A) = tan A 3. cosec2A – cot 2 A = 1
5. sec (90 – A) = cosec A
6. cosec(90 – A) = sec A
B 1. sin (90 + A) = cos A
2. cos (90 + A) = -sin A
3. tan (90 + A) = -cot A
4. cot (90 + A) = -tan A
5. sec (90 + A) = -cosec A
6. cosec(90 + A) = sec A

C 1. sin (180 – A) = sin A D 1. sin (180 + A) = -sin A

2. cos (180 – A) = -cos A 2. cos (180 + A) = -cos A
3. tan (180 – A) = -tan A 3. tan (180 + A) = tan A
4. cot (180 – A) = -cot A 4. cot (180 + A) = cot A
5. sec (180 – A) = -sec A 5. sec (180 + A) = -sec A
6. cosec(180 – A) = cosec A 6. csc(180 + A) = csc A

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E 1. sin (270 – A) = -cos A F 1. sin (270 + A) = -cos A
2. cos (270 – A) = -sin A 2. cos (270 + A) = sin A
3. tan (270 – A) = cot A 3. tan (270 + A) = -cot A
4. cot (270 – A) = tan A 4. cot (270 + A) = -tan A
5. sec (270 – A) = -csc A 5. sec (270 + A) = cosec A
6. csc (270 – A) = -sec A 6. csc(270 + A) =-sec A

G 1. sin (360 – A) = -sin A H 1. sin (– A) = -sin A

2. cos (360 – A) = cos A 2. cos (– A) = cos A
3. tan (360 – A) = -tan A 3. tan (– A) = -tan A
4. cot (360 – A) = -cot A 4. cot (– A) = -cot A
5. sec (360 – A) = sec A 5. sec (– A) = sec A
6. cosec (360 – A) = -cosec A 6. Csc (– A) = -csec A

Note:-Trigonometric functions of angle [ n   ] will be the same function if n is even and co-
2
function if n is odd.
If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle of θ radians, then l = r θ

Radian measure =  Degree measure
180
180
Degree measure =  Radian measure

(1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds, 1 right angle = 90 degrees)

θ 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

θ 0     π 3 2π
6 4 3 2 2
cos θ 1 3 1 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2 2
sin θ 0 1 1 3 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2

4
 Solution of Trigonometric Equation

Solving the trigonometric equations sin θ = 0, cos θ = 0 and tan θ = 0

1. sin θ = 0 → θ = n π for all n ε I


2. cos θ = 0 → θ = (2n + 1) for all n ε I
2
3. tan θ = 0 → θ = n π for all n ε I

5
Solving the trigonometric equations sin θ = sin α, cos θ = cos α and tan θ =tan α (α – constant)

1. sin θ = sin α → θ = n π + (– 1)n α for all n ε I

2. cos θ = cos α → θ = 2 n π ± α for all n ε I

3. tan θ = tan α → θ = n π + α for all n ε I

Solving the trigonometric equations sin 2 θ = sin 2 α, cos 2 θ = cos 2 α and tan 2 θ =tan 2 α

1. sin 2 θ = sin 2 α → θ = n π ± α for all n ε I

2. cos 2 θ = cos 2 α → θ = n π ± α for all n ε I

3. tan 2 θ =tan 2 α → θ = n π ± α for all n ε I

6
 Properties of Inverse Trignometric Functions

Domain, Range and Principal Value of Inverse Trignometric Functions

No. Functions Domain Range

(Principal value branches)
1 sin – 1 x [ – 1, 1] −   
 2 , 2 
cos – 1 x [ – 1, 1] [0, π]

tan – 1 x R  −  
 , 
 2 2
cot – 1 x R (0, π)

sec – 1 x R – (– 1, 1)  
[0, π] −  
2
cosec – 1 x R – (– 1, 1) −   
 2 , 2  – {0}
[ – ∞, 1]U [ – 1, ∞]

Important results
Self-adjusting property

1. sin – 1 (sin x) = x 2. cos – 1 (cos x) = x

3. tan – 1 (tan x) = x 4. cot – 1 (cot x ) = x

5. sec – 1 (sec x) = x 6. csc – 1 (csc x) = x

7. sin (sin – 1 x) = x 8. cos (cos – 1 x) = x

9. tan (tan – 1 x) = x 10. cot (cot – 1 x) = x

11. sec (sec – 1 x) = x 12. csc (csc – 1 x) = x

Reciprocal property

1 1
13. sin – 1 x = cosec – 1  x  [-1, 1] – {0} 14. cos – 1 x = sec – 1  x  [-1, 1] – {0}
x x
1 1
15. tan – 1 x = cot – 1 if x > 0 and π + tan – 1 x = cot – 1 if x < 0
x x
1
16. cot – 1 x = tan – 1
x

7
 1 1
17. sec – 1 x = cos – 1  x  [-1, 1] – {0} 18. csc – 1 x = sin – 1  x  [-1, 1] – {0}
x x
Conversion property

x
19. sin – 1 x = cos – 1 1 − x 2 = tan – 1
1− x2
–1
1 1 1− x2
20. cosec = sec – 1 = cot –1
x 1− x2 x
1− x2
21. cos – 1 x = sin – 1 1 − x 2 = tan – 1
x
x 1
22. tan – 1 x = sin – 1 = cos – 1
1+ x 2
1 + x2

Some important results

23. sin – 1 (– x) = – sin – 1 x 24. cos – 1 (– x) = π – cos – 1 x

25. tan – 1 (– x) = –tan – 1 x 26. cot – 1 (– x) = π – cot – 1 x

27. sec – 1 (– x) = π – sec – 1 x 28. csc – 1 (– x) = – csc – 1 x

29. (
sin – 1 x + sin – 1 y = sin – 1 x 1 − y + y 1 − x
2 2
)
30. sin – 1 x – sin – 1 y = sin – 1 (x 1 − y2 − y 1− x )
2

31. (
cos – 1 x + cos – 1 y = cos – 1 xy − 1 − x
2
)
1 − y2
32. cos – 1 x – cos – 1 y = cos – 1 (xy + 1 − x2 1− y ) 2

 x+ y 
33. tan – 1 x + tan – 1 x = tan – 1   : xy  1
 1 − xy 
𝒙+𝒚
tan – 1 x + tan – 1 x = π + tan – 1 ( ): x y > 1, x > 0, y > 0
𝟏−𝒙𝒚

 x− y 
34. tan – 1 x – tan – 1 x = tan – 1   : xy  −1
 1 + xy 
 2x 
35. 2 tan – 1 x = sin – 1  2 
: x 1
1+ x 
 2x 
36. 2 tan – 1 x = tan – 1  2 
: −1  x  1
1− x 
 1 − x2 
37. 2 tan – 1 x = cos – 1  : x  0
2 
1+ x 

8
 38. (
2 sin – 1 x = sin – 1 2 x 1 − x ;
2
)−1
2
x
1
2
39. 2 cos – 1 x = cos – 1 ( 2
)
2x − 1 ;0  x  1

40. 3 sin – 1 x = sin – 1 (3x − 4 x ); 12  x  12

3

41. 3 cos – 1 x = cos – 1 (4 x 3 1

2
)
− 3x ;  x  1

 3x − x  − 1
3
1
42. 3 tan – 1 x = tan – 1  ;
2 
x
 1 − 3x  3 3

43. sin – 1 x + cos – 1 x =
2

44. tan – 1 x + cot – 1 x =
2

45. sec – 1 x + csc – 1 x =
2

Following substitution is used to write inverse trigonometrical functions in simplest form

S. No. For Substitute

1
a2 − x2 x = a sin ɵ or x = a cos ɵ

2
a2 + x2 x = a tan ɵ or x = a cot ɵ

3
x2 − a2 x = a sec ɵ or x = a cosec ɵ

4 a − x or a + x x = a cos ɵ or x = a cos 2ɵ

9
x 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720

x/2 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330ok 360

cos x/2 1 3 1 0 −1 − 3 -1 − 3 −1 0 1 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos x/2 1 .87 .5 0 -.5 -.87 -1 -.87 -.5 0 .5 .87 1

y = sin 2x

x 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 18 210 240 270 300 330 360

0
2x 0 60 90 120 180 240 270 300 36 420 480 540 600 660 720
0
sin 2x 0 3 1 3 0 − 3 -1 − 3 0 3 −1 0 1 − 30
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin 2x 0 .87 1 .87 0 -.87 -1 -.87 0 .87 .5 0 .5 -.87 0

10
Graph of y = sin x

Graph of y = cos x

11
y = sin-1 x

12
y = cos x

13
y = cos-1 x

y = tan x

y = tan-1 x

14
 CALCULUS ( Differentiation)

Limit of a function (Important results)

xn − an
1. lim = n a n−1
x→a x−a

1
2. lim =0
x → x

1
3. lim =
x →0 x

e x −1
4. lim =1= log e
x →0 x

sin 
5. lim =1
 →0 

6. lim e x = 1
x →0

tan 
7. lim =1
 →0 

log (1 + x)
8. lim =1
x →0 x
n
 1
9. lim 1 +  = e
n →
 n

15
 a n −1
10. lim = log a
x →a x

Derivatives
Basic Differentiation Formulas
In the table below, u = f(x) and v = g(x) represent differentiable functions of x

Deriva tive of constant multiple

d du
(cu) = c
dx dx

Derivative of sum or difference

d du dv
(u  v) = 
dx dx dx
Product Rule
d dv du
(u.v) = u. + v.
dx dx dx

Quotient Rule
du dv
v. − u.
d u dx dx
 =
dx  v  v2
Chain Rule or function of a function rule

dy dy dt dy dy dp dq ds
= . or = . . ................
dx dt dx dx dp dq dr dx

Formulas

d n
1. ( x ) = n x n −1
dx

d
2. (c) = 0 , where ‘c’ is a constant.
dx

(ax + b) n = n (ax + b ) . a
d n −1
3.
dx
d x
4. (e ) = e x
dx

16
 d 1
5. (log x ) =
dx x

d x
6. (a ) = a x log a
dx

d
7. (sin x ) = cos x
dx

d
8. (cos x ) = − sin x
dx

d
9. (tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx

d
10. (cot x ) = − cos ec 2 x
dx

d
11. (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx

d
12. (cos ec x) = − cos ec x cot x
dx

d 1
13. (sin −1 x) =
dx 1− x2

d −1
14. (cos −1 x) =
dx 1− x2

d 1
15. (tan −1 x) =
dx 1+ x2

d −1
16. (cot −1 x) =
dx 1+ x2

d 1
17. (sec −1 x) =
dx x x2 −1

d −1
18. (cos ec −1 x) =
dx x x2 −1

17
Integral Calculus
x n +1
1dx = x + C  x dx = +C
n
1. 2.
n +1

1
 x dx = log x +C e dx = e x + C
x
3. 4.

ax
 a dx = +C  cos x dx = sin x + C
x
5. 6.
log a

 sin x dx = − cos x + C  sec x dx = tan x + C

2
7. 8.

 csc x dx = − cot x + C  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

2
9. 10.

11.  csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C

dx dx
12.  1- x 2 = sin-1x + c 13.  1+ x 2 = tan-1x + c
dx
14. x x2 −1
= sec–1x + c 15.  tan x dx = log (sec x) + c

16.  cot x dx = log (sin x) + c 17.  sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) + c

18.  cosec x dx = – log (cosec x + cot x) + c 19.  logx dx = x logx – x + c
dx x dx 1 –1  x 
 a-x=  + c a
-
1
20. sin 21. = tan   + c
2
a
2
+x 2 2
a a
dx dx
22.  x2 +a2 = log x+ x2 +a2 +c 23.  2 2 = log x+ x −a + c
x −a
2 2

dx 1 a+x dx 1 x -a
24.  a2 − x2 = 2a log a - x + c 25.  2
x −a 2 =
2a
log
x+a
+c

x a2 x
26.  a -x2 2
dx =
2
2
a -x 2
+
2
sin-1   + c
a
2
x a
 x2 - a2 dx = 2 x2 - a2 - 2 log x+ x −a + c
2 2
27.
x a2
 log x+ x +a + c
2 2
28. x 2
+ a 2
dx = x 2
+ a 2
+
2 2

18
∫ ex [f(x) + f ’(x)] dx = ∫ ex f(x) dx
1. ∫ab f(x) dx = ∫ab f(t) dt

2. ∫ab f(x) dx = – ∫ba f(x) dx … [Also, ∫aa f(x) dx = 0]

3. ∫ab f(x) dx = ∫ac f(x) dx + ∫cb f(x) dx

4. ∫ab f(x) dx = ∫ab f(a + b – x) dx

5. ∫0a f(x) dx = ∫0a f(a – x) dx … [this is derived from P04]

6. ∫02a f(x) dx = ∫0a f(x) dx + ∫0a f(2a – x) dx

7. Two parts

1. ∫02a f(x) dx = 2 ∫0a f(x) dx … if f(2a – x) = f(x).

19
 2. ∫02a f(x) dx = 0 … if f(2a – x) = – f(x)
8. Two parts

1. ∫-aa f(x) dx = 2 ∫0a f(x) dx … if f(- x) = f(x) or it is an even function

2. ∫-aa f(x) dx = 0 … if f(- x) = – f(x) or it is an odd function

..

20